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CAIE IGCSE
MATHEMATICS (0580)
THEORY
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Example 1:
1. Geometry
1.1. Similarity
If two objects are similar, that means that they are the
exact same shape but different in size
All corresponding lengths must be in the same ratio
AAA (Angle – Angle – Angle) Rule: All the corresponding
angles of the triangles must be equal.
Big 16
Small to Big = Small
= 8
=2
Area and Volume of Similar Shapes Scale Factor = 2
Similar shapes are enlargements of each other using a Area of Bigger Shape = 22 × 22 = 88
scale factor Example 2:
Worked Examples
Small 6 3
Big to Small = Big = 8
= 4
3
Scale Factor = 4
3
Volume of Smaller Shape = ( 34 ) × 640 = 270 ml (to the nearest ml)
Direct Formula to Use
2 3
( )=( ) ( )=( )
A1 L1 V1 L1
and
A2 L2 V2 L2
1.2. Geometrical Terms
Congruent
Two shapes that have the identical shape and size
Scale Factor
A number that indicates how much a shape has been
enlarged or reduced in size
Vertex
An angular point where two or more lines or edges meet
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Perpendicular Bisector Line
A line that bisects a line segment in two equal parts and A straight path that:
makes a angle of 90 degrees at the point of intersection
Extends infinitely in both directions.
Parallel Lines Has no thickness
Two or more lines that are always the same distance apart Point
and never intersect
A precise location in space.
Similar Has no size, no length, and no width
They have the same shape but different sizes.
1.3. Congruence
All corresponding angles are equal.
All corresponding side lengths are in the same ratio (scale If two objects are congruent, that means that they are
factor) identical. Same shape and same size
SSS (Side – Side – Side) Rule: All three sides of the triangles
Acute Angle must be equal
An angle less than 90°
Obtuse Angle
An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°
Reflex Angle
An angle greater than 180° but less than 360° RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side) rule :
There must be two right-angled triangles
Interior Angles
SAS (Side – Angle – Side) rule:
The angles inside a polygon or shape
Exterior Angles
The angles outside a polygon, formed by extending one
side.
For any polygon, exterior angles add up to 360° ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the
equal angle angles must be of the same length.
Right Angle
An angle of 90°.
Shown with a small square in diagrams
Bearings
A direction measured:
Clockwise Angle Notation:
From North Angles are represented with this symbol - ∠
Written as a three-digit number (e.g., 045°, 120°, 270°) Its written like ∠ABC with the middle letter (B) being the
vertex
Perpendicular
Two lines are perpendicular if they meet at a right angle
(90°)
Parallel
Two lines are parallel if:
They are always the same distance apart.
They never meet, no matter how far extended
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1.4. Triangles Diagonals are equal in length
Parallelogram
Equilateral Triangle
Opposite sides are parallel and equal
All three sides are equal in length.
Opposite angles are equal
All three angles are equal (each 60°).
Diagonals are not necessarily equal
Perfectly symmetrical.
No right angles unless it's a rectangle
Isosceles Triangle
diagonals bisect each other
Has two equal sides.
Rhombus
The angles opposite the equal sides are also equal.
Has one line of symmetry.
Useful for angle-finding questions using the rule
Base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal
Scalene Triangle
No sides are equal.
No angles are equal.
A parallelogram with all sides equal
Irregular shape with no symmetry.
Opposite angles are equal
Right-Angled Triangle Diagonals bisect each other at 90°, and they bisect opposite
Contains one right angle (90°). angles
The side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse (the
Trapezium
longest side).
Used for:
Pythagoras’ theorem
Trigonometry (sin, cos, tan)
1.5. Quadrilaterals
Rectangle
One pair of sides is parallel
Kite
Opposite sides are parallel and equal
All internal angles are 90°
Diagonals bisect each other
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal Step 4 : Connect the ends of the baseline to the point where
Diagonals are perpendicular to each other the arc intersect.
One pair of opposite angles is equal (those between the Scale Drawings :
unequal sides)
One diagonal is bisected (the one joining equal angles
Square
Always make sure to convert to correct units when drawing
diagrams
1.7. Symmetry and Nets
Line of Symmetry: Divides a two-dimensional shape into
two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of Symmetry: Divides a three-dimensional shape into
two congruent solid shapes
Rotational Symmetry: The number of times a shape looks
the same during a 360° rotation about its center
Rotational Symmetry - Interactives and Examples | CK-
12 Foundation
Four equal sides and four right angles Rotational
Shape Number of Lines of Symmetry
Opposite sides are parallel Symmetry Order
Diagonals that are equal in length and bisect each other at Square 4 4
right angles Rectangle 2 2
Diagonals bisect opposite angles 0 (General parallelogram have 0
Parallelogram 2
line of symmetry)
1.6. Construction Rhombus 2 2
Constructing triangles: Trapezium 0 1
Kite 1 1
Equilateral
3 3
triangle
Regular
6 6
hexagon
Nets
This is a 2D shape that can be folded to form a 3D shape
Step 1 : Draw the base line using a ruler
Step 2 : Using a compass, measure the desired length on a
ruler and draw an arc
Step 3 : Similarly use the compass to measure the 2nd side and
draw an arc
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
This is usually used to help find areas of 3D shapes
Alternate angles are equal
Symmetry of 3D shapes
Co-interior angles add up to 180°
1.8. Angles
Sum of angles at a point = 360∘
Angles on a straight line = 180∘
Sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
For regular polygon
Each Exterior Angle of a regular polygon =
∘
360
n
Each Interior Angle of a regular polygon = 180∘ − 360n or
∘
(n−2)×180
n
Vertically opposite angles are equal
Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠a + ∠b
Corresponding angles are equal
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CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1.9. Circle Theorem Step 4 — Look at the angle given in the diagram
The diagram shows 108°, but this angle is measured
anticlockwise from the North line down to line BA.
BUT bearings are not measured anticlockwise — only
clockwise.
Step 5 — Use the full circle to find the clockwise
angle
The full turn around a point is 360°.
Since the diagram gives the anticlockwise angle:
Clockwise angle = 360∘ − 108∘ = 252∘
Final Answer = 252
1.10. Bearings
The bearing of a point B from another point A is:
An angle measured from the north at A.
In a clockwise direction.
Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000° to 360°)
How to Calculate Bearings (from the example above)
Step 1 — Identify the starting point
Bearing of A from B” means:
Start at B
Look towards A
Step 2 — Draw or identify the North line
At point B, draw a vertical line pointing up — this is
North.
Bearings are always measured from the North line.
Step 3 — Bearings must be measured clockwise
This is the most important rule.
Always rotate clockwise from the North line until you
reach the line pointing to the other point.
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CAIE IGCSE
MATHEMATICS (0580)
THEORY
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