Numerical Control Machines
and CAD/CAM
MFG 455m
Assoc. Prof. Mohamed Shiba
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Today Lecture
Ch 1: Introduction
✓ What Is CAD?
✓ What Is CAM?
✓ What Is CAD/CAM?
✓ The Role of The Subject In The Product Cycle
• Introduction to Machining Processes
2
What is Manufacturing?
The Process Of Converting Raw Materials, Or Parts Into
Finished Goods That Meet A Customer's Expectations Or
Specifications.
Input Manufacturing Output
Raw Materials process Product
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What is Manufacturing?
Value Addition Process
Raw material
4
5
A. Joining Process Welding
Manufacturing Processes
From Liquid
B. Same Material
ex:( Casting)
C. Subtract Material Machining
D. Additive Manufacturing
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What is machining
Tool
Chip
WP
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Components of CNC Machinery
Tool
Chip
WP
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Components of CNC Machinery
[Link]
Tool
•Function: Acts as the brain of the CNC machine, interpreting the
programmed instructions and generating control signals for other
components.
2. Servo MotorsChip
•Function: Provide precise and controlled movement to the machine’s
axes, ensuring accurate positioning of the tool or workpiece.
3. Spindle
•Function: Rotates the cutting tool at various speeds, facilitating the
material removal process in machining operations like milling or
drilling.
4. Tool Holder
•Function: Securely holds the cutting tool in place, allowing it to
WP
engage with the workpiece and perform machining operations.
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Components of CNC Machinery
5. Worktable or Bed
Tool
•Function: Provides a stable surface for holding the workpiece in
position during machining, allowing for controlled movement and
accurate cuts.
Chip
6. Guideways and Linear Bearings
•Function: Facilitate smooth and precise movement of machine
components along different axes, ensuring minimal friction and high
accuracy.
7. Coolant System
•Function: Supplies coolant (usually a mix of water and oil) to the
cutting area to dissipate heat generated during machining, extending
tool life and improving surface finish.
8. Control Panel
WP
•Function: Offers a user interface for operators to input commands,
set parameters, and monitor the machining process in real-time.
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Components of CNC Machinery
9. Tool Changer
Tool
•Function: Automatically swaps different tools based on the program’s
requirements, reducing downtime and enabling multi-tool operations.
10. Encoders and Feedback Systems
Chip
•Function: Provide real-time position feedback to the controller,
ensuring precise positioning and movement of the machine’s axes.
11. Power Supply and Electrical Components
•Function: Provide the necessary electrical power for the CNC
machine’s operation, ensuring all components function as intended.
12. Computer System
•Function: Houses the software that generates and stores CNC
programs, facilitating communication between the operator and the
machine.
WP
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Components of CNC Machinery
13. Emergency Stop System
Tool
•Function: Enables immediate cessation of machine operations in case
of safety hazards or emergencies, ensuring operator well-being.
14. Dust and Chip Collection System
Chip
•Function: Removes chips, debris, and dust generated during
machining, maintaining a clean work environment and preventing tool
damage.
WP
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C. Subtractive Process
Machining
In Machining, A Manufactured Part Is Created To Its
Desired Geometric Dimensions By The Removal Of
Excess Material From A Work Piece, Via A Force Exerted
Through A Certain Material Removal Tool.
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C. Subtractive Process
Machining
[Link] 14
Questions???! C
• Name the following machines
D
A
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Turning Milling
Drilling Shaping
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CNC Programming and
Types of Its Role in
MillingMachines
Guiding Machine Movements
CNCHorizontal
programming is the vital process of creating a set of
Vertical
instructions
millingmachinthat
e guide a CNC machine’s movements millingand
machiactions
ne
during machining operations. These instructions are meticulously
crafted to ensure precise tool paths, accurate dimensions, and desired
surface finishes in the final product. The heart of CNC programming
lies in translating a digital design into a language that the machine
comprehends, allowing it to execute the intended operations
flawlessly.
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CNC Programming and
Types of Its Role in
MillingMachines
Guiding Machine Movements
TheHorizontal
concept of CNC programming involves using a programming
Vertical
language known as G-code. G-code comprises a series of
millingmachine millingmachine
alphanumeric codes that represent various commands, such as tool
movement, spindle speed, feed rate, and tool changes. Each code
corresponds to a specific action that the CNC machine must
perform. For instance, G01 indicates a linear interpolation for
controlled movement along a straight line, while M03 commands
the spindle to start rotating clockwise.
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CNC Programming and
Types of Its Role in
MillingMachines
Guiding Machine Movements
CNC programming’s role is pivotal in manufacturing
Horizontal precision
Vertical
components. The programmer defines the sequence of operations,
millingmachine millingmachine
tool changes, and the exact path the tool must follow to shape the
workpiece. The accuracy and intricacy of the final product are
heavily reliant on the programmer’s expertise in crafting the
correct G-code instructions. CNC programming bridges the gap
between a designer’s vision and the machine’s execution, enabling
the transformation of digital designs into tangible, precisely
machined parts.
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Types of CNC Machining
Typesof Processes
MillingMachines
[Link]:
Rotate cutting tools to shape workpieces, creating complex profiles.
Horizontal
[Link]: Vertical
milling
Rotatemacthe
hineworkpiece while cutting the tool shapes milling machinparts.
cylindrical e
[Link]:
Create holes using rotating cutting tools.
[Link]:
Achieve precise surface finishes with abrasive wheels.
[Link] (Electrical Discharge Machining):
Use controlled electrical discharges to shape conductive materials.
[Link] Cutting:
Employ lasers to cut intricate shapes in various materials.
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Types of CNC Machining
Typesof Processes
MillingMachines
7. Waterjet Cutting:
Use high-pressure water mixed with abrasives to cut materials.
Horizontal
8. Plasma Cutting: Vertical
milling machiionized
Employ ne millingmaterials.
gas and electrical arc to cut conductive machine
9. Wire EDM:
Use thin electrically conductive wire to cut complex shapes.
10. 5-Axis Machining:
1. Simultaneously move tools along multiple axes for intricate
geometries.
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Types of CNC Machining
Typesof Processes
MillingMachines
These processes encompass a range of techniques, each tailored to
specific needs, enabling versatile and precise manufacturing across
Horizontal
industries Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
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Types of CNC Machining
Typesof Processes
MillingMachines
Horizontal Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
[Link]
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Typesof
MillingMachines
Horizontal Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
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Typesof
MillingMachines
Horizontal Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
[Link]
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Typesof
MillingMachines
Horizontal Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
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Differences Between TypesofHorizontal
MillingMachines
and Vertical Milling Machine.
Horizontal Vertical
millingmachine millingmachine
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MILLING MACHINE
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Types of Cutting Tools on the
Vertical Milling Machine
End Mill
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CUTTING TOOL
HOLDERS
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Workpiece clamping on milling machines
1- Bolting to the machine table
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Workpiece clamping on milling machines
2- Using Vises: which is mounted on the machine table
Plain Vise Swivel Vise
Universal Vise 32
Milling Operations
Pocket milling
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Profile milling
Milling
Parameters
S: Spindle Speed (RPM)
a: Depth of Cut (mm)
F: Feed Rate (mm/min)
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• Drilling
Drilling Operations
[Link] 35
Drilling Operations:
1- Drilling:
A drill bit enters the workpiece axially and cuts a
blind hole or a through hole with a diameter
equal to the tool diameter.
Twist Drill 36
III- Drilling tools (bits):
B. Twist drill geometry:
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III. Drilling tools (bits):
1 The body: consisting of multi spiral grooves
(flutes).
2 The shank: a straight or tapered section where the
drill is clamped
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III- Drilling tools (bits):
➢ 3- Cutting angles:
b) The Point angle
It is the angle between the cutting edges. It is generally 118 degree. Its
value depends upon the hardness of the work piece to be drilled. For
harder material, larger angles are used.
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VI- Drilling Operations:
2- Reaming:
A reamer is a multi-point tool that has
many flutes, which may be straight or
in a helix.
•A reamer enters the workpiece
axially and enlarges an existing hole to
the diameter of the tool.
•Reaming removes a minimal amount of
material and is often performed after
drilling to obtain
- Accurate diameter.
- A smooth internal finish. 40
VI- Drilling Operations:
3- Tapping:
• A tap enters the workpiece axially and cuts internal
threads into a predrilled hole.
• The tap is selected based on the major diameter
and pitch of the threaded hole.
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VI- Drilling Operations:
4- Boring:
• A boring tool enters the workpiece
axially and cuts along the internal surface
of an existing hole to enlarge the
diameter or obtain more precise
dimensions.
• The boring tool is a single-point cutting
tool, which can be set to cut the desired
diameter by using an adjustable boring head.
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VI- Drilling Operations:
5- Counter-boring:
• A counter-bore tool enters the workpiece
axially and enlarges the top portion of an
existing hole to the diameter of the tool
(cylindrically – shaped) .
• It is performed to provide space for the head
of a fastener, such as a bolt, to sit flush with
the workpiece surface.
• The counter-boring tool has a pilot on the end
to guide it straight into the existing hole.
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VI- Drilling Operations:
6- Counter-sinking:
• A countersink tool enters the workpiece
axially and enlarges the top portion of an
existing hole to a cone-shaped opening.
• Countersinking is often performed after
drilling to provide space for the head of a
fastener, such as conical head screws, to sit
flush with the workpiece surface.
• The common angles for countersink are
60, 82, 90, 100, 118, and 120 degrees.
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[Link]
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Lab #1
(Introduction to Milling Machine)
• Explain the Different cutting tools used with the machine
• Explain The differences between the twist drill and the end mill.
• Explain the different methods to hold The work piece and cutting
tools.
• Recognize the motion direction of the cutting parameters ( feed,
speed, and depth of cut).
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1. CAD/CAM is the relationship between
A. science and engineering
B. manufacturing and marketing
C- design and manufacturing
D. design and marketing
2. Which two disciplines are tied by a common database?
A. documentation and geometric modeling
B- CAD and CAM
C. drafting and documentation
D. none of the mentioned
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3. Which of the following is not the advantage of CNC machines?
A. Higher flexibility
B. Improved quality
C. Reduced scrap rate
D- Improved strength of the components
4. Point-to-point systems are used for
A- reaming
B. parting
C. grooving
D. facing
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Faculty of
Engineering
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