PERSONAL

SAFETY
&
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

COURSE NOTES
 COMPLY WITH EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

EMERGENCY
Any condition or situation that is serious, unexpected and often endangers or threatens
the loss of life injury to individual, loss and damage to ship’s property and as well as
damage to environment.

CAUSES
1. Internal- these are caused by “manmade” or human error”

2. External- these are caused by Natural calamities/disasters

TYPES OF SHIP EMERGENCIES

1. Collision
- The physical impact that occurs between two ships resulting in a damaging accident.

2. Fire
- Ships are susceptible to fires due to the amount of heavy machinery found in their
boiler rooms and other areas.

3. Foundering
- Ships filled with water and sink.

4. Ingress of water
- A flooding is the result of water ingress onboard and can affect the watertight
integrity and finally the stability of the vessel.

5. Grounding
- is the impact of a ship on seabed or waterway side. In accidental cases, it is commonly
referred to as "running aground."

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MUSTERLIST
A muster list provides crew members with a plan to manage emergency situations. It
gives clear instructions to be followed in the event of an emergency on board and
ensures that all vital duties are assigned.

These are notices required by the SOLAS convention to be placed on board ships under
Chapter III, Regulation 8 of SOLAS.

It is prepared on vessels so that the crew must be ready all the time to tackle any kind
of emergency that might arise on board.

What is in the musterlist?

- Vessel name / IMO number
- Emergency duties of all crew and personnel onboard
- General emergency alarm and other emergency signal
- Action to be taken by the crew and passengers in case of an emergency
- Communication equipment, channels and reporting chain to be used during an
abandonment and other emergency should be specified
- Substitutes for person in charge (if incapacitated)
- Location of muster station

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EMERGENCY ALARMS
Emergency signals or alarms on a ship are installed all over the vessel’s various systems
and machinery to notify the crew about a dangerous situation that can arise due
to different types of emergencies on board ship.

Emergency alarms are of audible as well as visual type to ensure that a person can at
least listen to the audible alarm when working in an area where seeing a visual alarm
is not possible and vice versa.

It is a standard practice in the international maritime industry to have an emergency

alarm on the ship for a particular warning which is similar for all seagoing vessels, no
matter in which seas they are sailing or to which company they belong to.

Irrespective of whether the vessel is at sea, at anchor or in port, on hearing an

emergency alarm teams must muster at their designated stations. Great emphasis must
be placed on this initial muster of personnel at their stations. This ensures that the
available manpower resources are known and missing persons identified. A maximum
state of readiness is promptly established and a standardized response to emergency
situations can be achieved, allowing remedial actions to be more easily coordinated
and controlled.

Different Alarm signals of the vessel are clearly described in the muster list along with
the action to be carried out so that all the crew member can perform their duties within
no time in an actual emergency. It is of extreme importance that a seafarer must know
the different types of alarms in a ship and to recognised which emergency it represents.

An individual’s initial response to a ship emergency should therefore be as follows:

− On discovering an emergency, raise the alarm.
− Provide the control centre with as much information as possible.
− Attempt to control the emergency by whatever means are available until
relieved by an emergency team. Should the situation become hazardous to the
individual he must retreat immediately to the primary emergency team muster
station and report arrival there to the centre.

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 − On hearing the alarm, all personnel must proceed immediately to their
designated muster station and perform the respective duties and responsibilities
− Emergency team leaders of their deputies to muster and report ‘readiness’ in
this context must indicate first the team’s identity, secondly the names of any
person or persons missing, thirdly that the available man power is standing by
ready for immediate deployment, and fourthly that the equipment and/ or
machinery the team is responsible for has been checked and is in good order.

Types of Alarms on Ships:

1. General Alarm
The general emergency alarm on the ship is recognised by seven short ringing of the
bell followed by one long blast.

The general alarm in a ship is sounded to make aware the crew on board that an
emergency has occurred. The vessel general alarm system activation point is located in
the navigation bridge. Once the general alarm signal onboard is activated; every ship
crew must follow the instruction and duties listed in the muster list and proceed to the
designated muster station.

2. Fire Alarm
Whenever there is fire detected on the vessel by its crew, he/she should raise the alarm
signal onboard ship by pressing the nearest fire switch or by loudly and continuously
shouting “FIRE FIRE FIRE”.

The fire alarm signal onboard ship is sounded as the continuous ringing of ship’s
electrical bell or continuous sounding of ship’s horn.

3. Man over board Alarm

There have been many situations when a crew working on ship-side or a passenger in
a cruise ship fell in the water at high seas. When a man falls overboard, the man
overboard alarm sound signal is activated on the ship.

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The Man over board alarm sound signal comprises of vessel’s internal alarm bell for 3
long rings to notify the crew onboard, along with 3 long blasts on ship whistle to inform
the other ships in the nearby vicinity.

4. Abandonship Alarm
When the emergency on board ship goes out of hands and ship is no longer safe for
the crew on board ship, the signal for abandon ship is given verbally by the master to
the station in-charge or the crew on ship’s Personal Addressing (PA) system.

The alarm sounded is similar to a general alarm, and everybody comes to the
emergency muster station where the master or his substitute (Chief Officer) gives a
verbal order to abandon ship.

5. Navigational Alarm
In the navigation bridge, most of the navigational equipment and navigation lights are
fitted with failure alarm. If any of these malfunctions, a ship alarm signal on the bridge
will be sounded whose details (location, equipment affected, type of problem etc.) will
be displayed on the notification screen provided on the bridge navigation panel.

6. Ship Security Alarm

As per the SOLAS Chapter XI regulation XI-2/5, all ships shall be provided with a ship
security alert system. The Ship Security Alarm system (SSAS) is a silent alarm system
sounded in a pirate attack emergency. When the SSAS is activated, no alarm is sounded
onboard ship, nor does it alert other vessels in the vicinity. This signal notifies different
coastal authorities or competent authority, whose proximity the ship is presently
operating via a global satellite system to inform about the piracy.

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ONBOARD TRAINING & DRILLS

Drills onboard a ship serve several important purposes, all geared towards ensuring the
safety and preparedness of the crew and the vessel. These drills are a fundamental part
of maritime safety protocols and are mandated by international regulations, including
the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards.

Drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there were an actual emergency.

Primary purposes of drills onboard:

1. Emergency Response Training

- Drills provide essential training for the crew in responding to various emergency
situations. This includes fire, abandon ship, man overboard, collision, and grounding
scenarios. Crew members practice their roles and responsibilities, familiarizing
themselves with emergency equipment and procedures.

2. Enhancing Crew Preparedness

- Regular drills help to enhance the preparedness of the crew for unexpected events.
By practicing responses to different emergencies, seafarers become more familiar with
the actions required, reducing the risk of confusion and improving overall reaction
times.

3. Verifying Equipment Readiness

- Drills involve testing and verifying the readiness of safety equipment such as
lifeboats, life rafts, fire extinguishers, and communication systems. This ensures that all
safety equipment is in working order and can be promptly deployed in case of an
emergency.

4. Fulfilling Regulatory Requirements

- International maritime regulations, particularly the Standards of Training,
Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) and the International Convention
for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), mandate regular emergency drills. Ship operators
must adhere to these regulations to ensure compliance and maintain the safety of the
vessel.
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5. Building Team Coordination
- Emergency situations require coordinated efforts from the entire crew. Drills help
build teamwork and coordination among crew members, ensuring that everyone
understands their roles and can work together efficiently during emergencies.

6. Testing Communication Protocols

- Communication is crucial during emergencies. Drills test communication systems
and protocols to ensure that information can be relayed quickly and accurately both
within the ship and with external authorities or rescue services.

7. Identifying Areas for Improvement

- Conducting regular drills allows for the identification of areas that may need
improvement. This could include refining emergency procedures, updating equipment,
or providing additional training to address specific challenges encountered during the
drills.

8. Cultivating a Safety Culture

- Regular drills contribute to the cultivation of a safety culture onboard. When safety
practices become routine through consistent training, crew members are more likely
to prioritize safety in their daily activities, reducing the risk of accidents.

9. Compliance with Port State Control Inspections

- During port state control inspections, authorities may verify that the ship is in
compliance with international safety regulations. Evidence of regular and effective
emergency drills is an essential component of demonstrating compliance.

10. Preparing for Various Operational Environments

- Drills prepare the crew for emergencies in various operational environments,
including adverse weather conditions, at different times of day, and during different
phases of a voyage. This ensures that the crew is ready to respond under diverse
circumstances.

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Drills are a proactive and essential component of maritime safety management. They
are designed to ensure that the crew is well-prepared, equipment is functioning
correctly, and the vessel can respond effectively to emergencies, ultimately
contributing to the overall safety and security of maritime operations.

Under the SOLAS Chapter 2, Regulation 15:

Crew members shall be trained to be familiar with the arrangements of the ship as well
as the location and operation of any firefighting systems and appliances that they may
be called upon to use.

Fire drills shall be conducted and recorded in accordance with the provisions of
regulations III/19.3 and III/19.5.

Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill
every month. The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 hours of the ship leaving
a port if more than 25% of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire
drills on board that particular ship in the previous month.

On a ship engaged on an international voyage which is not a short international

voyage, musters of the passengers shall take place within 24 h after their embarkation.
Passengers shall be instructed in the use of the lifejackets and the action to take in an
emergency. If only a small number of passengers embark at a port after the muster has
been held it shall be sufficient, instead of holding another muster, to draw the attention
of these passengers to the emergency instructions required by regulations.

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TRAINING ONBOARD

Training onboard serves multiple purposes, all geared towards ensuring the
competency, safety, and efficiency of the crew and the proper functioning of the vessel.
Training is a continuous process in the maritime industry, covering various aspects of
shipboard operations.

Primary purposes of training onboard:

1. Ensure Safety and Emergency Preparedness

- Training equips the crew with the knowledge and skills needed to respond
effectively to emergencies, including fire incidents, abandon ship situations, man
overboard scenarios, and other critical events. This includes the proper use of safety
equipment and adherence to emergency procedures.

2. Comply with International Regulations

- The maritime industry is subject to international regulations set by organizations
like the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Training ensures that the crew is
familiar with and adheres to these regulations, including the Standards of Training,
Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) and the International Ship and
Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.

3. Enhance Navigational Competence

- Training in navigation and seamanship is essential for officers and ratings involved
in navigating the vessel. This includes proficiency in using navigation equipment, chart
reading, and understanding navigational charts and publications.

4. Improve Technical Skills

- Crew members undergo training to enhance their technical skills related to ship
operations, maintenance, and machinery handling. This includes training on the proper
use and maintenance of engines, pumps, navigation equipment, and other ship
systems.

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5. Cultivate Environmental Awareness
- Training emphasizes environmental stewardship, ensuring that the crew
understands and complies with environmental protection regulations. This includes
proper waste disposal, ballast water management, and measures to prevent pollution.

6. Encourage Effective Communication

- Effective communication is crucial for safe and efficient shipboard operations.
Training focuses on improving communication skills, particularly in the context of
bridge communication, engine room communication, and communication during
emergency situations.

7. Develop Leadership and Teamwork

- Officers and crew members undergo training to develop leadership skills and
promote effective teamwork. This includes understanding roles and responsibilities,
conflict resolution, and fostering a positive team culture.

8. Address Health and Safety

- Training covers health and safety protocols to ensure a healthy and safe working
environment onboard. This includes awareness of potential hazards, personal
protective equipment (PPE) usage, and procedures for handling hazardous materials.

9. Security Awareness and Training

- Given the importance of maritime security, crew members receive training on
security measures and awareness. This includes understanding the International Ship
and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and implementing security procedures to
mitigate risks.

10. Continuous Professional Development

- Training supports the continuous professional development of seafarers, allowing
them to stay updated on industry advancements, new technologies, and changes in
regulations. This contributes to career growth and improved job performance.

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11. Emergency Drills and Simulations
- Regular drills and simulations provide hands-on experience and practice for the
crew in responding to emergency situations. These drills help improve response times,
coordination, and overall readiness.

12. Promote Cultural Sensitivity

- In the diverse maritime environment, training promotes cultural sensitivity and
understanding among crew members. This is essential for effective communication and
collaboration among individuals from different backgrounds.

Training onboard is essential for maintaining high standards of safety, operational

efficiency, and professionalism in the maritime industry. It ensures that the crew is well-
prepared to handle various situations that may arise during voyages and contributes
to the overall success of maritime operations.

ESCAPE ROUTE

Escape routes on a ship refer to the designated pathways and means for passengers
and crew to evacuate the vessel safely in case of an emergency. These routes are crucial
for ensuring the quick and efficient evacuation of people in various scenarios such as
fire, flooding, or other emergencies.

These routes are specifically planned and designed to facilitate the efficient and quick
evacuation of people in the event of a fire, natural disaster, or any other emergency
situation.

Escape routes typically include exits, corridors, stairways, and other pathways that lead
to safe areas outside the building or vehicle. The term is commonly used in the context
of safety planning and building design to ensure that occupants have clear and
accessible ways to exit a space in case of danger.

The goal is to minimize the risk of injuries and ensure a rapid and orderly evacuation
during emergencies.

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Here are some key aspects of escape routes on a ship:

1. Primary Escape Routes - ships are designed with primary escape routes that are easily
accessible and clearly marked. These routes typically include stairwells, corridors, and
designated escape doors.

2. Emergency Exits - emergency exits are strategically placed throughout the ship to
provide quick access to outdoor areas, lifeboats, or evacuation platforms. These exits
are designed to be easily opened in case of an emergency.

3. Signage and Markings - clear and visible signage is essential to guide passengers
and crew to the nearest escape routes. Illuminated signs and markings are often used
to ensure visibility in low-light conditions.

It's important for both passengers and crew to be aware of the escape routes on a ship
and to follow instructions provided by the ship's crew in case of an emergency.

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INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS

Internal communications on board a ship is critical for maintaining operational

efficiency, ensuring safety, and facilitating coordination among the crew.

Effective communication is essential for various shipboard activities, including

navigation, emergency response, and day-to-day operations.

Here are key aspects of internal communications on board a ship:

1. Communication Systems
a. Public Address (PA) System
Ships are equipped with a PA system that allows announcements to be broadcast
throughout the vessel. This system is used to relay important information, safety
instructions, and emergency announcements to all areas of the ship.

b. Intercom Systems
Intercoms enable direct communication between different sections or departments on
the ship. They are often used for routine communication between the bridge, engine
room, and other critical areas.

2. Bridge Communication
a. Bridge-to-Bridge Communication
The bridge is the central control point of the ship, and communication between
different vessels is essential for navigation and collision avoidance. Radios and other
communication devices are used for bridge-to-bridge communication.

b. Internal Bridge Communication

Communication between the various personnel on the bridge, including the captain,
officers, and navigators, is crucial for safe navigation. Intercom systems and radios
facilitate internal bridge communication.

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3. Engine Room Communication
a. Engine Room Telegraphs
Traditional engine order telegraphs are used for communication between the bridge
and the engine room. They convey orders regarding speed and direction changes.

b. Internal Engine Room Communication

Intercoms and other communication devices are employed for communication within
the engine room, ensuring coordination between engineers and other personnel.

4. Emergency Communication
a. Emergency Alarms
Ships are equipped with alarms that can be sounded in case of emergencies. These
alarms alert the crew to specific actions they need to take, such as mustering at
designated stations or preparing for evacuation.

b. Emergency Radios
Portable radios are often available for emergency use, allowing crew members to
communicate directly with each other and with the bridge in case of power failures or
other disruptions.

5. Technology Integration
a. Integrated Systems
Modern ships often use integrated communication systems that incorporate various
technologies, including satellite communication, for efficient and reliable
communication over long distances.

Effective internal communication is vital for the overall safety, navigation, and
operation of a ship. It helps ensure that all crew members are well-informed and can
respond promptly to any situation that may arise during the voyage.

The use of public address, intercoms and fixed telephone systems must also be
considered when devising emergency communications procedures, although it should
be stressed that portable radio communication is the most efficient method. Correct
and controlled radio procedures must be devised and rehearsed.

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 TAKE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT POLLUTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION PREVENTION OF THE MARITIME
ENVIRONMENT

MARINE POLLUTION

Marine pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine
environment directly from activities or sources associated with a ship.
This pollution can take various forms and can have detrimental effects on marine
ecosystems, aquatic life, and human health.
Marine pollution onboard is a significant concern, and efforts are made globally to
regulate and minimize its impact.

The pollution can be categorized into different types:

1. Oil Pollution
- Oil pollution occurs when oil or oily substances are released into the sea. This can
result from oil spills, leaks, or improper disposal of oily waste from the ship. Oil
pollution has severe consequences for marine life, damaging ecosystems, and affecting
birds and other wildlife.

2. Chemical Pollution
- Chemical pollution involves the release of hazardous chemicals or toxic substances
into the marine environment. This can occur through improper handling, storage, or
disposal of chemicals used onboard ships, such as cleaning agents, paints, and other
potentially harmful substances.

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3. Ballast Water Pollution
- Ballast water pollution occurs when ships discharge ballast water containing
invasive species, pathogens, or pollutants into a different location than where it was
taken on board. This can lead to the introduction of non-native species, disrupting local
ecosystems.

4. Sewage Pollution
- Sewage pollution involves the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated
wastewater from ships into the sea. This can introduce harmful bacteria, pathogens,
and nutrients, negatively impacting water quality and marine life.

5. Garbage Pollution
- Garbage pollution includes the improper disposal of solid waste from ships, such as
plastics, paper, food waste, and other debris. This can harm marine life through
ingestion, entanglement, or other adverse effects.

6. Air Pollution
- While air pollution primarily occurs as a result of engine emissions, it indirectly
contributes to marine pollution. Airborne pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx), can eventually deposit into the sea, leading to acidification and
other impacts on marine ecosystems.

7. Noise Pollution
- Noise pollution is caused by excessive and disruptive noise generated by ship
activities, including engine noise, propeller cavitation, and underwater construction.
This can disturb marine mammals, affect their communication, and potentially lead to
behavioural changes.

Efforts to address marine pollution onboard are guided by international regulations,

including the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) MARPOL (International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) annexes.

MARPOL sets standards for the prevention of pollution from ships, covering aspects
such as oil pollution, sewage, garbage disposal, and ballast water management.

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Ship operators are required to adhere to these regulations, implement best practices,
and adopt technologies to reduce the environmental impact of their vessels.
Additionally, awareness and education within the maritime industry play a crucial role
in promoting responsible practices to prevent and mitigate marine pollution.

MARINE POLLUTANTS
Marine pollutants commonly found on board ships can include various substances from
different sources.

Common Marine Pollutants on Ships:

1. Oil and Petroleum Products

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Leaks, spills, improper Coating of marine life, Install oil-water separators,
disposal of bilge water, harm to seabirds, use absorbent materials,
and discharge from disruption of ecosystems. and follow proper oil spill
machinery. response procedures.
Discharge oily water only
when within permissible
limits.

2. Chemical Pollutants

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Improper handling, Toxicity to marine life, Use environmentally
storage, or disposal of contamination of water, friendly products, store
cleaning agents, paints, and harm to ecosystems. chemicals properly, and
and chemicals. dispose of hazardous
waste through authorized
channels.

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3. Ballast Water

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Exchange and discharge Introduction of invasive Comply with ballast water
of ballast water during species, disruption of local management regulations,
voyages. ecosystems. conduct ballast water
exchange in open seas,
and install ballast water
treatment systems.

4. Sewage and Wastewater

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Discharge of untreated or Nutrient enrichment, Use onboard sewage
inadequately treated harmful pathogens, and treatment plants,
sewage and wastewater. contamination of water. discharge treated sewage
as per regulations, and
avoid discharging near
sensitive areas.

5. Garbage and Plastics

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Improper disposal of solid Marine litter, ingestion by Segregate and store
waste, including plastics, marine animals, harm to garbage properly,
food waste, and seabirds. incinerate or dispose of
packaging. waste at port facilities, and
minimize single-use
plastics.

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6. Air Emissions

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Combustion of fossil fuels, Air pollution, contribution Use low-sulfur fuels, install
engine emissions, and ship to climate change, and exhaust gas cleaning
exhaust. acid rain. systems (scrubbers), and
comply with emission
control regulations.

7. Noise Pollution

SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IMPACT
Engine noise, propeller Disturbance to marine Employ noise-reducing
cavitation, and shipboard mammals, disruption of technologies, minimize
activities. communication. unnecessary noise, and
follow guidelines for vessel
speed and route
adjustments in sensitive
areas.

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Basic Environmental Protection Procedures Onboard:

1. Compliance with Regulations

- Adhere to international and regional environmental regulations, including MARPOL
annexes, to ensure legal compliance.

2. Pollution Prevention Plan (PPP)

- Develop and implement a Pollution Prevention Plan outlining procedures and
measures to prevent and manage marine pollution.

3. Training and Awareness

- Train crew members on environmental protection procedures, including proper
waste handling, discharge regulations, and emergency response.

4. Waste Management
- Segregate, store, and dispose of different types of waste properly. Follow waste
management plans and use onboard incinerators or shore facilities as appropriate.

5. Regular Inspections and Maintenance

- Conduct regular inspections to identify and address potential sources of pollution.
Ensure machinery and equipment are well-maintained to prevent leaks.

6. Emergency Response Drills

- Conduct regular emergency response drills to ensure the crew is prepared to
respond quickly and effectively to pollution incidents.

7. Use of Eco-Friendly Products

- Choose environmentally friendly cleaning agents, paints, and other products to
minimize the impact of chemicals on the marine environment.

8. Monitoring and Record Keeping

- Monitor discharges and emissions regularly and maintain accurate records. This
includes records of ballast water exchange, oil content meters, and waste disposal.

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9. Energy Efficiency
- Implement energy-efficient practices to reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
This includes optimizing engine performance, adopting slow steaming practices, and
using renewable energy sources when feasible.

10. Communication and Reporting

- Establish clear communication channels for reporting environmental concerns and
incidents. Report incidents to relevant authorities as required.

11. Environmental Management System (EMS)

- Implement an Environmental Management System to systematically address
environmental aspects and impacts, ensuring continuous improvement in
environmental performance.

By integrating these practices into daily operations, ships can contribute to

environmental protection and sustainability while meeting regulatory requirements. It's
important for ship operators and crew members to be proactive in adopting
environmentally responsible practices to minimize the impact of their activities on
marine ecosystems.

Marine pollution has profound and often detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems.
The consequences can affect various components of the marine environment, including
water quality, biodiversity, and the overall health of ecosystems.

Here are some key impacts of marine pollution on the ecosystem:

1. Water Quality Degradation

- Pollutants such as oil, chemicals, and nutrients can degrade water quality.
Oil spills, for example, form slicks on the water's surface, disrupting light penetration
and affecting photosynthesis.
- Chemical pollutants can lead to toxicity, altering the chemical composition of the
water and harming aquatic life.

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2. Harm to Marine Life
- Marine pollution poses direct threats to marine organisms. Oil spills can coat marine
animals, affecting their insulation, buoyancy, and ability to swim.
- Chemical pollutants can lead to diseases, deformities, and reproductive issues in fish
and other species. Ingestion of plastic debris can cause blockages, internal injuries, and
death in marine animals.

3. Disruption of Food Chains

- Pollution can disrupt marine food chains and webs. Harmful substances can
accumulate in the tissues of organisms, leading to biomagnification as predators
consume contaminated prey. This can result in high concentrations of pollutants in top
predators, impacting their health and potentially affecting human populations that
consume seafood.

4. Loss of Biodiversity
- The destruction and alteration of habitats due to pollution contribute to the loss of
biodiversity. Coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove ecosystems are particularly
vulnerable. Loss of biodiversity can disrupt ecological balance, reduce resilience to
environmental changes, and diminish the overall health of marine ecosystems.

5. Eutrophication
- Excessive nutrient runoff, often from agricultural activities and untreated sewage,
can lead to eutrophication. This process results in an overabundance of nutrients,
causing algal blooms. As these algae die and decompose, oxygen levels in the water
decrease, leading to hypoxic or anoxic conditions, which are harmful to many marine
organisms.

6. Ocean Acidification
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels, contribute
to ocean acidification. Increased CO2 levels lead to lower pH levels in seawater,
impacting marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as corals,
molluscs, and some planktonic species.

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7. Invasive Species Introduction
- Ballast water discharge from ships can introduce invasive species to new
environments. These non-native species can outcompete or prey upon native species,
leading to disruptions in local ecosystems and biodiversity.

8. Physical Habitat Damage

- Marine pollution, especially in the form of garbage and debris, can physically
damage the habitats of marine organisms. Entanglement in plastic debris, for example,
poses a threat to marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds.

9. Climate Change Impact

- Some forms of marine pollution contribute to climate change. For instance, black
carbon (soot) from shipping activities can deposit on ice surfaces, reducing their
reflectivity and accelerating ice melt in polar regions.

10. Impacts on Human Health

- Marine pollution can have indirect impacts on human health. Contaminated seafood
can lead to the ingestion of harmful substances, posing risks to human consumers.
Additionally, harmful algal blooms, which can be exacerbated by pollution, can produce
toxins that affect both marine life and humans.

Efforts to mitigate the impact of marine pollution involve international agreements,

such as the MARPOL convention, and regional initiatives to reduce pollutant discharges,
promote sustainable practices, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving
marine ecosystems.

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTIN OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS
(MARPOL)

MARPOL 73/78
The main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships from operational or accidental causes.

The MARPOL Convention was adopted on 2 November 1973 at IMO. The Protocol of
1978 was adopted in response to a spate of tanker accidents in 1976-1977. As the 1973
MARPOL Convention had not yet entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL Protocol
absorbed the parent Convention. The combined instrument entered into force on 2
October 1983. In 1997, a Protocol was adopted to amend the Convention and a new
Annex VI was added which entered into force on 19 May 2005. MARPOL has been
updated by amendments through the years.

The Convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution

from ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently
includes six technical Annexes. Special Areas with strict controls on operational
discharges are included in most Annexes.

Annex I - Regulation for the prevention of Pollution by oil- enforced October 2, 1983

Covers prevention of pollution by oil from operational measures as well as from

accidental discharges; the 1992 amendments to Annex I made it mandatory for new oil
tankers to have double hulls and brought in a phase-in schedule for existing tankers
to fit double hulls, which was subsequently revised in 2001 and 2003.

Annex II – Regulations for the Control of Pollution by noxious liquid substances carried
in bulk- enforced April 6, 1987

Details the discharge criteria and measures for the control of pollution by noxious
liquid substances carried in bulk; some 250 substances were evaluated and included
in the list appended to the Convention; the discharge of their residues is allowed only
to reception facilities until certain concentrations and conditions (which vary with the
category of substances) are complied with.

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In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxious substances is permitted
within 12 miles of the nearest land.

Annex III – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by harmful substances carried
in packaged forms enforced July 1, 1992

Contains general requirements for the issuing of detailed standards on packing,

marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and
notifications.

For the purpose of this Annex, “harmful substances” are those substances which are
identified as marine pollutants in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
(IMDG Code) or which meet the criteria in the Appendix of Annex III.

Annex IV – Regulations for the prevention of Pollution by sewage – not yet enforced
/optional

Contains requirements to control pollution of the sea by sewage; the discharge of

sewage into the sea is prohibited, except when the ship has in operation an approved
sewage treatment plant or when the ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected
sewage using an approved system at a distance of more than three nautical miles from
the nearest land; sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected has to be discharged
at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.

Annex V - Prevention of Pollution by garbage - enforced December 31, 1998

Deals with different types of garbage and specifies the distances from land and the
manner in which they may be disposed of; the most important feature of the Annex is
the complete ban imposed on the disposal into the sea of all forms of plastics.

Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered into force 19 May 2005)

Sets limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from ship exhausts and
prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances; designated emission
control areas set more stringent standards for SOx, NOx and particulate matter. A

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chapter adopted in 2011 covers mandatory technical and operational energy efficiency
measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships.

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 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES

Safe working practices are crucial to maintaining a secure and healthy environment
onboard a ship. These practices help prevent accidents, injuries, and damage to the
vessel.

Here are some key safe working practices onboard:

1. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Wear appropriate PPE, such as hard hats, safety boots, gloves, and eye protection,
depending on the nature of the task. PPE helps protect against physical hazards and
enhances overall safety.

2. Fall Prevention
Use fall prevention measures, such as safety harnesses and lifelines, when working at
heights. Ensure that guardrails and safety nets are in place to prevent falls.

3. Safe Lifting and Handling

Follow proper lifting techniques to avoid back injuries. Use mechanical lifting aids and
equipment when handling heavy loads. Ensure that the load is stable and secure before
lifting.

4. Fire Safety
Adhere to fire safety protocols, including regular drills and training. Know the location
of firefighting equipment, emergency exits, and evacuation procedures. Follow
smoking regulations and avoid open flames in designated areas.

5. Electrical Safety
Use insulated tools and equipment when working with electricity. Ensure that electrical
installations are properly maintained, and follow lockout/tagout procedures when
conducting electrical repairs.

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6. Machine and Equipment Safety
Follow proper procedures when operating machinery and equipment. Ensure that
guards and safety features are in place and functional. Conduct regular maintenance
and inspections to identify potential hazards.

7. Confined Space Entry

Adhere to strict procedures for entering confined spaces. Conduct atmospheric testing,
use appropriate ventilation, and ensure proper communication during confined space
operations. Always have a standby person outside the confined space.

8. Hot Work Safety

Implement proper procedures for hot work, such as welding and cutting. Ensure that
fire watch is in place, and have firefighting equipment readily available. Obtain
necessary permits before initiating hot work.

9. Chemical Handling and Storage

Follow proper protocols for handling, storing, and disposing of chemicals. Use personal
protective equipment when handling hazardous substances, and be aware of chemical
compatibility and segregation.

10. Emergency Response

Familiarize yourself with emergency response procedures, including muster points,
escape routes, and life-saving equipment. Participate in regular emergency drills to
ensure a prompt and effective response during actual emergencies.

11. Working at Heights

Implement fall protection measures when working at heights. Use guardrails, safety
nets, or personal fall arrest systems. Conduct risk assessments before performing tasks
at elevated locations.

12. Noise Control

Use hearing protection in noisy environments. Implement measures to control and
minimize noise levels to prevent hearing damage.

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13. Tool and Equipment Inspection
Regularly inspect and maintain tools and equipment to ensure they are in good
working condition. Report and address any defects or malfunctions promptly.

14. Crew Communication

Establish clear communication channels and protocols. Ensure that all crew members
are aware of their roles and responsibilities during various operations. Foster a culture
of open communication regarding safety concerns.

15. Crisis Management

Be familiar with crisis management plans, including procedures for search and rescue,
man overboard situations, and other emergencies. Participate in drills to practice crisis
response.

These safe working practices contribute to a culture of safety onboard and help create
an environment where all crew members can perform their duties efficiently while
minimizing risks to their well-being and the integrity of the vessel.

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SHIPBOARD HAZARDS AND ITS PRECAUTION

Shipboard work involves various tasks and operations that may present hazards,
compromising the health and safety of persons on board.
Identifying and mitigating these hazards are crucial for maintaining a safe working
environment.

Here's a range of typical hazardous shipboard work situations:

1. Working at Heights
HAZARD MITIGATION
Falls from elevated surfaces, such as Use fall protection equipment,
working on masts, rigging, or cargo guardrails, safety nets, and ensure
handling areas. proper training for personnel working at
heights.

2. Confined Space Entry

HAZARD MITIGATION
Risks associated with entering confined Follow strict entry procedures, conduct
spaces, including lack of oxygen, toxic atmospheric testing, use appropriate
gases, and physical hazards. PPE, and have a standby person outside
the confined space.

3. Hot Work Operations

HAZARD MITIGATION
Risks related to welding, cutting, and Obtain necessary permits, implement
other hot work activities, including fire fire prevention measures, provide
hazards and exposure to fumes. adequate ventilation, and use
appropriate PPE.

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4. Machinery and Equipment Operations
HAZARD MITIGATION
Injuries from moving machinery, Follow proper operating procedures,
entanglement, and contact with rotating conduct regular maintenance, use
parts. machine guards, and provide training on
equipment safety.

5. Chemical Handling and Exposure

HAZARD MITIGATION
Exposure to hazardous chemicals during Use appropriate PPE, follow proper
handling, storage, and use. storage procedures, provide chemical
safety training, and implement spill
response measures.

6. Lifting and Rigging Operations

HAZARD MITIGATION
Injuries from lifting and rigging Use mechanical lifting aids, follow
operations, including manual lifting, use proper lifting techniques, secure loads
of cranes, and handling heavy loads. properly, and provide training on
rigging safety.

7. Noise and Vibration Exposure:

HAZARD MITIGATION
Long-term exposure to high levels of Implement ergonomic design principles,
noise and vibration, leading to hearing provide training on proper lifting and
loss and other health issues. posture, and conduct regular
assessments of workstations.

8. Security Risks
HAZARD MITIGATION
Risks associated with piracy, armed Implement security measures, follow
robbery, or other security threats during best practices for piracy prevention, and
certain voyages. conduct security drills.

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These hazardous situations underscore the importance of a comprehensive safety
management system, proper training, and the use of appropriate personal protective
equipment to safeguard the health and well-being of persons on board ships.

Regular risk assessments and continuous monitoring contribute to the overall safety
culture onboard.

PERSONAL PROTECTOVE EQUIPMENT

Importance of Personal Protective Equipment

Protective clothing or equipment does nothing to reduce the hazard; it merely sets up
a frail barrier against it. The first step in injury prevention should be the elimination of
the hazard to the extent that is reasonable and practicable. Personal protective clothing
and equipment should be relied upon to afford protection against the hazards that
remain.

Defective or ineffective protective equipment provide no defence. It is therefore

essential that the correct items of equipment are selected and that they are properly
maintained at all times. The manufacturer’s instructions should be kept safe with the
relevant apparatus and when necessary, referred to before use and when maintenance
is carried out. The equipment should be kept clean and should be disinfected as when
necessary for health reasons.

a. Helmets
Seafarers shall wear head protection during hazardous
conditions such as boat lowering detail, heavy weather, surf,
and helicopter operations.

b. Eye Protection
Loss of eyesight is a devastating disability and results in
total incapacitation for a long period. Eyes are particularly
vulnerable to injury from corrosive ad toxic liquids and
vapours. It is therefore essential that they receive a special

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consideration when assessing the need for personal protection.

c. Hand Protection

The correct type of gloves should be chosen according to the hazard being faced and
the kind of work being undertaken.
For example, leather gloves are generally best when handling rough or sharp objects,
heat resistant gloves when handling hot objects, and rubber, synthetic or PVC gloves
when handling acids. Alkalis, various types of oils, solvents and chemicals in general.
The exact type selected will depend upon the particular substance being handled.

d. Foot Protection
Foot injuries most often result from the wearing
of unsuitable footwear rather than from failure to
wear safety shoes or boots. It is nevertheless
strongly advisable that all personnel whilst at
work on board ship. Wear appropriate safety
footwear

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e. Dust Masks and Respirators
Respiratory protective equipment
of the appropriate type is essential
for protection when work has to be
done in conditions of irritating,
dangerous or poisonous dust,
fumes or gases. The equipment
may be either a respirator, which
filters the air before it is breathed, or breathing apparatus which supplies air or oxygen
from an uncontaminated source. The selection of the correct respiratory protective
equipment for any given situation requires consideration of the nature of the hazard,
the severity of the hazard, work requirements and conditions, and the characteristics
and limitations of available equipment.

f. Protective Clothing
Special outerwear may be needed for protection when the
seaman is exposed to contact with particular contaminating or
corrosive substances. This apparel should be kept for the
particular purpose and dealt with as directed in the relevant
sections of this Code.

g. Hearing Protection: Ear muff/ear plugs

The simplest form of ear protection is the glass-down ear plugs
of rubber or plastic also have only limited effect, in that extremes
of high and low frequency cause the plug to vibrate in the ear
canal causing a consequential loss in protection.

In general, ear muffs provide a more effective form of hearing

protection. They consist of a pair of rigid cups designed to
completely envelope the ears, fitted with soft sealing rings to fit
closely against the head around the ears. The ear cups are connected
by a spring-loaded headband (or neck band) which ensures that the
sound seals around the ears are maintained. Different types are
available and provisions should be made according to the circumstances of use and
expert advice.

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h. Protection from fall: Safety belt/harness
All seamen who are working aloft, outboard or below
decks or in any other area where there is a risk of falling
more than 2 meters, should wear a safety harness (or belt
with shock absorber) attached to a lifeline.

Likewise, if a vessel is shipping frequent seas, persons on

deck should wear a harness and, where practicable,
should be secured by lifeline as protection from falls and from being washed overboard
or against the ship’s structure.

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 COMMUNICATION ON BOARDSHIP

COMMUNICATION
Is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to
another.
It is always a two-way process.

Every communication involves at least one sender, a message and a recipient.

The transmission of the message from the sender to the recipient can be affected by a
huge range of things.

These includes:
− Emotions
− Cultural situations
− Medium used to communicate

Categories of Communication

1. Spoken or Verbal communication

- includes face to face, telephone, radio or television and other media
- is the use of words to share information with other people. It can be spoken and
written communication.
- verbal element of communication is all about the words you choose and how they
are heard and interpreted.

2. Non-verbal communication
- covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand and even our
scent.
- there are many subtle ways that we communicate with other

Ex. The tone of voice can give us clues to mood or emotional state, whilst hand signals
or gestures can add to a spoken message.

3. Written communication

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- which includes letters, emails, social media, books, magazines, the Internet and other
media.

- writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing skills allow you
to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than
through face to face or telephone conversations.

4. Visualisations
- graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualisations can communicate all
communicate messages.

Typical methods of shipboard communications:

i. Face to face
ii. Telephone
iii. Portable radios

VHF Radios
Marine VHF Radios are two-way communicators which are used to transfer and
receive messages. However, the most important function of a Marine VHF Radio is
that it is very helpful when it comes to sending distress signals across the channels to
coast guards and other ships and boats in the periphery. Also, certain Marine VHF
Radios can be used for the purposes of making calls through a marine operator for a
certain sum making it double up as a telephonic communicator too.

Another important aspect of Marine VHF Radios is the fact that they come in two
main categories: portable ones and non-portable ones.

The portable ones have waterproof coverings and are battery operated in order to
facilitate the power transmission. The fixed or the non-portable Marine VHF Radios
cover a lot of aerial ground, their source of power transmission and energy, huger in
comparison to their portable counterparts and are therefore far more feasible in
terms of their operational facilities.

iv. Posters
v. Notices
vi. Memos
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vii. Standing orders
viii. Email

Barriers of Communication

1. Physical and physiological barrier

These include distance, background noise, poor or malfunctioning equipment, bad
hearing, and poor eyesight and speech impediments.

2. Emotional and cultural barrier

Emotions (anger, fear, sadness) and attitudes (having to be right all the time, believing
oneself to be superior or inferior to others) affect objectivity, as do the stereotypical
assumptions that people make about each other based on cultural background.

3. Language
Speaking different languages, having strong accents, using slang or jargon can
frustrate communication and negotiation efforts.

4. Nothing or little in common

Examples, stories and anecdotes can help get a point across, except when the guest
cannot relate to any of these because they don’t share a common experience with the
messenger.

5. Lack of eye contact

Not making eye contact is a sure way of raising doubt in listeners and losing their
attention and making them feel suspicious of you, not to mention invisible.

6. Information over load or lack of focus

Too much information can confuse your guests and even make them wonder if you’re
overwhelming them with details to avoid telling them something else, they would
rather know.

7. Not being prepared or lack of credibility

If you’re not prepared, if you lack the facts or resources, your listeners will notice and
feel let down, even disrespected–and they won’t believe you.

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8. Talking to much
When you talk, you’re not listening, and you need to listen to the people you’re
attempting to persuade.

9. Trying too hard, seeming desperate

When you try too hard to persuade someone, you may seem desperate, and
desperation smells like manipulation and turns people off before you can utter your
next desperate word.

10. Lack of enthusiasm

If you don’t believe in your position, service, or whatever you’re trying to do, your
guests won’t believe in it either.

Developing Effective Communication

1. Learn to listen
One of the most common areas to need improvement is listening.
We all have the tendency to forget is a two-way process. We fall into
the trap of ‘broadcasting’, where we just issue a message, and fail to
listen to the response. Quite a lot of the time, we are not really
listening to others in conversation, but thinking about what we plan
to say next.
Learning to listen means not only paying attention to the words being spoken but also
how they are being spoken and the non-verbal messages sent with them. It means
giving your full attention to the person speaking, and genuinely concentrating on what
they are saying—and what they are not saying.
Good listeners use the techniques of clarification and reflection to confirm what the
other person has said and avoid any confusion.

2. Studying and understanding non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication is often thought of as body language, but it actually covers
far more. It includes, for example, tone and pitch of the voice, body movement, eye
contact, posture, facial expression, and even physiological changes such as sweating.

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You can therefore understand other people better by paying close attention to their
non-verbal communication. You can also ensure that your message is conveyed more
clearly by ensuring that your words and body language are consistent.

3. Emotional awareness and management

Awareness of our own and other people’s emotions and an ability to manage those
emotions. At work it is easily to fall into trap of thinking that everything should be
logical, and that emotion has no place. We are human and therefore messy and
emotional. None us can leave our emotions at home – and nor should we try to do so.
Awareness of emotions, both positive and negative, can definitely improve
communication.

4. Questioning skills
Questioning is a crucial skill to ensure that you have understood someone’s message
correctly. It is also a very good way of obtaining more information about a particular
topic or simply starting a conversation and keeping it going.

5. Using humour
Laughing releases endorphins that can help relieve stress and anxiety, don’t be afraid
to be funny or clever, but do ensure your humour is appropriate to the situation. Use
your sense of humour to break the ice, to lower barriers and gain the affection of
others. By using your humour, you will be perceived as more charismatic.

6. Treat people equally

Always aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid patronising people. Do not
talk about others behind their backs and try not to develop
favourites, by treating people as your equal and also equal to each
other, you will build trust and respect.

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7. Attempt to resolve conflict
It is almost always helpful to resolve problems and conflicts
as they arise, rather than letting them fester. The most
effective communicators are also good mediators and
negotiators. They are not biased or judgemental but
instead ease the way for conflict resolution.

8. Maintain a positive attitude and smile

Do your best to be friendly, upbeat and positive with other people. Maintain a positive,
cheerful attitude to life, when things do not go to plan, stay optimistic and learn from
your mistakes. If you smile often and stay cheerful, people are more likely to respond
positively to you.

9. Minimise stress
Some communication scenarios are, by their nature, is stressful.
Stress can however be a major barrier to effective communication.
All parties should therefore try to remain calm and focused.

Stress occurs when the pressure on an individual exceeds their perceived ability to
cope. It is a feature with modern life, and now with people living at a faster pace and
increasing demands at being placed upon them, the stress felt in one part of their life
be it personal or work life, is likely to impact on the other.

Seafarers who are away from home and family for long periods of time, can
nevertheless feel the frustrations and stress associated with home life in much the
same way as if they were there. Indeed, the seafarer may experience anxieties about
maintaining long distance relationships and coping with long periods away from
home and loved ones.

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What are the causes of stress for seafarers at sea?

i. Demands of the job

• This can be too much or too little work
• Boring or repetitive tasks

ii. Ship culture

Lack of communication between employer and worker can lead to stress which can be
worse if the seafarer feels:
• Uncertainty about the future
• Loss of control over their job
• Confusion over their responsibilities

iii. Environmental factors

• Noise
• Vibration
• Dangerous or poor working environment
• Adverse weather conditions

iv. Relationships
• Poor working relationships
• Bullying or harassment onboard ship
• Stresses in personal and home life

v. Health concerns
• Concern over health and access to care when not on hand

A further cause of stress is fatigue.

Undue stress wears down our immune system and leaves us all vulnerable to all types
of physical ailments.
These are just a few of the symptoms commonly related to stress:
 Obsessive worrying
 Inattention to detail
 Unhappy for no apparent reason

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  Silly mistakes
 Lonely
 Depressed
 Panic attacks
 Fearful
 Anxious
 Restless feeling (wanting to be on the move)
 Difficulty in remembering things
 Lack of concentration
 Poor sleep
 Dry mouth
 Muscle feels tight or tense
 Headaches
 Nervous stomach (has, diarrhoea, constipation)
 Nausea
 Sweat more than normal
 Feel warm or hot when it isn’t
 Unusual breathing (fast, shallow)
 Unusual heartbeat (fast, pounding, irregular)

What are the benefits of managing stress?

 Improvement in crew performance and productivity
 Greater commitment to work from crew
 Reduction in crew turnover and improved recruitment and retention
 Greater customer satisfaction and happy guests
 Improvement in the organisation’s image and reputation
 Improved well-being and quality of life

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 EFFECTIVE HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS ON BOARDSHIP

Good relationships make the life of all seafarers more comfortable, healthy and less
prone to accidents.

Interpersonal skills are the skills we use every day when we communicate and interact
with other people, both individually and in groups.

Interpersonal skills include a wide variety of skills and attributes associated with
emotional intelligence, or being able to understand and manage your own emotions
and others.

The elements which help better relationships like:

 Policies of company
 Function of shipboard management
 Structure and flow of authority
 Should respect each other’s individuality, value, culture and purpose of work
 Importance of understanding needs:
 Individual needs
 Ship needs
 Company needs
 Social needs

The dynamics are unique due to the close quarters, extended periods at sea, and the
need for efficient teamwork.

Building effective human relationships on a shipboard requires a combination of clear

communication, training, teamwork, and a focus on well-being.

The goal is to create an environment where everyone feels valued, safe, and motivated
to work together toward the common objectives of the voyage.

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Here are some considerations for building effective relationships onboard:

1. Communication
- Clear and precise communication is essential in a maritime setting.
Establish protocols for communication to ensure that information is relayed accurately
and in a timely manner.
- Foster an environment where crew members feel comfortable expressing concerns
or reporting issues promptly.

2. Team Building
- Conduct team-building activities and training sessions to enhance cooperation and
collaboration among crew members. Building a strong team spirit is crucial for effective
shipboard operations.

3. Leadership and Chain of Command

- Clearly define roles and responsibilities within the chain of command.
This helps in minimizing confusion and ensures efficient decision-making during
emergencies or routine operations.

4. Training and Drills

- Regular training sessions and emergency drills help crew members become familiar
with their duties and responses in various situations. This builds confidence and
reinforces a sense of responsibility.

5. Cultural Sensitivity
- Ships often have crews from different cultural backgrounds.
Promote cultural sensitivity and awareness to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts.

6. Respect and Professionalism

- Encourage a culture of mutual respect among crew members.
Professionalism is essential for maintaining a positive working environment on board.

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7. Conflict Resolution
- Develop protocols for addressing conflicts on board. Crew members should be
trained in conflict resolution techniques to handle disagreements in a constructive
manner.

8. Wellness Programs
- Consider implementing wellness programs to address the mental and physical well-
being of the crew. Long periods at sea can be mentally and physically challenging, and
providing support in this area is crucial.

9. Safety First
- Emphasize a safety-first approach. Crew members need to trust that their safety is
a top priority. Regular safety briefings and drills contribute to a safety-conscious
culture on board.

10. Social Interaction

- Foster positive social interactions among the crew during downtime. This helps
build camaraderie and strengthens relationships.

11. Feedback Mechanism

- Establish a feedback mechanism where crew members can provide input on
operations and suggest improvements. This contributes to a sense of ownership and
involvement in the ship's activities.

12. Adaptability
- Encourage adaptability and flexibility among the crew. The maritime environment
can be unpredictable, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances is a valuable
trait.

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TEAM WORK

Teamwork onboard refers to the collaborative efforts of the crew members working
together on a ship to achieve common goals and ensure the safe and efficient
operation of the vessel.

It involves:

 Effective communication
 Mutual support
 Coordination of individual skills and responsibilities within a structured
framework.

Teamwork is crucial in the maritime industry, given the complex nature of shipboard
operations, the need for quick and coordinated responses to challenges, and the
requirement for a harmonious working environment.

1. Communication

Clear and open communication is essential for effective teamwork. Team members
need to convey information, share updates, and discuss plans to ensure everyone is on
the same page.

2. Collaboration

Crew members work collaboratively to perform their duties and responsibilities. This
includes tasks related to navigation, engine operation, maintenance, safety, and other
aspects of maritime operations.

3. Role Clarity

Each team member has a specific role and responsibilities, contributing to the overall
functioning of the ship. Understanding and adhering to assigned roles prevent
confusion and enhance efficiency.

4. Safety Culture

Teamwork is closely tied to the safety culture onboard. Crew members adhere to safety
protocols, conduct regular drills, and contribute to creating an environment that
prioritizes the well-being of all on board.

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CONSEQUENCES OF POOR TEAM WORK

1. Communication Breakdown

If there is a lack of clear and open communication among team members, it can lead
to misunderstandings, errors, and a general sense of disorganization.

Poor communication may manifest as unclear instructions, a reluctance to share

information, or a failure to respond to messages in a timely manner.

2. Lack of Coordination

Ineffective teamwork may result in a lack of coordination among crew members. This
can be observed when tasks are not performed in a synchronized manner, leading to
delays, confusion, and potential safety risks.

3. Low Morale

A team that experiences poor teamwork may exhibit low morale among its members.
Signs of low morale can include disengagement, reduced enthusiasm for work, and a
general sense of dissatisfaction among crew members.

[Link] Conflicts

Persistent conflicts among team members may indicate underlying issues with
teamwork. These conflicts could be related to personality clashes, disagreements on
procedures, or a lack of respect for diverse perspectives within the team.

5. Failure to Meet Goals

If the team consistently fails to meet its goals or encounters difficulties in achieving
objectives, it may point to poor teamwork. This could be due to a lack of collaboration,
inefficient allocation of resources, or a failure to adapt to changing circumstances.

6. Increased Incidents and Accidents

Poor teamwork can contribute to an increase in incidents or accidents on board. This

might result from a failure to adhere to safety protocols, a lack of coordination during
emergency situations, or an overall disregard for safety practices.

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7. Individualism Over Collaboration

If team members prioritize individual goals over collective objectives, it can lead to a
breakdown in teamwork. This might be observed when individuals are reluctant to
assist their colleagues, share information, or contribute to group efforts.

8. Resistance to Change

Poor teamwork may be evident when there is resistance to change or a reluctance to

adapt to new procedures or technologies. A cohesive team is generally more adaptable
and open to innovation.

9. Inadequate Training and Cross-Training

If crew members are not adequately trained for their roles or if there is a lack of cross-
training to ensure versatility within the team, it may contribute to poor teamwork.
Inability to perform tasks beyond one's primary responsibilities can hinder overall
efficiency.

10. High Turnover Rates

A consistently high turnover rate among crew members may indicate dissatisfaction
with the working environment, which could be related to issues with teamwork. High
turnover can disrupt continuity and negatively impact team dynamics.

Identifying poor teamwork requires attentive observation, feedback mechanisms, and

a commitment to addressing issues promptly. Regular assessments, open
communication channels, and a proactive approach to resolving conflicts contribute to
fostering a positive and effective team dynamic.

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STRATEGIES FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION

1. Promote open communication

Encourage all parties involved to express their thoughts and concerns openly.
Foster a culture where individuals feel comfortable sharing their perspectives without
fear of judgment.

2. Active Listening
Ensure that everyone involved actively listens to each other. This involves giving full
attention to what the other person is saying, seeking to understand their point of view,
and avoiding interrupting.

3. Clarify Misunderstandings
Many conflicts arise from misunderstandings. Take the time to clarify any
misunderstandings and ensure that everyone has a clear and accurate understanding
of the situation.

4. Address Issues Early

Tackle conflicts as soon as they arise rather than letting them escalate.
Early intervention can prevent the issue from becoming more complicated and
damaging the overall team dynamic.

5. Use "I" Statements

Encourage individuals to express their feelings and concerns using "I" statements,
focusing on their own experiences rather than placing blame. This helps to avoid
defensive reactions and promotes a more constructive conversation.

An "I statement" is a communication technique used to express one's feelings,

thoughts, or concerns in a way that takes ownership of personal emotions and
experiences. It is a way of expressing oneself without placing blame on others,
fostering open and constructive communication. "I statement" are often used in
conflict resolution, interpersonal communication, and relationship building.

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 An "I statement" typically follows a simple structure:
1. I Feel
Begin by expressing the specific emotion you are experiencing. This is the emotional
component of the statement.

2. When
Clearly describe the specific behaviour or situation that triggered your emotional
response. This provides context and helps others understand the circumstances.

3. Because
Explain the impact or reason behind your feelings. This helps connect the behaviour
or situation to your emotional response, providing insight into your perspective.

Here's an example to illustrate the structure of an "I statement":

"I feel frustrated (I Feel) when tasks are not clearly communicated to the team (When)
because it makes it challenging for me to fulfil my responsibilities effectively
(Because)."

In this example:
- "I feel frustrated" expresses the emotion.
- "When tasks are not clearly communicated to the team" describes the specific
behaviour or situation.
- "Because it makes it challenging for me to fulfil my responsibilities effectively"
explains the impact or reason behind the frustration.

Using "I statements" promotes personal responsibility, encourages empathy from

others, and helps create a non-confrontational atmosphere during discussions. It
shifts the focus from blaming or accusing others to expressing one's own experiences
and emotions, fostering a more constructive and open dialogue.

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6. Find Common Ground
Identify areas of agreement or common goals. Emphasizing shared objectives can help
to build a foundation for resolving differences and working collaboratively.

7. Seek Solutions Together

Instead of imposing a solution, involve the parties in finding a resolution. This
collaborative approach ensures that everyone feels invested in the outcome and
contributes to a more sustainable resolution.

8. Establish Clear Procedures

Have clear procedures in place for conflict resolution. This could involve designating
specific individuals or a team to address conflicts, defining the steps to be taken, and
setting expectations for a resolution timeframe.

9. Use Neutral Mediation

In cases where conflicts are challenging to resolve internally, consider involving a
neutral mediator. This could be a designated crew member or an external professional
trained in conflict resolution.

10. Encourage Constructive Feedback

Promote a culture were giving and receiving constructive feedback is valued.
Constructive feedback helps individuals understand how their actions impact others
and can lead to positive behavioural changes.

11. Reflect on Personal Contributions

Encourage individuals involved in the conflict to reflect on their own contributions to
the situation. This self-awareness can lead to a more constructive and empathetic
approach to resolving the conflict.

12. Document Agreements

Once a resolution is reached, document the agreements made. This ensures that
everyone is on the same page and provides a reference point in case similar issues arise
in the future.

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Conflict is a natural part of human interaction, and addressing it in a proactive and
constructive manner can lead to improved teamwork and a healthier working
environment.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF SEAFARERS

1. Being punctual
Punctuality is a crucial aspect of professional conduct. It is often seen as a reflection of
professionalism. Arriving on time for work, meetings, and other commitments helps
build a positive image and establishes credibility.

• Seafarers are assigned watchkeeping duties, where they are responsible for
monitoring the ship's systems, navigation, and safety. Punctuality is critical
during shift changes to ensure a smooth transition between watchkeepers and
maintain continuous vigilance.
• In port operations when entering or leaving ports, adherence to schedules is
essential. Punctuality ensures that the ship arrives or departs according to the
planned time, coordinating with port authorities, tugs, and other vessels.
• In the event of an emergency, quick and punctual response is vital. Whether it's
a fire, collision, or other critical situations, seafarers must be prompt in their
actions to mitigate risks and ensure the safety of the crew and the vessel.
• For planned maintenance activities and inspections. Timely completion of
maintenance tasks ensures the ship's equipment and systems are in proper
working condition, contributing to overall safety and operational efficiency.
• Communication protocols – timely communication is fundamental in maritime
operations. Responding promptly to radio calls, following communication
protocols, and adhering to reporting schedules contribute to effective and safe
navigation.

In the maritime industry, punctuality is closely tied to safety, efficiency, and compliance
with international regulations. Seafarers must recognize the importance of being
punctual in their duties to ensure the smooth operation of the vessel and the well-
being of the crew on board.

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2. Compliance to the policy of drug use and abuse
Drug use and abuse onboard pose a serious risk to the safety of the vessel, the crew,
and the marine environment.

The maritime industry has strict regulations and policies in place to address this issue.

• Legal compliance, seafarers are responsible for complying with international

and national laws regarding drug use and abuse.
• Shipping companies typically have their own policies and procedures regarding
drug use and abuse. Seafarers are responsible for familiarizing themselves with
and adhering to these policies to maintain a safe and secure working
environment.
• Drug testing onboard - regular and random drug testing may be conducted on
board ships to ensure ongoing compliance. Seafarers should be aware that they
can be tested at any time and should always be prepared to undergo such tests.
• Seafarers on watch must be vigilant and free from the influence of drugs to
ensure the safe navigation and operation of the vessel. Any impairment in
judgment or reaction time could lead to accidents and endanger lives.

Drug use impairs cognitive and physical abilities, posing significant safety risks on
board. Seafarers have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to maintain a
drug-free work environment, especially in safety-critical roles such as navigation and
machinery operation.

Legal consequences, drug use and abuse on board ships can have severe legal
consequences. Seafarers found in violation of anti-drug policies may face legal action,
including fines, imprisonment, or the loss of their maritime certifications.

3. Consideration of others
Consideration of others onboard is a fundamental aspect of maintaining a harmonious
and efficient working environment. The close quarters and extended periods at sea
make it essential for seafarers to be mindful of their colleagues' well-being and to
foster positive relationships.

• Consideration for others promotes a sense of camaraderie and teamwork among

the crew. In a shipboard environment, where individuals from diverse
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 backgrounds work closely together, fostering positive relationships contributes
to a cohesive and effective team.
• Ships are confined spaces, and seafarers often share cabins and common areas.
Being considerate of others' personal space, cleanliness, and habits helps create
a more comfortable and pleasant living environment.
• Effective communication is key to safe and efficient shipboard operations. Being
considerate in communication involves active listening, clear expression, and
respect for diverse perspectives. Misunderstandings can be minimized when
individuals are mindful of how their words may be perceived by others.
• Being respectful and considerate of cultural differences, traditions, and customs
fosters an inclusive and respectful environment on board.

Consideration of others is a cornerstone of a successful and safe shipboard

environment. It involves fostering a positive culture, respecting diversity, promoting
effective communication, and actively participating in the well-being and safety of the
entire crew. This collective approach ensures a more enjoyable and productive
experience for everyone on board.

4. Importance of rest
The nature of maritime operations, with long periods at sea, demanding schedules, and
potential exposure to adverse weather conditions, makes sufficient rest a priority.

• Adequate rest is essential for maintaining alertness and cognitive function,

particularly in safety-critical roles such as navigation and engine operation.
Fatigue can impair decision-making and reaction times, increasing the risk of
accidents at sea.
• Regulatory requirements - International maritime regulations, including the
Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)
Convention, prescribe specific rest hours for seafarers.
These regulations aim to prevent fatigue-related incidents and ensure the well-
being of the crew.

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REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR HOURS OF WORK AND REST PERIODS
Reference: MGN 566 (M+F)

Weekly Rest, where an exception is approved:

 Seafarers must receive a minimum of 70 hours rest in any 7-day period.
 Exceptions from the normal weekly rest period (77 hours) shall not be allowed
for more than two consecutive weeks;
 The intervals between two periods of exceptions on board shall be less than
twice the duration of the exception.

Daily Rest, where an exception is approved:

 The 10 hours of rest required is any 24 hours period may be divided into no more
than three periods, one of which shall be at least 6 hours in length and nether
of the other two periods shall be less than one hour in length;
 The intervals between consecutive periods of rest shall not exceed 14 hours;
 Exceptions shall not extend beyond two 24-hour periods in any 7-day period.
 Exceptions shall, as far as possible, take into account the guidance regarding
prevention of fatigue in section B-VIII/1.

• Seafarers on watchkeeping duties follow a watch system, which requires a

rotation of duty and rest periods. This system ensures that the vessel is
continuously monitored while allowing crew members to get sufficient rest to
maintain their performance during their watch.
• Prioritising mental and physical health - adequate rest is crucial for mental and
physical health. Seafarers face challenges such as irregular working hours,
isolation, and the stress of being away from home. Sufficient rest helps mitigate
the impact of these stressors and promotes overall well-being.
• In the event of an emergency, well-rested crew members are better prepared to
respond effectively. Fatigue can impair the ability to handle critical situations,
increasing the likelihood of errors during emergency drills or real-life incidents.
• The maritime environment often involves crossing multiple time zones, which
can disrupt natural sleep patterns. Proper scheduling and consideration of
circadian rhythms are essential to help seafarers adjust to different time zones
and maintain a healthy sleep-wake cycle.
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 • In relevant to productivity and performance, adequate rest is directly linked to
improved productivity and job performance. Seafarers who are well-rested are
more likely to be alert, focused, and able to carry out their duties efficiently.

Seafarers have a legal and professional obligation to adhere to rest hour regulations.
Violating these regulations can lead to legal consequences, affect the individual's
professional standing, and compromise the safety of the vessel and its crew.

5. Keeping fit and healthy

Maintaining fitness and good health is crucial for seafarers working on ships, as it
directly influences their ability to perform duties safely and effectively.

• Physical Fitness: Regular physical exercise is important for maintaining overall

health and resilience. Crew should engage in activities that promote
cardiovascular fitness, strength, and flexibility. Onboard facilities may be limited,
so incorporating simple exercises like walking, stretching, or using resistance
bands can be beneficial.
• Healthy Diet: Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining energy levels and
overall health. Crew should aim for a balanced diet that includes a variety of
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Staying hydrated is also
crucial, especially in the maritime environment where the risk of dehydration
may be higher.
• Sleep Hygiene: Adequate and quality sleep is vital for cognitive function,
decision-making, and overall well-being. Crew should establish and maintain
regular sleep patterns, create a comfortable sleep environment, and follow
practices that promote good sleep hygiene.
• Mental Health: The isolation and extended periods away from home can impact
mental health. Crew should be proactive in managing stress, maintaining social
connections, and seeking support if needed.
• Safety Practices: Following safety protocols is paramount in the maritime
industry. Crew should be well-trained in emergency procedures, use personal
protective equipment (PPE) appropriately, and participate actively in safety
drills. Maintaining physical fitness contributes to the ability to respond
effectively in emergency situations.
• Hygiene and Sanitation: Hygiene practices are essential for preventing the
spread of illnesses on board. Crew should follow proper hygiene protocols,
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 including regular handwashing, maintaining cleanliness in living and working
spaces, and adhering to health and safety guidelines.
• Work Life-Balance: Striking a balance between work and personal life is
challenging but important. Crew should make efforts to engage in recreational
activities, stay connected with family and friends, and participate in hobbies or
activities that bring them joy and relaxation during their off-duty time.

6. No bullying and keeping a harassment-free workplace

Owners, shipping companies and seafarers should have clear policies addressing
bullying and harassment. These policies should be communicated to all crew members,
and training programs should be implemented to ensure that everyone is aware of the
standards and consequences.

• Zero Tolerance: Establishing a zero-tolerance policy sends a strong message that

bullying and harassment will not be tolerated under any circumstances. Clear
consequences for such behaviour should be outlined, and the policy should be
consistently enforced.
• Reporting Mechanisms: Crew should have access to confidential and easily
accessible reporting mechanisms for incidents of bullying or harassment.
Encouraging open communication and assuring protection for those reporting
such incidents are essential components of a reporting system.
• Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: Fostering a culture of diversity and inclusion
contributes to a more respectful workplace. Celebrating different cultures,
backgrounds, and perspectives helps create an environment where all
individuals feel valued and respected. Crew members come from various cultural
backgrounds, and misunderstandings can arise. Providing training on cultural
sensitivity helps promote understanding and reduces the likelihood of conflicts
based on cultural differences.

Creating and maintaining a bullying and harassment-free workplace on ships requires

a combination of clear policies, training, leadership commitment, and ongoing efforts
to promote a culture of respect and inclusion. By addressing these issues, shipping
companies contribute to a safer and more positive working environment for seafarers.

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Bullying and harassment are serious issues that can have significant negative impacts
on individuals and the overall work environment.

Bullying

Bullying refers to repeated, intentional, and harmful behaviour directed towards an

individual or group of individuals. In a workplace or organizational context, bullying
can manifest in various forms, such as verbal abuse, exclusion, humiliation, or
intimidation. Bullying can negatively affect a person's mental and physical well-being,
as well as their job performance.

Common characteristics of workplace bullying include:

1. Repetition: Bullying involves repeated negative actions or behaviours over time.

2. Power Imbalance: The bully often holds a perceived power advantage over the
target, which may be based on position, seniority, or other factors.

3. Intent: The behaviour is intentional, with the aim of causing harm or distress to the
target.

4. Impact: Bullying can result in physical or psychological harm, and it often creates a
hostile work environment.

Harassment

Harassment involves any unwanted behaviour, communication, or conduct that creates

an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment for an individual or a group.
Harassment can be based on various factors, including race, gender, religion, sexual
orientation, or other protected characteristics.

Forms of harassment may include:

1. Verbal Harassment: Offensive jokes, slurs, or comments.

2. Physical Harassment: Unwanted touching, gestures, or other physical actions.

3. Visual Harassment: Offensive images, posters, or gestures.

4. Cyber Harassment: Harassment conducted online or through electronic means.

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Both bullying and harassment can lead to serious consequences for individuals and
organizations, including decreased morale, increased turnover, and legal implications.
It is essential for organizations to take proactive measures to prevent and address these

Creating a workplace that values and prioritizes the well-being of its employees is
essential for preventing bullying and harassment. By fostering a culture of respect and
implementing effective policies and procedures, organizations can contribute to a
healthier and more productive work environment.

7. Compliance to the policy of alcohol and alcohol abuse

Alcohol abuse onboard poses significant risks and challenges due to the unique and
isolated nature of maritime environments.

Safety is paramount on ships, and alcohol abuse can compromise the safety of both
the crew and the vessel. Impaired judgment, coordination, and reaction times
increase the risk of accidents, injuries, and maritime incidents.

The alcohol policy for ships is a mandatory regulation and an important code of
conduct which is to be strictly followed by those working on ships. Permission to
consume alcohol on ships depends on the company.
Either way there are strict restrictions on the amount and time of alcohol consumed on
ships.
Consumption of any kind of alcoholic beverages (including beer) during working hours,
over time, or within 4 hours prior starting work or watch is strictly prohibited.

Random alcohol and drugs testing of officers can also be done on board ships to ensure
that there is no breach in the policy.

Seafarers who fail to follow the “Drug and Alcohol Policy” of the company is bound to
face disciplinary actions and even dismissal from employment. Following the Manila
amendments, STCW Regulation VIII/1, sets a blood alcohol limit of 0.05% and an
alcohol in the breath limit of 0.25mg/l.

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 UNDERSTAND AND TAKE NECESSARY ACTIONS TO CONTROL FATIGUE

FATIGUE

Refers to a state of physical and mental weariness resulting from prolonged periods of
work, insufficient rest, or disrupted sleep patterns. Fatigue can have significant
implications for the safety and well-being of seafarers and the overall operational
efficiency of maritime activities.

Several factors contribute to fatigue in the shipboard environment:

1. Long Working Hours

Seafarers often work long hours, and the nature of maritime operations may require
continuous watchkeeping and attention to duties. Extended work periods without
sufficient rest can lead to fatigue.

2. Watchkeeping Duties

The watch system, which divides the day into specific watch periods, is common on
ships. Watchkeepers are responsible for monitoring the vessel, navigating, and
ensuring safety during their designated watch. Irregular watch schedules can disrupt
circadian rhythms and contribute to fatigue.

3. Navigational Challenges

Navigating through various weather conditions, maintaining constant vigilance for

potential hazards, and dealing with navigational challenges demand sustained
attention and focus. These factors can contribute to mental fatigue.

4. Environmental Factors

The shipboard environment, with its confined spaces, engine noise, vibrations, and
exposure to weather conditions, can be physically demanding. Such factors can lead to
physical fatigue, affecting the overall well-being of seafarers.

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5. Isolation and Limited Recreation

Seafarers often spend extended periods away from home, isolated from family and
friends. The isolation, combined with limited recreational opportunities on board, can
contribute to mental and emotional fatigue.

6. Circadian Rhythm Disruptions

Crossing multiple time zones, irregular watch schedules, and extended working hours
can disrupt circadian rhythms. This can lead to sleep disorders, difficulty in falling
asleep, and increased fatigue.

7. Heavy Workloads

Seafarers may face heavy workloads, particularly during busy operational periods or
when conducting maintenance tasks. High levels of physical and mental effort over an
extended period can result in fatigue.

8. Emergency Situations

Responding to emergency situations, such as drills or real incidents, can be physically

and mentally demanding. The need to maintain heightened alertness during
emergencies can contribute to fatigue.

Fatigue poses serious risks to maritime safety, as it can impair cognitive function,
reaction times, and decision-making abilities. Seafarers experiencing fatigue are more
susceptible to accidents, errors, and decreased performance.

Recognizing the importance of adequate rest and regulatory bodies, such as the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), have established guidelines and
regulations (such as the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for
Seafarers - STCW) to address and manage fatigue in the maritime industry.

Effective fatigue management involves implementing appropriate watch schedules,

providing sufficient rest periods, promoting a culture that values rest and well-being,
and offering education and resources to help seafarers recognize and mitigate the
effects of fatigue.

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THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Is a natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly
every 24 hours. This rhythm is driven by an internal "biological clock" located in the
brain, specifically in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.

The circadian rhythm is influenced by external factors such as light and darkness, and
it plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological and behavioural processes.

Here are key aspects of the circadian rhythm:

1. Sleep-Wake Cycle
The most well-known aspect of the circadian rhythm is its role in regulating the sleep-
wake cycle. The body tends to follow a roughly 24-hour pattern of alertness and
sleepiness, with the highest alertness during the day and the lowest during the early
morning hours.

2. Light and Darkness

External cues, primarily exposure to light and darkness, play a significant role in
regulating the circadian rhythm. Light signals received by the eyes send messages to
the brain, influencing the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep.

3. Melatonin Production
Melatonin is often referred to as the "sleep hormone." Its production is influenced by
the amount of light exposure. In the presence of light, melatonin production decreases,
signalling to the body that it is time to be awake. In the absence of light, such as in the
evening, melatonin production increases, promoting sleepiness.

4. Temperature Regulation
The circadian rhythm also affects body temperature. Body temperature tends to be
lower during the night and early morning, reaching its lowest point just before waking.
As the day progresses, body temperature rises, contributing to wakefulness.

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5. Hormonal Regulation
Various hormones, such as cortisol, are regulated by the circadian rhythm. Cortisol,
often associated with alertness and stress response, typically peaks in the early
morning, helping to wake the body and prepare it for daily activities.

6. Meal Timing
The circadian rhythm can influence the timing of meals. Eating patterns are connected
to the body's internal clock, and disruptions to this rhythm, such as irregular eating
times, may impact metabolism and overall health.

7. Shift Work and Jet Lag

Disruptions to the circadian rhythm, such as those experienced by shift workers or
individuals traveling across time zones (resulting in jet lag), can lead to temporary sleep
disturbances and other physiological effects. It takes time for the body to adjust to a
new schedule.

8. Individual Variability
While there is a general pattern to circadian rhythms, there is also individual variability.
Some people may naturally be "morning people" with earlier peak alertness, while
others may be "night owls" with later peak alertness.

Understanding and respecting the circadian rhythm is crucial for promoting good sleep
hygiene and overall health. In a shipboard context, where seafarers may face irregular
working hours and changing time zones, efforts to manage the circadian rhythm can
contribute to better sleep quality and overall well-being.

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Sleep Hygiene
Is the term used to describe the environmental and behavioural factors that may
affect our ability to fall asleep and gain a good quality of sleep.

Sleep hygiene tips:

 Avoid big meals before bedtime. Although eating a large meal can make us feel
tired it can also make us feel uncomfortable and therefore prevent us from
falling asleep or staying asleep.
 Avoid caffeine and alcohol for a least a couple of hours before bedtime, both
caffeine and alcohol are stimulants and may prevent sleep. If you are a smoker
then avoid smoking for at least an hour before bedtime, nicotine is also a
stimulant.
 Maintain a healthy sleep environment. Ideally you should aim for a quiet, dark,
cool and comfortable room in which to sleep.
 Stick to a routine and make enough time for sleep. Although everybody is
different, most adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep in each 24-hour
period. Try to keep bedtimes and wake-up times consistent and allow enough
time for your sleep. If you feel tired in the day then you are possibly not allowing
enough time to sleep at night.
 Avoid watching TV, using a computer, tablet or similar device immediately
before bed. Try reading, something easy, or listening to relaxing music for 30
minutes before you intend to sleep.
 Take a warm bath early in the evening. Although a bath can relax you do not
take a hot bath immediately before bedtime - your body needs to be cool to fall
asleep and remain asleep. Take a relaxing bath a few hours before bedtime so
that your body has time to cool down.
 Take regular exercise in the daytime, but not close to sleep-time. Physical
exercise can help promote good sleep as well as many other benefits to health
and well-being.

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  Stay cool during the night. Sleep with a window open or use a fan or a lighter
comforter or blanket - your body needs to be cool to sleep effectively.

ACTIONS TO CONTROL SHORT TERM FATIGUE

Controlling short-term fatigue onboard involves a combination of personal actions

taken by individual seafarers and solutions implemented by line management.

Here are actions that can be taken at both levels to mitigate short-term fatigue:

PERSONAL ACTIONS:
1. Effective Time Management
- Seafarers can prioritize tasks, plan their work efficiently, and allocate sufficient time
for breaks. Effective time management helps prevent overexertion and fatigue.

2. Quality Sleep Hygiene

- Establishing a consistent sleep routine, creating a comfortable sleep environment,
and ensuring sufficient darkness and quiet during rest periods contribute to better
sleep quality.

3. Nutrition and Hydration

- Maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet, staying hydrated, and avoiding
excessive consumption of stimulants (such as caffeine) can positively impact energy
levels and overall well-being.

4. Regular Exercise
- Engaging in regular physical exercise, even in limited onboard spaces, helps combat
fatigue, improve mood, and enhance overall physical fitness.

5. Stress Management Techniques

- Learning and practicing stress management techniques, such as deep breathing,
meditation, or mindfulness, can help individuals cope with stressors and reduce fatigue.

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6. Social Interaction
- Building positive social connections with fellow crew members provides emotional
support and helps alleviate feelings of isolation, contributing to improved mental well-
being.

7. Stay Informed and Trained

- Being well-informed about tasks, procedures, and emergency protocols enhances
confidence and reduces stress, contributing to a more resilient response to challenges.

8. Adaptation to Watch Schedules

- Seafarers can gradually adapt to watch schedules by adjusting sleep patterns before
joining a vessel. This helps the body acclimate to the new circadian rhythm.

LINE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS:

1. Effective Watch Schedules

- Line management should design watch schedules that align with circadian rhythms,
providing sufficient time for rest between watch periods. Consideration should be
given to factors such as workload, ship operations, and individual preferences.

2. Crew Rotation Policies

- Implementing well-designed crew rotation policies allows for adequate rest periods
between contracts, helping to prevent cumulative fatigue.

3. Training on Fatigue Management

- Line management should provide training to seafarers on recognizing and
managing fatigue. This includes education on the importance of rest, understanding
circadian rhythms, and strategies for mitigating fatigue.

4. Promotion of a Positive Safety Culture

- Fostering a safety culture that prioritizes the well-being of seafarers encourages
reporting of fatigue-related concerns without fear of reprisal. Open communication is
essential for addressing fatigue issues promptly.

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5. Regular Health Assessments
- Conducting regular health assessments, including monitoring fatigue levels, allows
line management to identify potential issues early and implement appropriate
interventions.

6. Provision of Adequate Resources

- Ensuring that vessels are adequately staffed and resourced helps prevent
overburdening individual crew members, reducing the risk of short-term fatigue.

7. Use of Technology
- Implementing technology, such as fatigue monitoring systems or predictive tools,
can assist line management in identifying patterns of fatigue and making informed
decisions about watch schedules and workload distribution.

8. Support Systems
- Providing access to support systems, including mental health resources and
counselling services, helps individuals cope with stressors and enhances overall well-
being.

By combining personal actions with effective line management solutions, maritime

organizations can create a comprehensive approach to controlling short-term fatigue,
promoting the safety and health of seafarers and improving the overall performance
of shipboard operations.

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ORGANIZATIONS WHO OFFER TO HELP SEAFARERS

These organizations provide a range of services, including mental health support, legal
advice, advocacy, and resources for general well-being.

1. International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN)

- [ISWAN]([Link] is a global organization that focuses
on the welfare of seafarers. They provide a range of services, including a 24/7 helpline,
resources on mental health, and support during crises.

2. Mission to Seafarers
- [Mission to Seafarers] ([Link] is an international
organization that offers support to seafarers through various programs, including
welfare services, advocacy, and chaplaincy support.

3. Seafarer Help
- [Seafarer Help] ([Link] is a free, confidential helpline for
seafarers and their families. It is operated by ISWAN and provides assistance on a wide
range of issues, including legal concerns, personal problems, and welfare matters.

4. Seafarers' Trust
- The [Seafarers' Trust] ([Link] supports seafarers and their
families through funding initiatives that focus on health, welfare, and education. They
work to improve the quality of life for seafarers globally.

5. International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF)

- [ITF]([Link] is a global union federation representing transport
workers, including seafarers. They provide assistance on issues related to employment
conditions, wages, and workers' rights.

6. Sailors' Society
- [Sailors' Society] ([Link] is a charitable organization that
supports seafarers and their families through various programs, including mental
health and wellness initiatives, counselling services, and education support.

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7. Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Programme (MPHRP)
- The [MPHRP]([Link] focuses on the welfare of seafarers affected
by piracy. They provide resources, support, and assistance to seafarers who have
experienced traumatic events related to piracy.

8. International Maritime Health Association (IMHA)

- [IMHA]([Link] works to promote the health and well-being of
seafarers. They provide resources and support for medical professionals working in
maritime health.

9. The Seamen's Church Institute (SCI)

- [SCI]([Link] is a non-profit organization providing various
services to mariners, including pastoral care, education, and advocacy for seafarer
rights.

10. International Labour Organization (ILO)

- The [ILO]([Link] sets international labor
standards and promotes social justice, including the welfare and rights of seafarers.
The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) is a key ILO instrument focused on seafarers'
rights.

These organizations play crucial roles in supporting the well-being, rights, and welfare
of seafarers globally.

Seafarers facing challenges or seeking assistance can reach out to these organizations
for guidance and support.

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REFERENCES:

- Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen

- MGN 566
- The Cardiff University – Fatigue at Sea
- Personal Safety on Ships by Marine Insight
- International Maritime Organisation

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 Maritime and Coastguard Agency LogMARINE GUIDANCE NOTE

MGN 566 (M+F)

Standards of Training, Certification and

Watchkeeping Convention, 1978 as amended
Manila Amendments: Medical Certification, Hours of
Work and Alcohol Limits
Notice to all Shipowners, Employers, Ship masters and Seafarers

This notice should be read with MSN 1842(M) and replaces MGN 448(M), MGN 565 (M) and
MGN 565 (M) Corrigendum.

Summary
This guidance note alerts ship owners, ship managers and ship masters that the STCW
Convention has been amended. Most of the amendments affect training and certification
requirements, and have been dealt with elsewhere, but this notice explains the changes as
they relate to hours of rest and alcohol limits for seafarers.

Sections 1 and 2 do not apply to fishing vessels.

Section 3 applies to all professional seafarers, including those on fishing vessels.

1. Background

1.1 The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and

Watchkeeping 1978, as amended (STCW), was further amended in June 2010 (“the Manila
amendments”). Most of the amendments deal with training and certification requirements,
but there are also changes to:
1.1.1 Regulation VIII/1, Code A-VIII/1 and B-VIII/1 Fitness for duty – hours of rest
1.1.2 Regulation VIII/1, Code A-VIII/1 and B-VIII/1 Fitness for duty – alcohol limits

This MGN explains those changes as they apply to UK ships.

2. Hours of work and rest

2.1 The current UK Merchant Shipping (Hours of Work) Regulations 2002 implemented the
requirements of the ILO Convention on Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships,
(ILO 180)1, which have been carried forward unchanged into the Maritime Labour
Convention, 2006 (MLC). The Manila amendments (STCW Code - Regulation VIII/1 and
Section A-VIII/1) therefore require no changes to the main provisions regarding minimum

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 hours of rest in the Merchant Shipping (Hours of Work) Regulations 2002 (“the 2002
regulations”).

2.2 Following the provision in ILO 180/the MLC, regulation 5 of the 2002 regulations contains a
provision for exceptions from the minimum hours of rest provisions to be authorised by the
MCA. Such exceptions must be supported by a collective bargaining agreement or workforce
agreement (paragraphs 5.2 – 5.3 of MSN 1842(M)).

2.3 The Manila amendments to STCW Regulation VIII/1 and Code A-VIII/1 came into force on 1
January 2012. These place additional conditions on the types of exception that can be
authorised.

2.4 On UK ships, since the UK is a signatory to both STCW and to ILO 180, MCA will only
consider exceptions which comply both with the requirements of the MLC (i.e. that they are
subject to a workforce or collective agreement) and which comply with the limitations in the
STCW Code, section A-VIII/1 – set out below.

2.5 This MGN reminds ship owners, ship managers and ship masters that any existing
authorised exceptions need to be reviewed, if this has not already been done, in order to
ensure that they comply with the new conditions. The new conditions will be incorporated
into consolidated Hours of Work Regulations later this year. Amendments to the terms of
such exceptions may be required, and these must be subject to a fresh authorisation.

STCW amendments: revised conditions for exceptions

2.6 Authorised exceptions shall, as far as possible, follow the standard minimum hours of rest,
but may take account of more frequent or longer leave periods, or the granting of
compensatory leave for watch keeping seafarers or seafarers working on board ships with
short voyages.

2.7 Weekly rest, Where an exception is approved:

 Seafarers must receive a minimum of 70 hours rest in any 7-day period;

 Exceptions from the normal weekly rest period (77 hours) shall not be allowed for more
than two consecutive weeks;

 The intervals between two periods of exceptions on board shall not be less than twice
the duration of the exception.

2.8 Daily rest, Where an exception is approved:

 the 10 hours of rest required in any 24 hours period may be divided into no more than
three periods, one of which shall be at least 6 hours in length and neither of the other
two periods shall be less than one hour in length;

 the intervals between consecutive periods of rest shall not exceed 14 hours;

 Exceptions shall not extend beyond two 24-hour periods in any 7-day period.

 Exceptions shall, as far as possible, take into account the guidance regarding
prevention of fatigue in section B-VIII/1.

Review of Exceptions

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2.9 Where currently authorised exceptions do not comply with the above revised limits, they
should be reviewed, in consultation with the relevant union or with the workforce as
appropriate. If revised working patterns can be agreed which comply with the above limits,
these may be authorised by Marine Offices.

2.10 The authorised exception should be recorded in the employer’s Declaration of Maritime
Labour Compliance Part II.

“Overriding operational conditions”

2.11 A provision in A-VIII/1.4 states that the minimum rest periods need not be maintained in
the case of an emergency or in other overriding operational conditions.

2.12 B-VIII/1 includes the following guidance on “Prevention of fatigue”:

1. In observing the rest period requirements, “overriding operational conditions” should

be construed to mean only essential shipboard work which cannot be delayed for safety,
security or environmental reasons or which could not reasonably have been anticipated at
the commencement of the voyage.

2.13 MCA interprets this to mean that a planned passage under pilotage or the additional
work due to cargo operations during a scheduled port call – unless bad weather or
unexpected port delays disrupt normal schedules to an unforeseen extent – cannot be
considered to be “overriding operational conditions” which would justify a breach of minimum
hours of rest.

3. Change in alcohol limits for seafarers

3.1 Any level of alcohol consumption by crew members on board a ship has implications for the
safety of the vessel, the crew and any passengers. Even small quantities of alcohol have
been shown to sufficiently impair judgment and increase the risk of accidents.

3.2 It is an offence for a professional seafarer to be impaired by drink (or drugs) whilst on duty
on board a ship or at any time on board a vessel if they might be required to undertake
emergency duties to protect the safety of passengers.

3.3 Among the Manila amendments were provisions introducing mandatory alcohol limits within
STCW Regulation VIII/1 (Fitness for Duty) of 0.05% for blood and 0.25 mg/l for breath. The
UK amended its existing alcohol limits, contained within the Railways and Transport Safety
Act 2003, to bring them into line with the Manila amendments through the Merchant Shipping
(Alcohol) (Prescribed Limits Amendment) Regulations 2015. These apply to professional
mariners on all UK-flagged ships and to any ship operating in UK waters.

3.4 The limits for alcohol in the blood prescribed in UK legislation are expressed differently and
the table below sets out the STCW and UK limits in both notations to show how they
correspond. Ships operating internationally will need to ensure that they are aware of, and
comply with, these limits.

Limit STCW Regulation VIII/1 Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003
Blood 0.05% 50 milligrammes in 100 millilitres

Breath 0.25 milligrammes per litre 25 microgrammes in 100 millilitres

Urine N/A 67 milligrammes in 100 millilitres

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3.5 The Manila amendments also included a recommendation that all companies should
consider the implementation of a clearly written policy of drug and alcohol abuse prevention
including a prohibition on the consumption of alcohol four hours prior to serving as a member
of a watch. Guidance on introducing such policies has been produced by the UK’s National
Maritime Occupational Health and Safety Committee.

More Information

Seafarer Safety and Health Branch (Hours of work only)

Maritime and Coastguard Agency,

Bay 2/17
Spring Place,
105 Commercial Road,
Southampton,
SO15 1EG.

Tel : +44 (0) 203 8172498.

e-mail: mlc@[Link]

Alcohol limits

Maritime Safety and Environment Division

Department for Transport
Bay 2/33 Great Minster House
London
SW1P 4DR

Tel: 020 7944 0082 .

Website Address: [Link]/government/organisations/maritime-and-coastguard-agency .

General Inquiries: infoline@[Link]

File Ref: MS 122/6/83

Published: February 2017

Please note that all addresses and
telephone numbers are correct at time of publishing.

© Crown Copyright 2017.

Safer Lives, Safer Ships, Cleaner Seas.

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1. As enshrined in Council Directive 1999/63/EC concerning the Agreement on the organisation of working time of
seafarers concluded by the European Community Shipowners' Association and the Federation of Transport
Workers' Unions in the European Union

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