PRACTICAL RESEARCH I:

Qualitative Research
Quarter 2
Module 6
CONTENT 2 Analyzing the Meaning of the Data and
Drawing Conclusion

What I Need To Know

Hi young researcher! Do not worry for the end of the tunnel is almost at hand! You
may have asked yourself, “So what now? What will I do with these interviews and
observations?” This module is your answer. It will help you weed out the important
information that you got during your data collection or as they say, “Find the needle in the
haystack.” However, I would like to remind you that there will be several output required
of you at the end.
In this lesson, you will learn how to collect and analyze data by using a certain
method and to gather varied perceptions from different people. Through all these diverse
opinions coming from a set of people, you will discover a certain idea or pattern governing
the entire data collected. Geared toward a common theme, idea, or pattern, the collected
facts and information are capable of guaranteeing evidence-based conclusions. Factual
data and logically collected ones are meaningful data to yield valid and credible
conclusions (Baraceros, 2016, 121).
Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, you are expected to:

• infer and explain patterns and themes from data (CS_RS11- IVd-f-2), and
• relate the findings to pertinent literature (CS_RS11- IVd-f-3).

What I Know

Before moving on the next part of this module, complete the following statements
by choosing from the given options.

1. The results of data analysis are presented as ________.

A. percentages C. fractions
B. written discussions D. literary criticism

2. The research activity preceding collating is __________.

A. coding C. synthesizing
B. summarizing D. categorizing
3. Qualitative data analysis focuses on examining __________.

1
 A. numbers B. visions C. words D. concepts
4. To show how variables are closely related with one another, you must use __________.
A. data matrix C. proximity matrix
B. profile matrix D. table matrix

5. Questionnaire is to data-collection instrument while observation is to data collection

__________.
A. process B. method C. analysis D. results

6. Qualitative research has words as its __________.

A. qualitative data C. quantitative data
B. unit of analysis D. analysis of data

7. You encode or symbolize data that are __________.

A. subjective B. symbolical C. objective D. numerical

8. Symbolizing data is preserving their __________.

A. origin C. confidentiality
B. source D. significance

9. The value of data analysis results is determined by their connection with your
__________.
A. research method C. research design
B. research title D. research questions

10. A graphical presentation of data analysis results ensures __________.

A. privacy of data C. completeness of data
B. genuineness of data D. orderliness of data

11. A remark, statement or comment based on something one has seen, heard or
noticed is __________.
A. hearsay C. gossip
B. observation D. noticed actions

12. __________ is the heart of the study.

A. Significant of the study C. Objectives
B. Related literature D. Findings

13. Asking participants to recommend others to take part in the research is called
__________.
A. systematic sampling C. snowball sampling
B. stratified sampling D. random sampling

14. Which of the following must be accomplished first when conducting a research
study?
A. analyze narrative data for underlying C. interpret the data analysis
B. collect data D. negotiate entry into research
site
15. It is a set of fixed, predetermined questions which are presented to every participant
in the same order which is called __________.
A. structured interview C. semi- structured interview
B. unstructured interview D. whole- structured interview

Source: EL Baraceros, Practical Research 1:Rex Bookstore Inc, 2016, 122.

------------------------------------END OF PRE-TEST------------------------------------
2
LESSON 1: Infer Patterns and Themes from the Gathered Data

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned on how you can collect information for
your research topic, covering the step to define a data and making a research design.
Now, you are ready to gain more knowledge about doing research. Before we go further,
perform first the activity below.

Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters to form a concept about data collection and
analysis procedure.
_______1. It is a set of procedures and methods that is used to collect and analyze
measures of the variables given in the objectives. (GESDIN CEHERSAR)
_______2. It is a program, person, or event in a defined time frame. (DATSEYCUS)
_______3. It is a list of names which shows the characteristics of the target population.
(MAPSGLIN TUAOQ)
_______4. It involves a study of a certain cultural group to get information about its
characteristics and group activities. (THAGYONERPH)
_______5. It is conducted in a step-by step process through systematic methods and
procedures. (LEMDACOHIT)

Now, you are ready to proceed to the next lesson.

What’s New

THE PATTERN, THEME, and CODE

Below is a sample interview regarding SAKURAGI: A Phenomenological Study of
Cutting Classes in Balulang National High School. After reading the transcript, look for
possible themes or patterns and try building your own coding guide.
Interviewee 1: “Some of the students are playing SAKURAGI because they feel they are
bored. They want to play computer at the house of their classmate named
Melissa. Some also are having dates with their bf/gf or just hanging out in
the basketball court at Green Heights.”
Interviewee 2: “My classmate is only strolling around Centrio. He is bored in listening
discussion in his teacher since he thought that after high school he will only
be a construction worker. All he wants is to pass.”
Interviewee 3: “Of course, it is very simple here in Balulang National High School. Since there
are no school fences, so it is very easy to escape just to play computer games
or hanging out with friends. Then, sometimes our teachers have a meeting and
it is bored to always write in our activity or notebook.”
Interviewee 4: “Oh it’s really clear that my classmates are only flirting with their beautiful
and handsome teachers just to get fame!”
3
Interviewee 5: “Usually, some of our classmates are only imitating with their group of
friends just to tell them that they are fame!”
Research Question: Why do some students in Balulang National High School
cut classes?

Coding
Answers

After creating your codes coming from the transcription in activity 1, write your
interpretation. Remember to include some review of related literature to support your
answer.

After you have finished your activities, you may show these to your teacher for
further corrections or you may opt to proceed to the next part of the lesson.
Are you ready? Good! Let’s get started!

What Is It

In this lesson, the next task expected of you is to analyze data carefully. For most
researchers, this is the heaviest task but it is the most fulfilling. Qualitative data analysis
is an ongoing and cyclical process which includes identification, examination, and
interpretation of certain patterns and themes in the data. It determines how these patterns
and themes help answer the research questions.
This part will guide you on how to make this task easy. Below are the processes in
doing a qualitative analysis.
This are the processes on how to do a qualitative analysis.
4
 • Know your data. Reread your written observations, relisten the audio recorded
interviews, or rewatch the movie or clip. After doing either those things to a number
of times, write down peculiar things you have noticed. (So, it’s better to have your
handy dandy notebook at hand for this eureka moment.)

• Focus your analysis. Focus yourself to consistent and or varied responses. For
example: your research question is, “Why are some high school students
sometimes late for school?” Common responses would be school’s distance, woke
up late, tons of chores prior going to school, slept late, etcetera.

• Do coding. Always consult your research questions or you might end up coding
unnecessary information. Coding is simply categorizing the data and reducing
them thereby making them more manageable.

Kinds of Codes:
a. Predefined codes- codes formulated by the researcher based on literature
reviews.
b. Emergent codes- codes that becomes apparent as one reviews the data.

Sample coding:
“What can you suggest about our school canteen?”
Answers Coding

Affordability of items AI
Personality of vendors PV
Canteen cleanliness C
Availability of common school materials AV
Accessibility of canteens AC
Discipline D

Table 1. Sample Coding

• Enter and organize your data. It’s easy- you may either use a computer or even
just a piece of paper however, this requires a bucketful or even an ocean of patience
to succeed. First go back to your transcribed interviews (word for word written
conversation), observation data, and focus group data. Underline and annotate
which responses typically answer to a specific code. (Sometimes, participants
answer using the vernacular. Allow them to do so, so that they can express their
feelings better.)
For example: Perceptions of Balulang National High School students on the School
Canteens
“What can you suggest about our school canteens?”
Interviewee 1: “My suggestion in our canteen is hopefully there will be another canteen at least
two canteens in our school. It is very far from our classroom. We are always
scolded by our teachers because we are always late especially in the 3 rd floor
and 4th floor in Junior High and we are about 800 students. The,

5
 vendors are not approachable when we buy in the canteen and we are
already very hungry.”

Interviewee 2: “For me, the foods or snacks in the canteen are too expensive. Our money
is only limited since we are only students and sometimes I want to buy some
viand but it is too costly. I ended up eating sardines, noodles or sometimes
eggplants. How I wish foods in the canteen are affordable and students will
have proper discipline in buying. Also, I hope school canteen will be
organized so that I will not be late for the next class. Hahahaha!”

After underlining and marking up significant responses with their respective codes,
we are now ready to tally them.

Table 2. Sample Coding and Tallying of School Canteen Suggestions

N (number of times
School Canteen Suggestions it was answered)
Affordability of items 1

Personality of vendors 2

Canteen cleanliness 0

Availability of common school materials 0

Accessibility of canteens 2

Discipline 1

• Clean your data. Go through your data once more if there are data errors.
Remember to stay truthful to the raw data as much as possible.

The following are ways to clean your data:

a. Spot-Checking. Revisit how the translation was done. Check whether it was faithful to
the response of the participant and attributed to the correct participant.

b. Eye-balling. Revisit the correctness of the entered data- AV, AI, and AC. These codes
could easily be interchanged. So, check whether it was typed precisely.

c. Logic check. Review whether the responses are connected so that you might not end
up getting confused with the data. For example: “Are you late in going to school?” Your
participant responds with a, “No”. But still proceeds in answering the following question,
“What makes you late in going to school?” Logically, the second question should not have
been answered, if so, then erase.

• Identify meaningful patterns and themes. Identifying meaningful patterns and

theme is the heart and soul of the entire qualitative data analysis. To do this, the
codes and themes are checked and from there, you will interpret the meaning of
the data in relation to the research questions.

Table 3. Sample Recurring Themes from Perceptions of Balulang National High

School Students on the School Canteens

6
 Questions Categories
“What are the products sold by our food, uniform, school supplies
canteen?”
Affordability of items (AI), Personality of
“What can you suggest about our vendors (PV), Canteen cleanliness (C),
school canteens?” Availability of common school materials (AV),
Accessibility of canteens (AC), Discipline (D)

• Interpret your data. After analyzing, coding, and organizing the data, identifying
the patterns and themes, you are now ready to interpret your data. In interpreting
the data, you will synthesize your tables to a paragraph. The themes and patterns
explain your findings and they are backed up with literature review
Sample Interpretation
Question 1: “What can you suggest about our school canteens?”
(See Table 2)

The responses of the Balulang National High School students with

regards to their suggestions about the school canteens vary from discipline,
affordability, accessibility, and personality. Most of the students think that the
school should look into or improve the canteens’ accessibility, vendor
personality first and followed by the discipline and affordability. Such is
supported in a comparative study done by Gadais (2014) regarding Jollibee
versus McDonald’s. Jollibee overpowers McDonald’s in the Philippines. First, in
terms of accessibility, most customers prefer Jollibee because there are many
branches with drive-thru than its counterpart. Second, in terms of customer-
salesperson relationship, Jollibee crew members are rated higher than the latter
because they are more child-friendly and family oriented. Such then can be said
with the students of Balulang National High School. Accessibility of the area
and personality of the crew contribute meaningfully to the overall satisfaction of
the customers thereby increasing profits.
In the study conducted in Caluluan National High School, the researcher
shared that the top problem of the students is affordability of the foods served
in the canteen. Most public schools, students have tight budgets because of
their socioeconomic status. Most then of their food choices are limited and
worse unhealthy.

7
 What’s More

Directions: Put a check mark (√) under Agree if the research question is answerable by a
qualitative data analysis; otherwise put a check mark under Disagree. Then,
write the code and accomplish the last column to justify your choice.

Research Agree Disagree Coding Reasons

Questions
1. What can you say about Mr. Rodrigo
Duterte’s elections victory?
2 .How many kinds of promises did
President Duterte make in front of
the Filipino people?
3. What kinds of promises did President
Duterte make in front of the Filipino
people?
4. What percentage of the job applicants
came from Cagayan de Oro city?
5. What background information do you
have about the career you are interested
in?
6. In how many Philippine provinces is
Filipino language spoken always,
sometimes, and never?
7. What personality traits did President
Duterte reveal through his ways of
answering the guests’ questions?
8. How many of the 100 students refused
to buy the algebra book?
9. How systematic was Mario Agna
in presenting his design?
10. In the order of their frequency,
which sentences, based on structure,
indicate the 100 students’ lack of
mastery on sentences sense?

Source: EL Baraceros, Practical Research 1: Rex Bookstore Inc, 2016, 124.

8
 What I Have Learned

1. Give two primary ways of doing the qualitative data

analysis. (Enumerate each primary way and explain)
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

2. Content Analysis is a research process for subjective interpretation of the context of text
data through systematic classification procedures of coding and finding patterns and
themes. Enumerate the steps of Content Analysis.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

3. Thematic analysis is a form of pattern corresponding within the data. There are
six step in conducting thematic analysis. Enumerate the steps of Thematic Analysis.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

If you were any of the following professionals in the Philippines, how would you
put something into an in depth study?
an engineer a writer a poet
a surgeon a teacher an architect
a lawyer a biologist a nurse

Answer: If I were one of the professionals in the Philippines, I would have

______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

Source: EL Baraceros, Practical Research 1: Rex Bookstore Inc, 2016, 121.

9
LESSON 2 RELATING THE FINDINGS TO RELEVANT
LITERATURE

What’s In

Directions: Complete the following table with ideas indicated by the headings.
KEY WORDS INFORMATION MEMORY CLUES
(Sentence that express
your experiences about
the key term)
1. pattern

2. code

3. themes

4. Content Analysis

[Link] Analysis

Now, you are ready to proceed to the next lesson.

What’s New

Comparison of Findings with Related Literature

Directions: Complete the table below. Compare your results or findings with existing
literature.

Results/ Findings from Your Results / Findings with Similarities/

Research Study Pertinent Literature Differences between
( Published) your Findings to the
Existing Results
1. Mother wants to use less fuel

2. Mother wants to cook faster

3. Child poisoning from case

reviews & narratives
[Link] survey results

10
 5. Commercial sexual
exploitation such as
pornography

In this activity, you will compare your results or findings with the existing
knowledge. Since you already know how to infer and explain patterns and themes from
data, you will now proceed to relate your research findings with pertinent literatures. It is
one of the most important features in doing a qualitative research and how you will
compare the context with its existing knowledge. The discussion of your research findings
should not only limit in the summary of the results you have found but it should also include
original thinking or novelty. It must be well organized, broad in scope as you relate its
findings to pertinent literature.

What is It

There are several opportunities in the discussion of research findings: These are
the following:
1. The opportunity to discuss and highlight how the findings of your study have already
been covered by other researchers in the same field. Clear links must be recognized to
the literature you have reviewed of your research project.
2. The opportunity to read carefully how your study differs from existing knowledge where
you have chosen to start your research. You can compare your result with the findings of
other studies similar to your field.
3. The opportunity to justify the contribution of your work to the field.

4. The opportunity to explain why you thought it is necessary to get on the research you
have done. You have to identify the gaps in current works of other researchers about the
topic of interest which will justify the need of your research.

What’s More

Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank with the correct
answer.
1. There is an existing considerable body of research literature which discovered that
__________________.
2. Similar studies have shown that__________________.
3. Most of the recent works about__________ found that__________________.
4. Most of the students / researchers in their field agree that________________.
5. Gamson (1992) who conducted a similar study found out that _____________.

Source: EL Baraceros, Practical Research 1: Rex Bookstore Inc, 2016, 124.

11
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statement below.

No matter how significant your work is and no matter how your research seems
So familiar to other works, you must
___________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

If you to have to make an interview with your classmates about TV show, what
would be their reasons of preferences and findings? Why? Your answer:

______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

Assessment

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. A qualitative research involves _______ data.
A. numerical C. categorical
B. Non numerical D. statistical

2. It is a document review that is used as a method of data collection.

A. written report C. minutes of the meeting
B. oral presentations D. notebook

3. It is a word or short phrase to represent subjective data.

A. code C. theme
B. pattern D. collate

4. The tendency in qualitative research to derive a complex array of data from

a variety of sources, using variety of methods is termed as _____.
A. triangulation C. cross tabulation
B. bricolage D. confirmability

12
5. This is a process of analyzing data by grouping them according to themes.
A. content analysis C. recursive abstraction
B. thematic analysis D. computer assisted data analysis

6. It is a detailed description of the setting or individuals followed by analysis

of the data for themes or issues.
A. grounded theory C. phenomenological research
B. thematic analysis D. case study

7. The characteristics of good research that any conclusion drawn is based upon
hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experience or
observation is ______________.
A. rigorous C. systematic
B. empirical D. critical

8. Which of the following data collection techniques is not applicable for qualitative
research?
A. interviews C. observations
B. questionnaires D. focus group

9. It refers to codes that are formulated by the researcher based his or her
knowledge through the reviewed literatures.
A. predefined code C. defined code
B. emergent code D. Pre-emergent code

10. It is a part of data analysis where comprehensible statements are included after
analyzing and synthesizing the patterns and categories that are derived from the
findings.
A. presentation of the data C. interpretation
B. analysis D. Discussion

11. It is a part of data analysis, where the knowledge and logical understanding is
required and the important data are given enough attention as it will be the
basis of the final results of the study.

A. presentation of the data C. interpretation B.

analysis D. discussion

12. It is a part of data analysis, that showcases the data for easy understanding of the
reader and it can be displayed through tables, diagrams or other figures to easily
understand.
A. presentation of the data C. interpretation
B. analysis D. discussion

13. It involves the identification, examination, and interpretation of patterns

and themes in textual data.
A. quantitative data analysis C. content Analysis
B. qualitative data analysis D. thematic Analysis
13
 14. The research considers the protection of research participants by obtaining
approval from participants through voluntary written consents.

A. Validation C. Reliability B. Informed consent

D. Interview

15. If a researcher works at a cafeteria, and observes the waiters, this is an example of
_________________.
A. observation C. focus group
B. interview D. document review

------------------------------- END OF POST-TEST -------------------------------

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY

1. How much did you learn about the concepts of qualitative data analysis on the following
topics? Write the letter of the corresponding topic on the appropriate grade to gauge the
extent of your learning?

60 75 81 90 83 86 83 88 95 100

Source: EL Baraceros, Practical Research 1:Rex Bookstore Inc, 2016, 122.

Topics

A- Research questions in relation to data analysis results

B- Emotions, attitudes, and views as subjective data
C- Qualitative data analysis as time-consuming process

14
 D- Coding of data with letters
E- Words as unit of analysis
F- Orderliness of data through data matrices
G- Themes or theories as bases of data synthesis
H - Steps in Data Analysis I- Reasons for Coding
data
J- Verbal language and graphs in qualitative data analysis
K- Discussion of Research Findings
2. Analyzing Qualitative Data
Directions: Provide the required information below. Refer to your proposed research study.

A. Proposed Research: ___________________________________

B. Conduct an Interview using the questions you choose to start coding and
identifying themes and categories.
C. Write examples of transcript derived from the interview:

Question: ______________________________________________

Interviewee 1:
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Interviewee 2:
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Interviewee 3:
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
References:

[Link], E. (2016).Practical Research 1. (1sted.). Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore

Inc. .
2. Calderon, J. & Gonzales, E. (2015).Methods of Research and Thesis. San Juan,
Mandaluyong. [Link] Bookstore Inc

3. Morgan, D.L. 2014. Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: A Pragmatic

[Link] Angeles:Sage.

4. Naval, V., Prieto, N., Carey T. (2017).Inferring and Explaining Patterns and Themes
from Data. Practical Research [Link], Quezon [Link] Publishing Inc.
5. Cristobal, A., Cristobal, MCD. (2017). Drawing Patterns and [Link] Research
1 for Senior High [Link] Triangle, Quezon City.C&E Publishing

15
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH I:
Qualitative Research
Quarter 2
Module 7

Content 3 Reporting and Sharing the Findings

What I Need to Know

In life, anything that starts has to end and that includes Practical Research 1. In
this module, you will be taught how to wrap your ideas neatly for your research. Also, you
will also learn how to package your report so that readers will be encouraged to read your
work.
Learning Competencies:

In this module, you will be able to:

• draw conclusions from patterns and themes (CS_RS11-IVg-j-1),

• formulate recommendations based on conclusions (CS_RS11-IVg-j-2),
• list references (CS_RS11-IVg-j-3),
• present a written research report (CS_RS11-IVg-j-4),
• finalize and present best design (CS_RS11-IVg-j-5), and
• write short description and present best design (CS_RS11-IVg-j-6).

Pre-Test
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter that corresponds to
your answer on the blank.

_____1. To keep the interest of the readers back to the study, what should be written?
A. conclusion C. recommendation
B. interpretation of the study D. summary of findings

_____2. What is the goal of writing the recommendation?

A. Recognize the experts
B. Suggest for the improvement of the paper
C. Repeat the findings in a shorter version
D. Arrange the information

20
_____3. What is wrong in this reference listing?
Satell, G. (2013). Forbes Welcome. [Link]. Retrieved 6 July 2016,
from [Link]/3uz6T.
Avenue, N. (2012). Why Is a Marketing Plan Important for a New
Business? Next Avenue. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from [Link]/y5X56.
Causon, J. (2015). UK business risks losing market share due to bad
customer service. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2016, from bit-
[Link]/2s7qW.
A. The URL is lengthy.
B. There should be NO date retrieved.
C. There is NO indicated type of source.
D. It is NOT alphabetized.

_____4. Why is it necessary to include a conclusion?

A. To lengthen the study
B. To provide the objectives
C. To answer the research questions
D. To give the benefits of conducting the research

_____5. Why is it necessary to include a reference list?

A. To increase the number of pages
B. To give credit to the other researches
C. To give necessary suggestions to improve the
paper D. To provide more insights on the study

_____6. Which detail is NOT necessary in referencing?

A. place of publication C. title
B. author’s date of birth D. date of publication

_____7. This part gives a detailed explanation of how you have conducted your research
and the materials you used. This is done so that other researchers can repeat
your research and recopy the findings.
A. Methods C. References
B. Results and Discussion D. Conclusion

_____8. Almost all research papers have the following parts.

A. Problem statement, hypothesis, definitions, literature review, sample of
subjects, tests or other measuring instruments, description of procedures, and
data analysis
B. Problem statement, hypothesis, definitions, literature review, sample of
subjects, tests or other measuring instruments, description of procedures, data
analysis, and statement of variables
C. Problem statement, hypothesis, literature review, sample of subjects, tests or
other measuring instruments, description of procedures, and data analysis.
D. Problem statement, hypothesis, definitions, literature review, sample of
subjects, tests or other measuring instruments, and description of procedures

_____9. It contains the descriptive and informative so that the reader will be able to get
the main problem of the given study as well as who are the subject or what is
the subject and the respondents of the study.
A. Discussion C. Abstract
B. Conclusion D. Title

21
_____10. This is the part to which the result from different statistical processes or tools
being used. The interpretation of the data will also be presented in this part of the research
paper. Graphs, charts or matrix will be interpreted in this part of the paper.
A. Title C. Findings
B. Results and Conclusion D. None at all

_____11. There are different types of reports and one of these is ___________.
A. sales report C. information
B. medical issues D. science fiction

_____12. A research paper/report is a systematic write up on the findings of the study

including methodologies, summary, conclusion and________.
A. recommendation C. documentation
B. narrative D. presentation

_____13. Among research reports, the most common type is said to be______
A. information C. objectives
B. data analysis D. persuasive

_____14. A report describing how many goods or services were sold, and the reasons for
any difference from the plan is called ________.
A. site report C. accident report
B. incident report D. sales report

_____15. Which section should provide recommendations of how other researchers could
improve the study?
A. Methods and Data C. References
B. Results and Discussion D. Conclusion

Lesson 1 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM PATTERNS AND

THEMES

What’s In

I. Introduction
Hi there young researcher! How is it going? You are almost there and this module
is surely going to help you wrap things neatly. Soldier on and you can eventually finish
what you have started. Welcome to the eighth content which centers on knitting the results
and discussion towards your research questions and ultimately, answer your research
problem.

22
 What’s In

In the previous lesson, you were able to:

⚫ infer and explain patterns and themes from data through coding; and
⚫ relate the findings with pertinent literature.

Let us check what you have learned.

Directions: Identify what concept is being described.
1. These are codes formulated by the researcher based on literature reviews.
2. These are codes that become apparent as one reviews the data.
3. It is cleaning the data for possible mistranslation.
4. It is cleaning the data and reviewing the connection of the responses.
5. It is cleaning the data and matching it to the appropriate codes.

What’s New

Directions: Fill in the tables below with what you know about the Summary of Findings
and Conclusion.

Summary of Findings Conclusion

What is It

Drawing Conclusions from Patterns and Themes

Before writing the conclusion, make sure that you have written first a summary of
your findings.
✓ The summary of findings serves as a brief restatement of the components of
the research paper.

23
 Now, a conclusion is similar to the falling action of a story. At this point, you as a
researcher shall have the chance to leave an important and lasting note to your readers
or in a story make the readers understand the reasons why the villain is the way he is or
the protagonist understanding his or her purpose.
(Source: Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal, Jr. & Maura Consolacion De La Cruz-Cristobal,
Practical Research for Senior High School 1, (Quezon City, C&E Publishing, Inc., 2017),
244.)
✓ A conclusion contains insights drawn from the findings of each problem which
answer the questions presented at the beginning of the research paper.
Dos and Don’ts in Writing a Conclusion

• Include a complete summary of findings.

• Highlight key points based on the analysis or results of the study.
• Note important suggestions.
• Share what you learned from the study.
• Use clear and simple language.
• Never add new information.
• Describe the value of your research.

Strategies in Writing the Conclusion

• Echo the introduction expressed in the other sections of the research.

• Challenge the readers into applying your study in their own lives.
• Look to the future by emphasizing the importance of your paper.
• Pose questions where the readers can gain a new perspective on the topic or you
may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, &Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research

for Senior High School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc.,2017),
166.)

Sample Conclusion

A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to the

Patriotism of University of the East - Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and Nonfans
(Source: Cabello, Melo Mar Y., Joanne Mariel T. Palisoc, Remar Paulo L. Panganiban,
Janna T. Santosidad, and Robbin L. Sarreal. A Comparative Study on the Effects of
Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism of University of the East – Caloocan Grade
12 HUMSS Fans and Non-fans. Research Report, University of the East, 2018. 80-82.)

24
Go back to
Chapter 1- The researchers conducted this study in an attempt to prove
Introduction the causal relationship between watching South Korean TV Drama
This brings and patriotism. To achieve this objective, the researchers
the readers employed qualitative method through an in-depth, one-on-one
back to the interview. A total of ten participants were interviewed individually.
reason why In order to qualify for the study, participants had to be a grade 12
you wrote HUMSS student of University of the East – Caloocan, five of which
this should be Korean TV drama fans while the other five are non-fans.
research. A purposive sampling method was used in order to identify the
participants. In addition to that, the researcher applied a semi-
structured interview so as to counterbalance the structure and the
freedom of the interviewer to conduct the interview. This study
employed a comparative analysis of the perception of the two
groups, namely; South Korean TV drama fans and non-fans.

The Korean TV drama fans group is composed of three female

fans and two male fans while the non-fans group is composed of
three female non-fans and two male non-fans.

The 1. The study conducted found out that Korean TV drama fans are
numbered dependent on foreign media, specifically South Korean TV
paragraphs drama, because of their increasing and continuous
are dependence to the said media in satisfying their needs and
conclusions wants, as explained by “Media Dependency Theory”. A similar
coming from pattern could be seen through the lens of the “Uses and
the research Gratifications Theory” the Korean TV drama fans’ desires are
questions. gratified by the South Korean TV drama. The reason behind
this dependency is due to the common characteristics
between South Korea and the Philippines, in terms of
Geographical aspects (geo linguistic proximity) and Cultural
aspects (cultural linguistic proximity). Several fans also stated
that there are certain qualities of TV drama that are not met by
Filipino TV drama – and in light of this, said fans turned to
foreign media and found the qualities they are looking for in
South Korean TV drama, due to its commonality with the
Philippines in terms of norms, values, beliefs, and the fact that
both countries have been colonized by western countries in
the past

2. Moreover, the results show that Korean TV drama fans are

self-proclaimed patriots, when in fact they do not practice this
concept of pride and acceptance towards the qualities
that local products have, specifically those related to
Filipino TV drama.

3. The causal relationship of South Korean TV drama and the

patriotism is deemed by the researchers to have a fragile
connection, since the results of the interview did not show
an outcome where and when this causation is manifested.
Additionally, the low sample size is seen.
160

25
 What’s More

Directions: Read the sample conclusion below. Put a check on the line if you think that
the specific requirement is being satisfied by the sample conclusion.

. This study proves the strong potentials of having phones as supplement

learning tools to class discussions. Phones can maximize the learning capacity of
the students by allowing them to leaf through information and note-taking. Most of
the students have thought it beneficial and have positive effects in their academic
performance and such was proven by the rejection of the null hypothesis and
acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. However, through this research also, it
was found out that even if most of the students believe in its potentials, they too
know that there are risks or disadvantages on its usage such as distraction,
bullying, and possible cheating. Therefore, the use of phones may be beneficial but
it has its disadvantages as well. Its actual usage needs optimum control coming
from the side of the student, teacher, and school administration.
Source. HadjiExchan, Jasnaira. P., Buyan, Joan N., &Dumago, Joewana. P. (2019). The Impact of Mobile Phone
Usage to the Academic Performance of the Senior High School Students in Balulang National High
School. Unpublished typescript, CDONHS-Balulang Annex, Cagayan de Oro City.

____1. The main research question is answered briefly.

____2. The problem has been proven through evidences.
____3. New data or new arguments have been introduced.
____4. Limitations are NOT mentioned.
____5. The contributions of the research have been clearly explained.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer as briefly as possible.

1. A summary of findings is ______________________________________________.

2. A conclusion is _____________________________________________________.
3. The difference between a summary of findings and conclusion is
___________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Directions: Observe your barangay’s surroundings. Write three observations.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________

26
What can you conclude regarding your barangay’s surroundings?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Additional Activity

Directions: In your research notebook, read and review the coding you have done in your
interpretation of data. Give your conclusion based on the coding.

Lesson 2: FORMULATING RECCOMENDATIONS BASED ON

CONCLUSIONS

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you were able to:

⚫ draw conclusions from patterns and themes.

Let us check what you have learned.

Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

______1. Writing the summary of findings is optional. You may or may not write it.
______2. When writing a conclusion, it must always go back to the research problem.
______3. You can add a new idea in the writing of the conclusion.
______4. A conclusion uses simple and direct language.
______5. A good conclusion gives a new perspective to the readers.

Congratulations! Soldier on young researcher since you are almost there. In this
lesson, you are going to learn how to ensure that the story called your research life journey
will be tied neatly by being able to make remarkable recommendations relating to your
study.

27
 What’s New

Directions: Read the sample recommendation articles and answer the questions that
follow.

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. Rowling

Ever since I read this book, I forgot to sleep. It was my constant companion
wherever I go. What makes this great and worthwhile of your time is because it
combines friendship, humor, and adventure in a neat ball of intrigue and plot twists.

This story is about an orphan boy named Harry Potter who unfortunately had
a poorly mannered relative. But one day, a giant named Hagrid who has a magical
pink umbrella shows up and told him he was magical and was accepted at Hogwarts
School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. So here, his adventure as a wizard began. He also
knew that his parents were not killed through a car crash but rather through a villain
whose name can’t be named. Plus, Harry Potter had an extraordinary lightning bolt
scar brought through a curse by Voldemort. Harry gets scared but faces Voldemort
bravely since he has two friends who were always there for him- Hermione Granger
and Ron Weasley.

If you are in need of a book to be with you all the time and gives friendship advices,
then you have to buy and read Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone written
[Link].K .isRowlingarecommendation?.Itisforeveryone regardless of age! This book makes you wish you
[Link] ofis acceptancrecommendation?through an owl post.

What is It

Formulating Recommendations based on Conclusions

You might ask, “What is the reason behind having to write a recommendation in the first
place?” Research readers need insightful comments and for them to be able to cite
your study or even apply it in their daily lives, they need the recommendations. This is
similar when you go to a doctor. The doctor checks and has his/her diagnosis about the
problem. Ultimately, s/he is to recommend a drug or avoidance of food.

✓ A recommendation is a suggestion that improves the study for future research to be

conducted in the field.
Dos and Don’ts in Writing Recommendations
• Be logical by addressing the conclusion sensibly.
• Revisit your introduction (purpose of the study and the scope) so that the
recommendations will be relevant.
• Keep in mind that recommendations are written to improve the study.

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, &Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research

for Senior High School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc.,2017), 166.)

28
Strategies in Writing Recommendations
• Brief: Write short recommendations and only give when necessary.
• Clear and Precise: Show how the implementation will be done.

For example

The research “A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to

the Patriotism of University of the East – Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and Non-fans”,
highlighted in the conclusion that the researchers were unable to find the connection to
their research question number 3 which asked “How do the Korean drama fans and non-
Korean drama fans’ perception towards their country differ?”

The causal relationship of South Korean TV drama and the patriotism is deemed by
the researchers to have a fragile connection, since the results of the interview did not
show an outcome where and when this causation is manifested. Additionally, the low
sample size is seen.

The recommendation above is quite wordy and somehow lost its main point because
of the vague language. The following statement may be a revision:

The researchers recommend the increase of participants in the future studies so as

to set a connection between the causal relationships.
Sample Recommendation

A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism of

University of the East - Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and Nonfans
(Source: Cabello, Melo Mar Y., Joanne Mariel T. Palisoc, Remar Paulo L. Panganiban,
Janna T. Santosidad, and Robbin L. Sarreal. A Comparative Study on the Effects of
Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism of University of the East – Caloocan Grade
12 HUMSS Fans and Non-fans. Research Report, University of the East, 2018. 80-82.)

1. For other researchers who are interested in conducting a similar

The numbered study about patriotism and watching South Korean TV drama, they
paragraphs are advised to include all the Senior High School strands that this
are study failed to do due to the lack of time. Since this study focused
recommend- only on the Humanities and Social Sciences strand, there is only a
ations again low level of generalizability and the strand itself might be a
answering confounded variable that could possibly affected the answers of the
specific participants.
improvements
to be in the 2. Another perspective that future researchers may take a look on
research is the participants’ choice of words. The researchers noticed the
study. participants’ choice of words. The participants would often use the
word “nila” or “they” in English to describe the Filipinos. From this
the researchers infer that the participants are not considering
themselves as one with the Filipinos thus contradicting their
previous statements stating that they are very proud to be a
Filipino. The statement can also be a manifestation of the
distinction of patriotism and nationalism wherein patriots criticizes
their country whenever it is wrong or lacking as compared to
nationalist that devotes themselves entirely to the country.
29
 What’s More

Directions: Below is a sample abstract. Read it carefully and highlight the

recommendation of the study.
Homework is a key element of schooling across contemporary system in the local
school context. However, debates about its value and efficiency are ongoing.
Proponents of homework promote its numerous benefits for learning and
achievements while critics challenge the merit of homework and its detrimental
impact to students learning.
. The responses revealed that most of the students were able to benefit from homework
and thus achievement. In regard to this, the researchers were able to conduct survey
to Grade 11 students. Overall evidence from current research and literature shows
homework at the Senior High School specifically the Grade 11 students generally has
a positive impact on academic achievement and learning.
The purpose of this study was assessing intervention method of school which
is the homework if it is effective when it comes to students’ achievements of Grade
11 students. Success was measured after figure and graphs were identified by the
researchers. To better this research, it is hoped that a quasi-experimental design
would be used to see whether there is a difference between the academic
performance of students who have homework and those who don’t have homework.
Furthermore, it is suggested that more participants will be included to make the study
more certain.

What I Have Learned

Direction. Answer as briefly as possible.

1. A recommendation is _________________________________________________.
2. In order to write a good recommendation, one should _______________________
___________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Directions: Name three things that need recommendations.

1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________

How does the recommendation help a reader?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

30
 Additional Activity

Directions: In your research notebook, read and review your conclusions. Then, write
logical recommendations that may improve your study when used in the
future.

Lesson 3 LISTING PREFERENCES

Introduction

So I think a thorough “Congratulations!” is at hand? It is no easy feat to finish the

heaviest chapters. Note that the end tunnel of research is clearer than ever. However,
there is still a need to polish rough edges. Now that you have made your summary of
findings, conclusions, and recommendations, it is expected that you have to attribute these
to the people who helped you or a.k.a the “experts” as you already know when you
encountered the chapter relating to ethics.

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you were able formulate recommendations based on

conclusions.

31
 What I Have Learned

Let’s check what you have learned.

Directions: Put a check on the blank if the following is a quality of a good
recommendation. If it is not, leave it blank.
___1. Writing the recommendation may be done in random.
___2. The recommendation should improve the study if it shall be replicated in the
future.
___3. Recommendations should be lengthy.
___4. Writing the recommendation is guided by logic.
___5. Recommendations should be direct and brief.

What’s New

Directions: Read the questions and answer briefly.

Have you sat until the end of a movie? If yes, what do you usually see in that
portion? Why do they include “credits” at the end of a movie?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What is It

Listing References

As you know, it is quite important to recognize the efforts of other people in the
success of your research because without them, your research would not have been good.
And, nothing spells this appreciation better than listing them in the references.

References versus Bibliography

Reference is a list of sources that have been referred to within the research which
includes direct quotations. While bibliography is a list of sources which have been read
during the research process in order to widen one’s knowledge about the research,
however these had information which were used indirectly.

32
The Why’s in Referencing in Research
• to share the hard work of the experts
• to show distinctions of which are your ideas versus the experts’ ideas
• to respect the work done by the experts
• to allow future researchers to retrieve sources
• to add authority of your work by using time-tested evidences
• to assure readers that you as a researcher read and understood other researches

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, &Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research for
Senior High School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc.,2017, 174.)

So, you already know that there are many kinds of referencing styles, however it
should be noted that the ones used for research is institutionalized. This means that it
should be agreed upon by the body with your mentor in the very beginning.

The most common reference style in research is the APA format.

Guidelines in Listing References in APA style

• All lines after the first line of each entry of your reference list should be indented one
half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• It is so easy to indent the reference using hanging indention. Highlight the reference
list, then go to paragraph, click special and then click hanging and then ok. Your
reference list will be indented in hanging style.

APA formatting style varies depending on the type of source. The following are
common sources and how to arrange them in APA format.

• One Author (a book chapter)

Author’s surname or last name, initial(s). (Year Published). Book Title (in italics).
Location of publisher: Publisher.

33
Example:
Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Publishing.

•One Author (online source)

Author’s surname or last name, initial(s). (Year Published). Title of the source.
Location of publisher: Publisher. Retrieved from URL.
Example:

Verner, S. (2016). Top 10 Ways to Teach Vowe l Pronunciation in English.

Busy Teacher. Retrieved October 18, 2019, from [Link]/kxLQW.

•Journal
Author’s surname or last name, initial(s).(Year Published).Article title, journal
name (in italics), volume number (in italics), issue number(if available), page
number range of the article, URL or journal home page (if online).
Example:

Almurashi, W.A. (2016). The Effective Use of Youtube Videos for Teaching
English Language in Classrooms as Supplementary Material at Taibah
University in Alula. International Journal of English Language and
Linguistics Research, 32-47.

The references or bibliography should be alphabetical order.

Example:

References
Aquino, M. R., Duque, L. A., Pimentel, S. B., & Rojas, J. T. (1972). The Most
Intelligible Variety of English Pronunciation for Use in the Philippines.
Quezon City, Philippines: Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Heilman, A. W. (2007). A Proper Perspective of [Link], Singapore:
Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD.
Lightbown, P. M., &Spada, N. (2000). How Languages are Learned. Oxford, New
York: Oxford University Press.
Mata, L. S., & Soriano, I. S. (1998). English Pronunciation for the Filipino College
Student. Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Incorporated.
(Source: Library Guides: APA Referencing Style Guide: Reference List." Websites –

APA Referencing
Style Guide - Library Guides at AUT University. Accessed January 26, 2019.
[Link]
➢ Tips for Referencing:
1. Shorten lengthy URLs. You can use [Link] or
[Link]

34
2. If you have a hard time writing your references manually, you can use a website called:
[Link] It provides a wide array of referencing styles.
3. Or you could also maximize the “Reference” tab of your Microsoft Word.

A. You may change the referencing style to your choice.

B. For example, you included a new expert. Do your citation right away so
that you will not forget to give credit to the author.

C. After clicking Insert Citation, the Create Source box will prompt. Fill
out the details correctly.

35
D. Then, this will automatically pop out. Edit as required.

E. All citations are done, the reference list for your bibliography/ reference/ works cited
is needed. Click Bibliography and you will be presented with suggested format. Then
click Insert.

F. After clicking, a list in alphabetical order will be shown.

171
36
 What’s More

Directions: Arrange the following details using APA style.

1. Title of the book: The Psychology of Choosing
Authors: Careers Prisila Marohombsar Manila,
Location of Publisher: Philippines Iconic Publishing Inc.
Publisher: 2017
Year Published:

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Title:Factors Affecting Career Track and Strand Choices of Grade 10

Students
Author: John O. Pablico
Title of the Journal: Pathways International Journal
Pages: 14-20
Date published: June 2016
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Title: Leadership Giftedness

Author: Kareem B. Brogers
Publisher: Springer Publishing Inc.
Location: New York, U.S.A
Year Published: 2009
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions. Answer briefly.

1. A reference is ____________________________________________________.
2. A bibliography is __________________________________________________.
3. Writing a reference and or a bibliography is important because _____________

_________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Directions: Think of a scenario wherein putting a reference is used. Tell what may
happen when the reference is NOT indicated.
__________________________________________________________________

37
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Additional Activity

Directions: In your research notebook, read and review your list of experts. Write them in
APA format and arrange them alphabetically.

Lesson 4 PRESENTING A WRITTEN RESEARCH REPORT

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about the following:

• Differences between References and Bibliography

• Importance of referencing in research papers
• Guidelines in Listing References in APA style
• Tips using referencing in shorten lengthy URLs

What’s New
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to form into a word.

1. CREHASERA ______________________
2. RPEOTR______________________
3. IFOTNIRAMITOL ___________________

38
4. RATURELIRAT _______________________
5. ROPDURECED _______________________

What is It

Research Report Definition

Research is the systematic investigation into study of natural phenomena or

existing conditions in the society to identify facts, get additional information and derive new
conclusions. It is a production process which needs a number of input to generate or to
apply existing and new knowledge. Simply, a research report is a systematic write up on
the findings of a research study including an abstract, introduction (Background with
literature review, justification, objectives etc.), methodology/materials and methods
(including statistical design, if any), results and discussion, conclusions and
recommendations, references following a definite style or format.

Source: Kabir, S.M.S. Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All
Disciplines. Book Zone Publication 2016

Types of Report

1. Informational

• Inform or instruct – present information

• Reader sees the details of events, activities or conditions
• No analysis of the situation, no conclusion, no recommendations

2. Analytical

• Written to solve problems

• Information is analyzed
• Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made

3. Persuasive

• An extension of analytical reports - main focus is to sell an idea, a service, or

product
• Proposals are the most common type

Reports usually have a more diverse audience, more than one purpose and more
detailed information.
Some other types of reports are –

• Incident Report: a report that describes what had happened during certain
events

39
 • Analytical Reports: a report that provides detailed inquiry of investigated
or studied events
• Sales Report: a report on the daily incomes and inventory of materials,
equipment or other form of items being sold in the market that has a
financial concern
• Progress Report: a report on the improvement of a project, results of a
study or designs being created
• Feasibility Study or Report: a report on the possible market or programs to
be implemented in certain areas chosen by a client or students for project
to be implemented
• Recommendation Report: a report on the approval of the created or
agreement given by a superior or person who vouches the person being
recommended to
• Case Study: a report on the incident that happened and issues that have
been unresolved
• Situational Report: a report that describes one-time events, such as trips,
conferences, and seminars
• Justification/Recommendation: a report that makes recommendations to
management and become tools to solve problems and make decisions
• Research Studies: a study of a problem/s being investigated to know its
validity and workability to the user may it be scientifically analyze hence
provides a conclusion and recommendation

Components of a Research Report

Researchers follow certain standards in communication to establish a common

language between researchers. A standard format is used for the writers to present the
research in an organized, logical manner. This does not necessarily reflect the order in
which you did or thought about the work.

The following is a general outline for a research report:

Beginning Ex. title page, abstract, key word list, table of contents, list of figures
Material and tables, acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Problem – Introduction, statement of the problem, hypotheses, why it

is important, objectives of the work, scope of the work
Chapter 2 Related Literature Review – discusses related work and indicate how
it relates to report
Chapter 3 Procedure or Methodology – describes the procedure used in project,
data used, and how it was obtained, how it will be interpreted, the
research local
Chapter 4 Summary of Findings – indicates what happened and interpret what it
means
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations – answers the questions what,
where, and how it happened

40
 What’s More

Direction: Supply the appropriate words needed to complete this given graphic organizer.

Components of
a Research

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following as briefly as you can:

1. Research is _________________________________________________.

2. Research has five parts to follow. These are:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

What I Can Do

1. Supply the possible answers using this kind of Sales Report

Date Items Sold Items Left Total Sales of the Comment

Day

Total

41
2. Based on the matrix you have answered how you will write a letter of recommendation
to your employer.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.

Lesson 5 FINALIZING AND PRESENTING BEST DESIGN

What’s In
In the last lesson, you learned about:

• The definition of research;

• Three main types of report; and
• Components of research.

What’s New

Directions: Put a check before the item if the statement is a good research title.

____1. Facets of the Stress Level Among the Senior High School in the Public Schools

____2. Is Computer Based Learning in the Elementary Level Effective?

____3. Homecare and Individualized Health Management for the Elderly: The Challenges
of the Working Class Families

____4. Effects of Alcohol Consumption among Pregnant Women

42
 What is It

Structure or Format of the Research Project

What is meant by reporting and sharing of findings? The result of one’s research
needs to be reported and be read by the people who want to better understand the study
that was done and how the result could help everyone who has a concern of certain issues
in school, in business, in the medical profession, and other venues of learning.
Thus, the research project should follow certain structures to make such report
understandable and exciting for the reader to make further studies of the given study. The
research writer must write the following:

1. Title

The title should be simple and clear to the reader. It should contain the descriptive
information about the study so that the reader will easily identify the main problem of the
given study as well as the subject or the research design of the study.
2. Abstract

It should be a brief paragraph about the information of the entire paper. This is the
part where the problem, the participants or the respondents, the research locale, methods,
scope and limitation, and the results and findings of the study will be written in 250-300
words. Below it, keywords about the study are also included.
3. Introduction

This is the part of the paper where the writer will present the overview or the
background of the study, the statement of the problem, purpose, research framework and
the significance of the study.
4. Literature of the Study

In this part, the writer will gather existing literature from different authors across
international and local contexts. Analyzing previous studies are important since these will
provide findings from different settings and subjects. Most importantly, the review of
literature of the study will lead to the establishment of the gaps or the missing links in what
have been studied and concluded.
5. Method

This is where the researcher will explain to the reader the methods to be employed
in implementing the project and the different statistical tools to be used to interpret the data
being collected. It will also state the process of sampling, the kind of research
questionnaire design, and the procedure in administering it. This also provides the means
for validation of the research instruments used.
6. Findings

This is where the findings of the study are presented. The results from the statistical
tools employed are reported through a tabular or graphical presentation and an extensive
interpretation of results.

43
7. Discussion and Conclusion

The findings and the result of the research study will be discussed briefly in this
part of the research paper. The researcher will also make his/her personal conclusion
based from the results of the study. The conclusion should be factual and logically
determined data. The conclusion will also determine the accuracy of the hypotheses given
in the conduct of the study.
8. Recommendation

This is where specific recommendations will be clearly presented. Such sound

suggestions will be based from the results of the study. The writer may also recommend
extending the study to validate its results especially with its expressed limitations.
9. References

Using the standards in preparing references will be present in this part.

10. Appendix

The copy of the letter for approval, request to make the study, the sample
questionnaires will be exhibited in this portion of the paper.

General Consideration

A research paper has 5 chapters excluding the cover page, table of contents, table,
references and appendices. The researcher should not leave any missing information on
each chapter.
One should follow the following standard in preparing a research paper: style, font,
lay-out and page formats.
Title Page All text in the title page should be centered horizontally. The title should be in
an inverted pyramid form. Hence, if it goes beyond one-line sentence.
For binding purposes, follow the standard margin size: Left margin 1.5” or 1 ½ in.; Right
margin 1”; Top margin 1”; Bottom Margin 1”.
Page Number

Page numbers are placed on the top right using numeric data (example “2,3,4…”)
The Chapter page like in Chapter 1 will not be numbered therefore page number “1” will
not be seen in the paper.
Spacing

The space should be 2” and it should be using justified for margins. Except for the
title should be in an inverted pyramid form. Hence, if it goes beyond one-line sentence and
space should 1”.
Font Size and Face

The use of font size and face depends upon the standard of the institution.
However, in most cases especially for publication purposes, Arial font 12 is used.
Bookman Old Style font 12 or Times New Roman font 12 are also preferred by other
schools. Therefore, the font is regularly at 12 but the use of italics is influenced by the
choice of the given school.
44
References

Remember, there are two types of styles in writing references: (1) MLA or the
Modern Language Association and (2) the APA or the American Psychological
Association.
Let us discuss the MLA style of writing references. Accordingly, this style of writing is
commonly used in the Humanities: in arts, literature and history. It provides bibliographic
references in the transcripts that relates in the reference in the body of the paper.
Example of MLA Referencing Style:

One Author:

Santos, Miguel P. The Learning by Doing (Cagayan de Oro City: Mindanao Press 2015)

Cui, Joan Jane T. Principles of Learning (JTI Publishing House, Manila 2017)

Two Authors:

Odesca, Son P. and San Diego, Hans O. Wage Management System (Iloilo City: KSY
Co. 2016)
Paulino, Amy S. and Fidel, Castro C. Natural Healing (Manila, Rex Bookstore, 2014)

Three Authors

Use the first name in the List

Manuel, Javier B. Nolasco, Hanie W., Sanchez, Caley Y. Body Mass Index ( Pasay City:
HLM 2014)

Kim,Sun Y., Sun,Kye T., Ung, Lee D. Floral Arrangement ( Davao City: Avira Publishing
House, Manila 2015)
Three or More Authors

Use the first name in the List

Lee, Donggook T. [Link]. Data Management Program (Davao City: Avira Publishing
House, Manila 2015)
Ungson, Kiel P. [Link]. Word Programming (Pasay City: HLM 2014)

Journal Articles

(Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. #, no. #, Publication Date,
pp. #-#.)
Tyson, Phyllis A., and Michael G. Gordon. “The Psychology of Women.” Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, vol. 46, 1998, pp. 361-64.
Bernstein, Barton J. “Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” Diplomatic History, vol.
28, no.3, 1991, pp. 126-129.

Article

Last name, First name. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book. Edited by Editor’s First and Last
name(s), Publisher, Publication Date, pp. #-#.

45
Boquet, Edith. “Intellectual Tug -of-War: Snapshots of Life in the Center.” The St. Martin’s
Sourcebook for Writing Tutors, 3 rd edition, edited by Christina Murphy and Steve
Sherwood. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008, pp. 116-29
The use of APA or the American Psychological Association is also called the
Author Date Style. This is another way of writing the references used in the research
paper. These citations are most commonly used by students for research papers.
When the researcher would cite or use the name of the author in the paper, the
writer will write the name of the author then the date of publication in an open and close
parenthesis such as this:
Leonardo (2015) clearly discusses the effects of …..

When referring to a work in the text of the paper, place the author's last name and
the year of publication of the work in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
During the last season of the winter time some of the migrant birds has to return to
its original nesting place ( Leonardo 2015)

The reference list should include the details of the sources cited in your paper. It
starts on a separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled References.
Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper. All sources
appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname.
The reference list should be double spaced (no line spaces between references)
with hanging indents used for the second and subsequent lines of each entry. A hanging
indent is where the left line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented
(approx. 1.3 cm or five spaces). You can use your word processor to automatically format
the double-spacing and hanging indents.
Italics are the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos. Article and
chapter titles are not italicized or put in quotation marks. Volume numbers are italicized
but issue numbers are not.
Capitalization in APA style is very specific. For references, the following general
rules apply:
Book titles - capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title, and the first letter
of the first word after a colon.
e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia and

Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome.

Article, chapter or section titles - capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title,
and the first letter of the first word after a colon.
e.g. Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of
workplace adversity: A literature review.
Pronouns, acronyms and abbreviations that are normally capitalized should be
capitalized in the reference list and citations. See examples on the following pages for
each reference type.

46
 For further information, see section 4.22 of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th edition).

Example of a reference list:

References

Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the
genome. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Atkin, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf. The Hack Half
Hour. Retrieved from [Link]
Copstead, L., &Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA:
Saunders.

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G.,
...Botros, N. (2004).
Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and
are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive
traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267.
doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305
Remember that reference is acknowledging the author to support the author’s
statement as used in your study. While bibliography is the list of books, journals and
websites that has been included in your study.

What’s More

Directions: Answer the questions according to what you have understood about the
lesson.
1. What is the difference between APA and MLA referencing style?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
2. Is bibliography and referencing the same? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
3. What are the points to consider when making a title of your paper?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

What I Have Learned

1. I should always remember that in preparing a research title, it must be

47
 ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. In writing the references, I should base it on the style to be used. The formats
can be: _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

1. Visit a school library near your residence and provide sample references
based on the following formats:
a. One author
Modern Language Association (MLA)
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

American Psychological Association or the Author Data Style (APA)

________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. Two Authors
Modern Language Association (MLA)
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
American Psychological Association or the Author Data Style (APA)
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter that corresponds to your
answer on the blank.
____1. In writing a conclusion, what should be done?
A. Revisit the research questions.
B. Use complex language.
C. Add new information regarding the study.
D. Share what needs to be done in order to improve the study.

____2. It is a brief restatement of the components of the research.

A. Conclusion C. Recommendation
B. Interpretation of the study D. Summary of findings
____3. It is a suggestion given for the improvement of the research.
A. Conclusion C. Recommendation
B. Abstract D. Summary of findings

____4. Among the following information of the sources, which is NOT included in the
listing?
A. Date published C. Time written
B. Author D. Title of the journal

____5. How should the reference list be written?

A. According to the date C. Descending
 B. Alphabetical D. According to type

____6. The recommendation should be written this way EXCEPT one. Which one is it?
A. Briefly B. Logically C. Lengthily D. Concisely

____7. Which part of the research paper that list the details of the contents of the paper?

A. The abstract C. The title

B. The discussion D. The table of contents

____8. Which part of the paper that discusses what the paper is all about?
A. The title C. The introduction
B. The abstract D. The table of contents

____9. The last step in the research paper process is

A. Evaluating the process C. Writing the paper
B. Summarizing the research paper D. Identifying the problem or question

____10. Checking the content of the paper regarding the grammar used is known as
__________.
A. Listing the resources you used
B. Grammar Checking
C. Only necessary for professional writers
D. Another copy of your notes

____11. Which of the following sections is not a basic section of a quantitative research
paper?
A. Results B. Methods C. References D. Criticisms

____12. What is the purpose of the abstract?

A. Provide a clear and in depth discussion of the implications of the research
B. Discuss the motivation for the research but provide no information about the
findings
C. Provide a clear but brief summary of the research
D. Discuss why the authors think the findings are important, to convince the
readers to read the article.

____13. Which of the following is not a aim of the introduction?

A. Articulate the purpose of your research
B. Convince the readers to be interested in your research
C. Provide a detailed analysis of the findings and implications of past research
and the history of the field.
D. Situate your research in the context of current trends and past literature
____14. Due to its technicality, the most difficult part to write is frequently is which of the
following?
A. Materials B. Procedure C. Introduction D. Results

____15. In APA Style of citation, APA means:

A. American Printing Association C. American Psychological Association
B. American Publishing Association D. American Publishing Authority