BIOENERGETICS CHAPTER 81 Role of ATP ~The Energy Currency of Cell 284 Photosynthesis ‘* Mechanism of Photosynthesis, 82 ‘© Light Reactions 257 ‘© Dark Reactions © Role of Chlorophyll ‘Cellular Respiration ‘+ Anaerobie Respiration 83 ‘+ Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration 262 ‘+ Differentiation betwéen Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration ‘© Differentiation between Respiration and Photosynthesis Textbook Exercise © Multiple Choice Questions « Short Answer Questions m #7) Extensive Answer Questions ‘© Inquisitive Answer Questions * Extra Conceptual MCQs 275 Student Leart 0s) "i © Short Answer Questions eG 18 Outcomes ( ‘* Multiple Choice Questions ‘Assignment * ‘© Let’s Draw and Label 29 * Terms to Know CHAPTER —8 253NOTES SERIES 8.1 ROLE OF ATP — THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELL EN se Define bioenergeties. (KB) ENERGETIC Q2 Ans: Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformations in living organisms. Source of Energy: ‘© Plants capture sunlight through photosynthesis, while animals and other organisms consume food. ‘+ This energy is then converted into usable chemical energy, stored in molecules like ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Concept of Energy Transformatio ‘+ Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are fundamental to the metabolism of organisms. ‘+ In these reactions, electrons are transferred between molecules, Oxidation: ‘+ Inoxidation, molecule loses electrons and in reduction, it gains electrons, ‘+ This electron flow is essential for generating energy in the form of ATP during processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis Explain ATP as a molecule that is the chief energy currency of all cells. (KB) Definition: Cells use a special energy currency for their reactions, This currency is a nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Structure of ATI ATP molecule has three subunits 1. Adenine -a nitrogen containing base 2. Ribose -a five-carbon sugat Three phosphate groups Phosphate Groups ___Adenesine Diphosphate (ADP) _ Adenosine Triphoxphate (ATP) ure: Molecular structure of ATP CHAPTER —8 254NOTES SERIES Qi Ans: Q2 Ans: igh-Energy Bonds: In the molecule of ATP, the covalent bonds between two phosphates are high-energy bonds, ‘+ When one of these bonds is broken, inorganic phosphate (Pi) separates and energy is, released ‘+The breaking of one phosphate bond releases about 7.3 ke: ATP. (7,300 calories) per mole of Formation of ATP. a XN : Breakdown of ATP Figure: ATP-ADP Cycle Energy Releasing Steps ‘© Incommon energy reactions only the outer P-P high-energy bond breaks. ‘+ When this happens, ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one Pi is released ATP+HO > ADP +P, + Energy (7.3 Keal/mole) ‘+ Insome eases, ADP is further broken down to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi ADP+H,0 ——> “AMP-+P,+ Energy (7.3 Keal/mole) Energy Storing Steps Cells get energy from the oxidation of food. ‘They store this energy by combining ADP with Pi to form ATP. So, we can summarize that ATP is made during -energy-releasing processes and is broken down during energy-consuming processes. + In this way ATP transfers energy between metabolic reactions, ADP.+P,+7.3/K¢alimol> ATP ATP as Cell’s Energy Curreney: ‘When cells store energy, they make ATP. ‘When cells need energy, they break ATP. In 1941, the Nobel prize winner, Fritz Lipmann proposed that ATP is the main energy- transfer molecule in the cell ISHORT ANSWER QUESTION: Elaborate bioenergetics. (K.B) BIOENERGETICS Definition: Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformations in living organisms. ‘Source of Energy: ‘© Plants capture sunlight through photosynthesis, while animals and other organisms consume food ‘+ This energy is then converted into usable chemical energy, stored in molecules like ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ‘What are high energy bonds? (KB) ule of ATP, the covalent bonds between two phosphates are his energy bonds. CHAPTER —8 255NOTES SERIES ergs When one of these bonds is broken, inorganic phosphate (Pi) separates and energy is released ‘+The breaking of one phosphate bond releases about 7.3 keal (7,300 calories) per mole of ATP. Symbol: ‘They are represented by wavy lines ~ Q.3 What is meant by cell energy curreney? (UB) Ans: ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELL ATP js often referred to as the energy currency of the cell because it is used much like money. When cells breakdown molecules in metabolic reaction, the energy that is released can be captured in molecules of ATP. Q4 Describe the structure of ATP. (K.B) Ans: The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due to its molecular structure. Each ATP molecule has three subunits: Adenine -a nitrogen containing base ‘¢ Ribose -a five-carbon sugar + Three phosphate groups ‘What is the importance of ATP? wy ‘The major energy curreney of all cells is a nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the main energy source for majority of the functions Tike © Growth © Movement ‘© Reproduction © Repair ‘© Active transport Q.6 How ATP and ADP molecules aré related? (UB) Ans: ‘[Link] ‘ATP can be converted t6 ADP and inorganic phosphate by hydrolysis. ‘* The third phosphate group separates from ATP and remains in the cell in inorganie form. Purpose: ‘When a phosphate group is removed and ATP is converted to ADP, this releases around 7.3keal of energy. This energy is used by cell for its functions. ADP to ATP Conversion: ‘¢ ADP and phosphate can be converted back to ATP by condensation. ‘* This process store around 7.3kcal of energy in each phosphate bond formed. 1, ATP was discovered by (KB) (A) Fritz Lipman (B) Karl Lohmann (©) Malvin Calvin (D) Sir Hans Krebs 2. Who proposed that ATP is the main energy transfer molecule of the cell? (KB) (A) Fritz Lipmann (B) Karl Lohmann (© Malvin Calvin (D) Sir Hans Krebs ATP is an example of (KB) (A) Amino acid (B) Fatty acid (©) Nucleic acid (D) Nucleotide CHAPTER —8 256NOTES SERIES 8 9. 10. Qa Ans: Each ATP molecule has subunits: (KB) (A) Two (B) Three (© Four (D) Five ‘Number of phosphate groups in ATP molecule: (KB) (A) One (B) Two (© Three (D) Four From which bond of ATP molecule energy is taken’ (KB) (A) GN bond (B) C-O bond (©) CH bond (D)P-P bond ‘The covalent bond connected to two phosphates is: (KB) (A) Ratio (B) Proportion (©) Colon (D) Wavy How much energy is released by breaking of one phosphate bond of ATI (UB) (A) 7100 calories (B) 7200 calories (C) 7300 calories (D) 7400 calories ‘When one inorganic phosphate is detached from ATP, itis converted into: (KB) (A) ADP (B) AMP (CGMP (D) GTP How much energy can be stored in AMP (per mole)? (A.B) (A) 7100 calories (B) 7300 calories (C) 14600 calories (D) 15000 calories 8.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Ree se Outline the processes involved in photosynthesis. (K.B) MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is the synthesis of glugose from carbon, ¢ (and chlorophyll), with oxygen as a by-product. le and water in the presence of [Link], + 12 H,0+ photons + CHO, + 6 0: + 6 H0 carbon dioxide + Water + light energy + glucose + oxVgen + water Processes involved in Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis occurs in two phases sand dark reactions. LIGHT REACTIONS Explanation: During light react ‘Site: Light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Events of Light Reaction: Following are the key events of 1. Absorption of Light + When chlorophyll absorbs light, reactions startin it. ‘* High energy electrons are released from chlorophyll. 2. Emission of Electrons * The high energy electrons are passed to an electron transport chain. ‘+ In this chain, electrons pass from higher to lower energy level. # They release energy which is used to produce ATP. Photolysis + Light also breaks water molecule. mn, light energy is used to make high-energy molecules (ATP and NADPH), CHAPTER —8 257NOTES SERIES ‘© Oxygen is released while hydrogen atoms give electrons to chlorophyll and become hydrogen ions. 4. Reduction of NADP ‘The electrons of chlorophyll, after the production of ATP, and the hydrogen ions of water are used to reduce a NADP into NADPH. Released Energy for the synthesis of| Chlorophyll Chiorophyl igure: Light reactions of photosynthesis 3c, carbon dioxide is reduced to make glucose. Discovery: ‘The details of dark reactions were discovered by Melvin Calvin Dark reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Events of Dark Reaction: Following is the summary of dark reactions: 1. CO; Fixation + CO; molecules combine with S-carbon compounds to form 6-carbon compounds. ‘* Each 6-carbon compound splits into two 3-carbon compounds, 2. Synthesis of Glucose ‘+ The 3-carbon compounds are reduced to 3-carbon carbohydrates by using ATP and hydrogen from NADPH. + The 3-carbon carbohydrates are used to make glucose. 3. Regeneration of S-Carbon Molecules ‘© The 3-carbon carbohydrates are also used to regenerate the original S-carbon compounds, + This step also utilizes ATP. CHAPTER -8 258NOTES SERIES Q2 Ans: 000 3 molecules of 1-C compound (CO2) eeu SN ee 3 molecules of 3 molecules of 5-C compounds 6-C compounds 5 molecules of 6 molecules of 3-C compounds ATR y ‘C compounds XQ wor) se sesee 6 molecules of 3-C carbohydrates Figure: Dark reactions of photosynthesis: Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis (KB) ROLE OF CHLOROPHYLL Pigment Pigments are the substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb Tight of different wavelengths (colours). Pigments in Chi 4 ‘©The thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts contain pigments. ‘© Chlorophyll-a is the main pigment. ‘+ Others are called accessory pigments and include ehlorophyll-b and carotenoids. Role of Pigments: ‘© Pigments absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy for photosynthesis. ‘© Only about 01% of the light falling on the leaf surface is absorbed, the rest is refl transmitted. ‘The blue and red lights carry out more photosynthesis. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll-a absorbs light of blue and red wavelengths. ‘The wavelengths which are not absorbed by chlorophyll-a are absorbed by accessory pigments. Role of Lig ‘* When a pigment absorbs light, reactions occur in it and its eleetrons are released. ‘+ The high energy electrons pass through electron transport chain and their energy is used for the formation of ATP and for reducing NADP to NADPH. id or CHAPTER —8 259NOTES SERIES ISHORT ANSWER QUESTION: (KB) sis is the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chemical process performed by plants, algae and cyanobacteria. 60:+ 610 Q.1 Define photosynthesis. An: sunlight (and chlorophyll), with oxygen as a by-product. Importance: © [tis an important bi + Nearly al life forms depend on photosynthesis for food directly or indirectly Equation [Link]; + 12 H,0 + photons CoH:05 carbon dioxide + water + light energy + glucose + oxygen + water Q.2 How CO; is taken into plants through leaves. ws) Ans: INTAKE OF CO. Atmosphere contains 0,04 percent CO;, During photosynthesis CO, diffuses from the external environment through the stomata into the air spaces of the leaf. A thin layer of water always surrounds the surfaces of mesophyll cells. CO; is dissolved in this water and diffuse into ‘mesophyll cells. Q3 Differentiate between light and dark reaction, (UB) Ans: N’ The difference between light and dark reactions are as follows PHASE Tis the first phase of photosynthesis TLis the second phase of photosynthesis ATP AND NADPH Light energy is captured to produce ATP and | COs is reduced by NADPH to from glucose. NADPH. This reduction requited energy which is ATP. i ark es ' These reactions require light. ______| These reactions do not use light directly SITE These reactions take place on the thylakoid | These reactions take place in the stroma of the membrane of chloroplasts chloroplasts Q4 What is meant by Photolysis? (KB) Ans: ysis During light reactions, photolysis is a process in which ight splits water molecule into oxygen atom, two hydrogen ions (H’) and two electrons, Oxygen is released out while electron pair is provided to chlorophyll to compensate its electron loss. Equation: L Ho" 52H" 40,428 ‘Who discovered dark reactions The sequence of li Therefore, itis also known as Calvin cycle. (KB) COVE! BACTION: independent (dark) reactions were discovered by Melvin Calvin and his colleagues. Q.6 — Write the requirements and immediate produets of dark reactions. (UB) Ans: DARK REACTIONS ets ees ATP ADP, NADPH NADP CHAPTER -8 260NOTES SERIES Q7 Ans: Q8 Ans: 1 3 CO 3-Carbon carbohydrate (G3P) 5-Carbon Compound (RuBP) Water Enzymes in the chloroplast Inorganic molecules ‘What is meant by pigment? (KB) PIGMENT Definition: igments are the substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths (colours). Pigments in Chloroplast: The thylakoid membranes of chloroplas ‘+ Chlorophyll-a is the main pigment. + Others are called accessory pigments and include chlorophyll-b and carotenoids. ‘Write down the steps of light reactions. (KB) contain pigments. Events of Light Reaction: Following are the key events of light reactions: 1. Absorption of Light ‘+ When chlorophyll absorbs light, reactions start in it . ‘energy electrons are released from chlorophyll. 2. Emission of Electrons ‘+ The high energy electrons are passed to an eleetron transport chain. ‘+ Inthis chain, electrons pass from higher to lower energy level ‘+ They release energy which is used to produce ATP. 3. Photolysis ‘+ Light also breaks water molecule, ‘+ Oxygen is released while hydrogen. atoms give electrons to chlorophyll and become hydrogen ions. 4. Reduction of NADP ‘The electrons of chlorophyll, after the production of ATP, and the hydrogen ions of water are used to reduce a NADP into NADPH. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: Photosynthesis is: (KB) (A) Anabolic process (B) Catabolic process (©) Metabolic process (D) Physical process In which process oxygen is released as a byproduct? (UB) (A) Photosynthesis (B) Respiration (©) Fermentation (D) Reproduction Light reactions take place on: (KB) (A) Thylakoid membranes, (B) Stroma of chloroplasts (©) Mitochondria (D) All of these During light reactions, oxygen is released out the leaves vi (UB) (A) Stomata (B) Stroma (©) Mitochondria (D) All of these Dark reactions take place in: (KB) (A) Stroma of chloroplasts (B) Thylakoid membranes (©) Mitochondria (D) Cisternae CHAPTER —8 261NOTES SERIES 6 10. i. 12, 1B. 14, 15. 16. 17. NADPH is formed during: (UB) (A) Light reactions (B) Dark reactions (© Krebs cycle (D) Glycolysis ‘The breakdown of water molecule during light reactions is called: (KB) (A) Glyeolysis (B) Krebs eyele (ETC (D) Photolysis The details of dark reactions were discovered by: (KB) (A) Karl Lohmann (B) Fritz Lipmann (©) Melvin Calvin (D) Louis Pasteur Photosynthetic pigments are arranged in the form of clusters called: (KB) (A) Carotenoids (B) Chiorophyl-a (© Chlorophyll-b (D) Photosystems Main photosynthetic pigment: (KB) (A) Carotenoids (B) Chlorophyll-a (© Chlorophyll-b (D) All of these Sunlight is absorbed by: (UB) (A) Flower (B) Stem (© Chlorophyll (D) Roots Chlorophyll pigment absorbs maximum light in angths of: (KB) (A) Green and blue (B) Green and red (©) Green (D) Red and blue ‘The output of Calvin eyele is: (UB) (A) One G3P molecule (B) One glucose molecule (C)6 ATP molecules (D) One glucose and 3 ADP molecules Maximum rate of photosynthesis in plants is generally (KB) (A) 20°C (B) 25°C (©) 25°F (D)378C The 6-carbon molecule of dark reaction splits into two: (KB) (A) 3-carbon molecules (B) 6-carbon molecules (©) RuBP molecule (D) Glucose How much of light falling on leaves, is absorbed for photosynth (KB) (A) 1% (B) 10% (©) 50% (D) 90% ‘What happens when a photosynthetic pigment absorbs light? (KB) (A) Glucose forms (B) ATP forms (© Blecirons are emitted (D) Plant grows, Eee ed Qu Ans: LONG ANSWER QUESTION: Explain the types and importance of anaerobic respiration. (KB) S RESP Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration, It is also known as fermentation, Oxidation of Glucos: In anaerobic respiration, glucose is incompletely oxidized with less amount of energy released. CHAPTER —8 262NOTES SERIES Phases of Anaerobic Respiration 1. First Phase (Glycolysis) ‘+ Its first phase is exactly similar to that of aerobie respiration. + A molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid, 2. Second Phase In the second phase, pyruvic acid may be treated in two ways: (A) Alcoholic Fermentati ‘During anaerobic respiration in bacteria and yeast, pyruvic acid is further broken down into aleohol (C;HsOH) and CO; ‘+ This type of anacrobie respiration is called aleoholic fermentation. ‘Equation: 2CH03) > —_2CSHLOH) + 2C0; Pyruvie acid Ethyl aleohol (B) Lactic Acid Fermentation; ‘© During anaerobic respiration in the skeletal museles of humans and other animals, pyruvie acid is converted into tactic acid (C3103). ‘+ This type of anaerobic respiration is called Inetic acid fermentation. Equation: 2CH.0) #9 4H > 2(CxH.05) Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Amportance of Anaerobic Respiration: Early Life on Earth ‘+ The environment of Earth did not have free oxygen (O.) in the early phases of life, ‘+ The early organisms respired anaerobically and got energy for their life. 2. Anaerobes Even today, Some organismns including some baeteria and some fungi get energy from anaerobic respiration and are called anaerobes. 3. Skeletal Museles during Exercise ‘+ When skeletal muscles of humans work hard (during exercise etc.) but oxygen supply is, not sufficient to fulfil the demand, ‘+ The skeletal muscles then carry out anaerobic respiration to get energy. 4. Industrial Products Sciemtists have used fermentation in fungi and bacteria for making useful products for mankind. Exampl ‘+ The fermentation in bacteria is used for making eheese and yogurt. ‘+ Fermentation in yeasts is used in brewing and baking industries. ‘+ Similarly, the soy sauce is made through the fermentation by a fungus. Q2 Outline the mechanism of aerobie respiration. (KB) Ans: MECHANISM OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION tion occurring in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration. ucos ion of glucos e with maximum release of energy. CHAPTER —8 263NOTES SERIES ‘Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration: There ate three main steps of aerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis Sit It occurs in eytoplasm, Process: ‘* Inthe first step, the glucose (6C) molecule is broken. ‘+ Itresults in two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C) with 2 ATPs and 2 molecules NADH. ‘+ This process is called glycolysis. ‘+ Oxygen is not required for glycolysis. That is why, it also occurs in anaerobic respiration, 2ATP = 2ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP g +A 8-8 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid (6-0) 2NAD 2NADH 6-0) Figure: Summary of glyco 2. Krebs Cyele Site: Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA Formation: Before Krebs cycle, each pyfiivie acid is converted into Acetyl coenzyme-A, carbon dioxide and NADH. Kreb’s Cvele: ‘+ When oxygen is available, the molecules of acetyl coenzyme-A move from eytoplasm to the matrix of mitochondria ‘+ Here, a series of reaction called Krebs eycle (discovered by a British scientist Sir Hans Krebs) occurs. In Krebs cycle, the acetyl coenzyme-A is completely oxidized to earbon dioxide. It results in the formation of ATP and energy-rich compounds i.e. NADH and FADE (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide). CHAPTER —8 264NOTES SERIES Pyruvic acid BO) con NAD coy NADH Acetyl CoA 2-0) | CoA 2CO, FAD 3NAD Krebs Cycle 3. NADH FADH, ATP ADP. Figure: Summary of Kreb’s eyele 3. Electron Transport Chain Site: This step occurs on the membranes of mitochondria (Cristae). Process: ‘© During it, NADH and FADH: change back to NAD and FAD by releasing electrons and hydrogen ions. The released eléetrons pass through an electron transport chain and release energy’ This energy is used to make ATP. At the end of chain, electrons and hydrogen ions combine with oxygen and form water. 3ADP 3ATP QO, NADH os NAD H,0 2ADP 2ATP Op FADH2 4 FAD H,0 Figure: Electron transport chai CHAPTER —8 268NOTES SERIES Q3. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobie respiration? (UB) Ans: DIFFERENTIATION Presence of Yes No Oxygen Number of ATP | 36 02 as net profit Final products | CO. and HO Lactic acid or Ethanol + COs Site of occurrence | Cytoplasm and Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Importance | Major source of energy for most © Source of energy for organisms, anaerobic organisms * Source of energy for aerobic organisms in short supply of O» * Source of usefull products (cthanol, cheese, ete.) Q4 Give comparison of respiration and Photosynthesis. (KB) Ans: DIERERENTIATION Difference between respiration and photosynthesis is given as follow: Coreen erst Creer ‘Type of metabolism | Catabolic process Anabolic process Energy investment) | Bond energy of food in | Energy is stored in the form of Production transformed into ATP: bond energy. ‘Organisms capable | All living organisms Some bacteria, all algae, and all of performing this — process P ite of occurrence | Inall cells of the organism Tn green paris only Site of occurrence in | In cytoplasm and mitochondria | Chloroplast cell Time of occurrence | All the time In daytime only, in the presence of light Reactants Glucose and oxygen CO; and HO Products (CO, and 0 Glucose and oxygen CHAPTER —8 266NOTES SERIES Q2 Ans: Give an overview on ATPs production during aerobic respiration. (KB) ENERGY BUDGET Glucose: =f > 2 fifi 2 a> & 5 > 2 (NADH) mm 2 i Pyruvic acid Ba 200) ep es Acetyl CoA v uy wodsuen ose eS > (55) mp — = Siti cus ee Define cellular respiration. (KB) Definition: Organisms get energy by breaking the C-H bonds of food. For this purpose, they carry out the oxidation of food inside cells. This oxidation of food is called cellular respiration ‘Type of Food: The most common food used by cells to get energy is glucose. ‘Types of Respirat The two main types respiration are: ‘© Aerobic respiration ‘© Anaerobic respiration (KB) Cellular respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration, Oxidation of Glucos fe oxidation of glucose with maximum release of energy. C,H,,0,+60,.—> 6CO, +6H,0+ATP Giucose ”_Oxysen Cabonnie War PRY CHAPTER —8 267NOTES SERIES Qa Ans: Qs Ans: Q6 Ans: Q7r Ans: ‘What is anaerobic respiration/ Fermentation? (KB) FERMENTATION Definition: Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxyget known as fermentation Oxidation of Glucose: In anaerobic respiration, glucose is incompletely oxidized with less amount of energy released. ‘Types of Anaerobic Respiratiot i) Alcoholic fermentation. ii) Lactic Acid Fermentation ‘What is alcoholic fermentation’ (KB) is called anaerobic respiration, It is also Definition: ‘* During anaerobic respiration in bacteria and yeast, pyruvic acid is further broken down into aleahol ([Link]) and CO; ‘+ This type of anaerobic respiration is called aleoholic fermentation. 2ACsH.0) > —_2CH,OH) + 2CO; Pyruvie acid Ethyl aleohol ‘What is the difference between aerobic and ana ? (UB) ‘A. process which requites~oxygen »and:| A-process in which glucose is not completely involves the complete breakdown of glucose | oxidized to COs and H:0 but is converted into to CO; and H,0. CO;and aleohol or lactic acid. Oxidation of Glucose Complete oxidation (breakdown) of glucose | It is incomplete breakdown of glucose occurs. molecule. ‘Occurrence ‘Gytoplasm and Mitochondrion ‘Cytoplasm Number of ATP 36 ATP are produced as aresult of aerobic [ 2 ATP are produced as a result of anaerobic respiration, respiration, ‘What is the role of electron transport ch: aerobic respiration? (KB) Definition: Electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. importance: During it, NADH and FADH» change back to NAD and FAD by releasing electrons and hydrogen ions. ‘+ The released eleetrons pass through an electron transport chain and release energy. ‘© This energy is used to make ATP. ‘+ Atthe end of chain, electrons and hydrogen ions combine with oxygen and form water. Represent the steps of aerobic respiration by equations. (KB) ‘The process of aerobic respiration takes place in following step: 1. Glycolysis Glucose > 2 Pyruvie Acid +2 ATP +2 NADH CHAPTER —8 268NOTES SERIES Qs Ans: Qo Ans: 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvie Acid +2 CoA > 2 Acetyl CoA +2 COs +2 NADH 3. Kreb’s Cycle 2 Acetyl CoA > 4CO, +2. ATP +6 NADH + 2 FADE What is glycolysis? Explain, (KB) GLYCOLYSIS Site: Itoccurs in eytoplasm, Process: In the first step, the glucose (6C) molecule is broken. ‘+ It results in two molecules of pyruvic acid (30) with 2 ATPs and 2 molecules NADH ‘+ This process is called glycolysis. ‘© Oxygen is not required for glycolysis. That is why, it also occurs in anaerobic respiration Discuss some importance of anaerobic respiration. (KB) IMPORTANCE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Anaerobic respiration is important for living organisms in following way 1. Early Life on Earth ‘# The environment of Earth did not have free oxygen (O:) in the early phases of life * The early organisms respired anaerobically and got energy for their life. 2. Anaerobes Even today, some organisms including some bacteria and some fungi get energy from ‘anaerobic respiration and are called anaerobes. Skeletal Muscles during Exercise ‘+ When skeletal muscles of humans work hard (during exercise etc.) but oxygen supply is, not sufficient to fulfil the demand. + The skeletal muscles then carry out anaerobic respiration to get energy. 4. Industrial Products Scientists have used fermentation in fungi and bacteria for making useful products for ‘mankind Exampl ‘© The fermentation in bacteria is used for making cheese and yogurt, + Fermentation in yeasts is used in brewing and baking industries. ‘* Similarly, the soy sauce is made through the fermentation by a fungus. ‘What is the usage of A'TP in the body of a living organism? (UB) Respiratory energy (ATP) produced during cellular respiration is used in various ways: Muscle contractions and movement ‘Active transport of substances Synthesis of biomolecules Replication of DNA and mitosis, Transmission of nerve impulse Maintenance of body temperature Break down and elimination of toxins from the body ‘Make a list of conditi ty ration? (UB) (CO; +H,0 + thyl alcohol Tactic Acid Lactic acid fermentation CHAPTER —8 269NOTES SERIES Qn Ans: 10. m1. 12, 13, 14, 15. How eating berries can make birds drunk? ‘Yeast and bacteria can ferment sugars of berries to alcohol. Birds eating these berries can become quite drunk, as is obvious from their flight pattern Moe From which bond of food energy is taken? (KB) (A) P-P bonds (B) C-H bonds (CCN bonds (D)C-O bonds ‘The greatest fuel of energy of cellular respiration is: (UB) (A) Glucose (B) Proteins (© Amino acid (D) Lipids In cellular respiration, food is oxidized to: (KB) (A) Carbon dioxide (B) 10 (© Both A and B (D) Glucose ‘Through which process organism gets energy? (KB) (A) Photosynthesis (B) Respiration (©) Transpiration (D) Evaporation Alcoholic fermentation occurs in: (KB) (A) Bacteria (B) Yeasts (C) Both A&B (D) Humans: ‘Whose fermenting powers are used for making cheese and yogurt? (AB) (A) Bacteria (B) Viruses (© Fungi (D) Algae In which phase of respiration glucose molecule is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid’ (K.B) (A) Glycolysis (B) Krebs cycle (© Electron transport chain (D) Light reaction Soy sauce is made through the fermentation by a fungus: (A.B) (A) Rhizopus (B) Penicillium (©) Aspergillus (D) Puceinia low many stages are present in aerobic respiration? (K.B) al (B)2 ©3 (Dy Process of glycolysis is found in: (KB) (A) Ribosomes (B) Cytoplasm (C) Golgi complex (D) Vacuole In electron transport chain each NADH produces: (KB) (ay2 ATP (B)3 ATP. (4 arp (D)S ATP In which step of respiration CO; is produced? (UB) (A) Glycolysis (B) Krebs cycle (C) Electron transport chain (D) All of these How many net ATP molecules are generated in aerobic respirat (UB) (A)38 (B)24 (34 (D)36 In cell, aerobic respiration sites are: (KB) (A) Golgi bodies (B) Mitochondria (©) Ribosomes (D) Chloroplast Krebs eycle and electron transport chain oceur in: (KB) (A) Cytoplasm (B) Nucleus (©) Mitochondria (D) Ribosomes CHAPTER —8 270NOTES SERIES 16, Inelectron transport chain, each FADH; generates: (KB) (A) 2 ATP (B)3 ATP. (C4 are (Dy LATP. 17. Which is used in wine making process? (KB) Cy vee (B) Lactobacillus (©) Bacteri (D) Algae 18, Bacteria that convert milk to yogurt have ability to produce: (KB) (A) Ethyl alcohol (B) Lactic acid (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Water 19, An Acety+CoA through Krebs cycle produces: (KB) (A)2 NADH (B)3 NADH C) GNADHL (D) 4NADH fra MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: 21. When we get energy from ATP, which bonds are broken? (A) P-P bonds (B) C-H bonds (©) CN bonds (D) C-0 bonds 22. Light reactions of photosynthesis occur in; (A) Plasma membrane of cell (B) Cytoplasm of cell (©) Stroma of chloroplasts (D) Thylakoids of chloroplasts 23. Which type of chlorophyll is most common in plants? (A) Chlorophyll a (B) Chlorophyll b (C) Chlorophyll e (D) Chlorophyll d 24. Where does the reaction of photosynthesis take place? (A) Chloroplast (B) Mitochondria (©) Cytoplasm (D) Ribosomes 25. When yeast ferments glucose, the products are; (A) Alcohol and CO; (B) Alcohol and Water (©) Lactic acid (D) CO; and H;0 26. In which part of the chloroplast does the light-dependent reactions occu (A) Stroma (B) Thylakoid membrane (© Outer membrane (D) Matrix 27. Which molecule donates electrons in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? (A) NADPH (B) Water (©) Oxygen (D) Carbon dioxide 28. Which process in aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? (A) Glycolysis (B) Krebs eycle (©) Electron transport chain (D) Fermentation 29. In yeast cells, anaerobic respiration leads to the production of: (A) Lactic acid (B) Ethanol (©) Acetic acid (D) Glucose 30. How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration? 2 4 or (D)36 31. What is a common byproduct of anaerobic respiration in animal cells? (A) Oxygen (B) Water (© Lactic acid (D) Carbon dioxide CHAPTER —8 271NOTES SERIES Qn Ans: ‘Write the importance of oxidation-reduetion reactions. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS Importance of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: ‘© Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are fundamental to the metabolism of organisms. ‘+ In these reactions, electrons are transferred between molecules. ‘+ Inoxidation, molecule loses electrons and in reduction, it gains electrons, ‘+ This electron flow is essential for generating energy in the form of ATP during processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis What do ATP and ADP mean? What are the roles of these molecules for the cellular ‘metabolism? 1. ATP ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. Role of ATP: ‘+ ATP is the main energy storing molecule. ‘+ Tt provides energy for processes like active transport, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, ete. ‘+ So, itis an energy rele: 2. ADP. ADP stands for Adenosine diphosphate. Role of ADP: ‘© ADP is the precursor of ATPmolecule. '* When energy is available, ADP combines with Pi to form ATP. ‘+ So, itis an energy storing molecule. Write down the word equation for photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1g molecule. Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water (In the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll) — Glucose + Oxygen Why is chlorophyll important for photosynthesis? IMPORTANCE OF CHLOROPHYLL Capturing Light: Chlorophyll is crucial for photosynthesis because it absorbs sunlight, particularly blue and red wavelengths, and converts it into chemical energy. Energy Production: ‘© This energy drives the reactions of photosynthesis, producing ATP and reducing NADP to NADPH, which are essential for synthesizing glucose ‘© Without chlorophyll, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis eannot occur. How is oxygen produced during photosynthesis OXYGEN PRODUCTION Oxygen is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Explanation: ‘+ When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, it provides energy to split water molecules (H:0) in 1 process called photolysis, ‘+ This splitting releases oxygen (Os) as a byproduct, along with H” ions and electrons, which are used in further reactions to produce energy molecules like ATP and NADPH. hts CHAPTER —8 22NOTES SERIES Qu6 Ans: Qu7 Ans: Q.20 Ans: Which organisms carry out photosynthesis? Which cell organelle is responsible for the Photosynthetic Organisms: Photosynthesis occurs in following organisms: + Allplants + Allalgae ‘+ Some bacteria (i.c., Cyanobacteria) Photosynthetic Organelle: In cell, ehloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis. The presence of chlorophyll molecules ale thylakoids of chloroplasts to absorb light. State the main purpose of cellular respiration. TRPORTANCE OF CE RRESPIRATION ‘The main purpose of cellular respiration is to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy is essential for carrying out various biological processes, like ‘¢ Muscle contractions and movement Active transport of substances Synthesis of biomolecules Replication of DNA and mitosi ‘Transmission of nerve impulse Maintenance of body temperature Break down and elimination of toxins from the body State the equation (in words or symbols) for aerobic respiration, AEROBIC RESPIRATION Equation: CoHi:05 #602» 6CO, +6H,04 36ATP Write a brief note on the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration. ROLE OF OXYGEN Role of Oxygen in Kreb’s Cycle: ‘+ In the presence of oxygen, pyruvie acid enters the-mitochondrial matrix in the form of AcetylCoA. ‘+ Itparticipates in Kreb’s eycle to produce further energy molecules. Role of Oxygen in Electron Transport Chain: ‘* Oxygen plays a critical role in aerobic respiration as the final electron aeceptor in the clectton transport chain. ‘* It combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water, a byproduct of the process. Define anaerobic and aerobic respiration. DEFINITION 1. Anaerobic Respiration Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. It is also known as fermentation, ‘Oxidation of Glucose: Tn anaerobic respiration, glucose is incompletely oxi released 2. Aerobie Respiration Cellular respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration Oxidation of Gluco Itis the complete oxidation of glucose with maximum release of energy. sd with less amount of energy CHAPTER —8 273NOTES SERIES Q21 Ans: Q.22 Ans: Q.23 Ans: ‘What are the end products of anacrobie respiration in animals and yeast? In Animals: ‘The end product is lactic acid. This occurs in muscle cells during hard work, when glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to release energy. Equation Glucose —* Lactic Acid + Energy In Yeas ‘The end products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. Yeast performs fermentation under anaerobic conditions. Equation: Glucose + Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy How do muscles respond to oxygen deficiency during intense exercise? MUSCLES DURING INTENSE EXERCISE Explanation: + When skeletal muscles of humans work hard (during exereise etc.) but oxygen supply is not sufficient to fulfil the demand. ‘The skeletal muscles then carry out anaerobic respiration to get energy. Equation: 2ACHO) + 4H > CHO) Pyruvie acid Lactic acid List ways in which respiratory energy is used in the body. ‘The main purpose of respiratory energy is to carry out various biological processes, like Muscle contractions and movement Active transport of substances Synthesis of biomolecules Replication of DNA and mitosis, ‘Transmission of nerve impulse Maintenance of body temperature Break down and elimination of toxins froft the body Explain ATP as a molecule that is the chief energy currency of all cells. See [Link].2 of topic 8.1 Outline the processes involved in photosynthesis? See [Link].1 of topic 8.2 Write a role on the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants? INTAKE OF CO; AND WATER Photosynthesis in Plants: Tn plants, photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll cells of leaves. The raw materials of photosynthesis ie, water and carbon dioxide are provided to the mesophyll cells. intake of Water: Plants absorb water and salts by their roots Root hair provide the larger surface areas for this absorption. ‘© From root hair, the absorbed water enters the inner cells of root and then reaches xylem vessels, ‘+The xylem vessels transport water to the leaves. Intake of Carbon ‘+ Airenters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. ‘¢ This air carries CO; which is absorbed by the mesophyll cells. CHAPTER —8 274NOTES SERIES Q.9 Explain the types and importance of anaerobic respiration. See [Link].1 of topic 8.3 Q.10 Outline the mechanism of aerobic respiration, See [Link].2 of topic 8.3 Q.11 Compare the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. See [Link].4 of topic 8.3 IT PEQrune ue Q.1 How does the structure of ATP enable it to store and release energy efficiently? Ans: Arp Introduction: Cells use special energy currency for their reactions. This currency is a nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). High Energy Bonds: ATP is a high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. In the molecule of ATP, the covalent bonds between two phosphates are high-energy bonds. Release of Energy: ‘The breaking of one phosphate bond releases about 7.3 keal (7,300 calories) per mole of ATP. ‘When this happens, ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one Pi is released. ATP +10 -> ADP +P, + energy (7.3 kcal/mole) In some cases, ADP is further broken down to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi ADP + H,0 —> AMP + Pi+ energy (7.3 keal/mole) storage of Energy: ‘ells get energy trom the oxidation of food. They store this energy by combining ADP with Pi to form ATP. ADP+ Pi-+ energy (7.3 keal/mole) > ATP+ H,0 Conclusion: So, we can summarize that the P-P bonds of ATP are adapted and involved in the energy storing and releasing ability. aed 17. What is the main pigment used in photosynthesis? (A) Anthocyanin (B) Xanthophyll (©) Chlorophyll (D) Carotene 18. Where does the Krebs cycle oecur in a cell? (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (©) Ribosomes (D) Endoplasmic reticulum 19, Whatis the process of converting glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen? (A) Photosynthesis (B) Fermentation (©) Oxidation (D) Hydrolysis 20. During photosynthesis, which gas is taken in by plants? (A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (©) Argon (D) Carbon dioxide 21. Glycolysis is the breakdown of: (A) Fructose (B) Glucose (©) Lactose (D) Maltose 22, ‘The mechanism of ATP synthesis is: (A) Phosphorylation (B) Photosynthesis, (© Respiration (D) Glucose CHAPTER —8 275NOTES SERIES 23. In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid changes to: (A) Glucose (B) Fructose (©) Acetyl CoA (D) Citric acid 24. Which of these uses oxygen as the final acceptor? (A) Giycolysis (B) Electron transport chain (©) Krebs cycle (D) Photosynthesis, 25. Which of these produces carbon dioxidi (A) Krebs cycle (B) Blectron transport chain (©) Glycolysis, (D) Photosynthesis 26. What are the products of light reactions in photosynthesis? (A) ATP, NADPH and oxygen (B) ATP and NADP (©) ATP, PGA and oxygen (D) PGA and oxygen 27. Which feature helps plants to make most food by the process of photosynthesis? (A) Broad and flat leaves, (B) Spiny leaves (©) Yellow leaves (D) Curled leaves, 28. The diagram shows a pond weed in the test tube filled with water. Which conditions would cause the plant to produce more bu (A (B) | Present Warm (© | Present Cool (D) | Absent Warm 29. Which of the following process is used by plants fo make oxygen during the process of photosynthesis? (A) Intake of water (B) Intake of CO; (©) Photolysis of water (D) Calvin cycle 30. A child left a carton on the lawn for two days. When the carton was picked up, the grass under it had turned yellow. What caused the grass to change colour? (A) Lack of oxygen (B) Lack of CO, (©) Lack of fight (D) Lack of water EET ee) ISHORT ANSWER QUESTION: Q.19 Why is ATP sometimes described as the energy currency of cell? Ans: ENERGY CURRENCY OF CEI ATP is sometimes described as energy Explanation: Just like money is used to buy things, cells use ATP to do different activities and reactions. When a cell needs energy, it changes ATP into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) by breaking a bond between the second and third phosphate groups. This releases a considerable amount of energy equal to 7.3 keal/mole. Q.20 What is the importance of light in photosynthes Ans: IMPORTANCE OF LIGHT Light is a form of energy known a5 electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation is, a broad term that refers to both visible and invisible radiation. It is the sunlight energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll and then converted into chemical energy to drive the photosynthetic process, Q.21 Why does increasing light intensity only increase the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain surreney” for cells. CHAPTER —8 276NOTES SERIES Ans: Q22 Ans: Q23 Ans: Q6 Ans: Q7 point? When light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis initially rises, as the plant can use ‘more light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen Effect after a Certain Limi Beyond a certain point, increasing light intensity does not increase the rate of photosynthesi This is because ‘© Other factors, like CO» concentration or temperature, become the limiting factors. ‘© Also, too much light can damage the plant's chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for absorbing light. Discuss the process of photosynthesis in Sulphur bacteria? Definition: Some bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H:S) instead of water as a source of electrons in photosynthesis and are typically referred to as Sulphur bacteria. Explanation: ‘These bacteria are commonly found in anaerobic environments such as hot springs and oxygen- poor aquatic habitats like deep ocean vents, releasing Sulphur as a byproduct of photosynthesis, instead of oxygen, low lactic acid fermentation works to provide energy in the muscle tissues? LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION IN MUSCLE CELLS Lactic Acid Productio During exercise, anaerobic respiration causes laetie-acid to accumulate in muscle cells and surrounding tissues. This aecurmulation can lead to muscle fatigue and discomfort. Lactic Acid to Glucose: To ease this condition, the lactic acid from muscle is transported to the liver through blood, which converts it into glucose. Glucose as Energy Sour This glucose can then be releaséd back into the bloodstream to provide energy to muscles and other tissues, effectively recyéling lactic acid into usable energy. ‘Write the equation of a) Photosynthesis, b) Fermentation, ¢) Aerobie res EQUATIONS Photosynthesi The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO; + 12,0 ~ C,H),0, + 6H,0 + 60; oR 6CO, + 6H,O > CH.,0, + 60; Fermentation: ‘There are two types of fermentation. The equation for alcoholic fermentation is: Pyruvie acid —> Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon dioxide ‘The equation for lactic acid fermentation is: Glucose > Pyruvie acid ~> Lactic Acid ‘The equation for aerobic respiration is: CcHzO, + 60; > 6CO; + 61,0 + 36 ATP Why a part of photosynthesis is called dark reactions? CHAPTER —8 277NOTES SERIES Ans: DARK REACTIONS or the "Calvin eyele” is named so because it does not directly require light energy to occur. This part of photosynthesis uses energy from light dependent reactions to convert CO> into glucose. Q.8 How photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are interlinked with each other? Ans: DARK REACTIONS Photosynthesis and aerobie respiration are interlinked in the following ways Energy Transfer: Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are then used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP (by breaking glucose) Carbon Cyele: ‘© Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts it into glucose. ‘¢ Aerobie respiration then converts glucose back into carbon dioxide, releasing it back into the ‘atmosphere. This eycle is essential for maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Oxygen Cycle: ‘+ Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, which is then used in aerobie respiration ‘+ Aerobic respiration releases carbon dioxide and water as byproducts, which are then used in photosynthesis. This eycle is essential for maintaining the balance of oxygen levels in the atmosphere Ecological Balance: ‘Photosynthesis supports the growth of plan ‘© Aerobie respiration supports the»growth of animals. Moe 19. The energy released (per mole) by the breakdown of one phosphate of ATP is: which are then consumed by animals. snimals, which are then consumed by other (A) 733 keal (B) 14,6 keal (©) 730 cal (D) 14.6 cal 20. In 1929, ATP was discovered by: (A) Fritz Lipman (B) Karl Lohmann, (©) Louis Pasteur (D) Hardy Weinberg 21. The role of ATP as cell’s energy currency was explained by: ymann (B) Karl Lohmann (©) Louis Pasteur (D) Hardy Weinberg 22, ‘The byproduct of Sulphur bacteria during photosynthesis is: (A) Oxygen (B) CO: OHS (D) Sulphur 23. Zymology is the study of (A) Enzymes (B) Fermentation (©) Fungi (D) Energy 24, Liver converts lactic acid (A) Glucose (B) Carbon dioxide and water (©) Pyruvic acid (D) Energy 25, During yogurt formation from milk, which is converted to lactic acid’? (A) Glucose (B) Lactose (©) Pytuvic acid (D) Sucrose Pes CHAPTER —8 278NOTES SERIES Ieee! i (B) Molecular Structure of ATP Instructions: ‘Trace the patterns and marks the labels (C) Draw and Label the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis (D) Draw and Label the Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis CHAPTER —8 279NOTES SERIES ‘A form of CHAPTER —8 280NOTES SERIES Respiration ATP The primary molecule used by cells to capture and supply energy is called ATP. ‘Autotrophs (Organisms capable of synthesizing their own food using new material. Bioenergetics The study of energy relationships in biological system. Calvin eyele The sequence of reactions is also called dark reactions cecurring in the stroma of the chloroplast produce sugar. Chlorophyll ‘A green pigment present in thylakoid membranes responsible for absorption of light for photo synthesis. Electron Transport Chain Series of electron carries located in inner membrane of mitochondria. Fermentation Light Dependent Glycolysis ‘A process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of Pyruvic acid and produce 2 ATP as a net gain ‘Kreb’s Cycle Cyelie Process which takes place in mitochondria matrix in which Acetyl CoA is completely oxidized into H:0 and CO: to produce high energy compounds such as ATP, NADH and FADE, Lactic Acid ‘A type of anaerobic respiration which oceurs in muscles during vigorous exercise in the absence of oxygen and bacteria that converts milk into yogurt The first phase of photosynthesis in which light energy is captured to produce Reaction ‘ATPand NADPH. ‘Chlorophyll Photosynthetic pigment that captures light and is found in thylakoid membranes L of the chloroplast. NAD™ ‘Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an enzyme acting as electron carrier in redox reactions ‘Oxidation ‘When an atom ormolecule loses an electron. Photolysis ‘A process in which light splits water into oxygen atom, two hydrogen ions and wo electrons, Photosynthesis ‘A process in which plants use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose in presence of light which is absorbed by chlorophyll. Photosystem Cluster of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplast Pigments Light absorbing molecules are called pigments. Pyruvic Acid ‘A 3-carbon compound formed when glucose is broken down in cellular respiration. Reduction ‘When an atom or molecule gains an electron, itis reduced and the process is, called reduction. Respiration ‘The process by which energy is produced from food is called respiration Stroma ‘The matrix of chloroplast which is a thick fluid in between grana where various enzymes, molecules and ions ate found and where dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs, Thylakoid “Membranous infoldings of chloroplasts, where photosynthetic pigments are found. ZScheme ‘Also called as light dependent reaction, the first phase in photosynthesis, occurring in the presence of light used to make high energy compounds. CHAPTER —8 281NOTES SERIES TOPIC 8.1 B A D D D ic TOPIC 8.2 A A A A D c S D A A c B c B B c SLOs MCQs. a. em : em 4 em B cl! A c] A A D B B A CHAPTER —8 282