West Bengal State University

Department of Computer Science

Assignment
Subject: Object Oriented Programming
Course Code: CMSPCOR06T

Name: Sayan Dutta

Semester: II
Session: 2024–2026

Submitted to:
Dr. Krishnendu Basuli
Department of Computer Science
West Bengal State University
Contents
1 Shipping database using multilevel inheritance 7
1.1 Java Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Program Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Shape Area Calculation: Polymorphism & Inheritance 14

2.1 Java Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Program Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Hospital management using multilevel inheritance 20

3.1 Java Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Program Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Library management using multilevel inheritance 27

4.1 Java Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Program Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5 Railway management using multilevel inheritance 35

5.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Program Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6 Stack 39
6.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7 Queue 45
7.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

8 University admission system using packages 50

8.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8.2 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8.2.1 com/University/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8.2.2 com/Unversity/admission/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.2.3 com/Unversity/applicants/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.2.4 com/Unversity/courses/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

9 Stack using a package and interface 57

9.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.2 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.2.1 [Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.2.2 StackPackage/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.2.3 StackPackage/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

1
10 Package and interface with inheritance 63
10.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10.2 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10.2.1 [Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10.2.2 animalKingdom/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
10.2.3 animalKingdom/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.2.4 animalKingdom/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.2.5 animalKingdom/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.2.6 animalKingdom/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

11 Create your own exception 70

11.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

12 Nested try-catch 72
12.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
12.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

13 Create multiple threads 74

13.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
13.2 Program input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
13.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

14 Demonstrate priority assignment to multiple threads 75

14.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
14.2 Program input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
14.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

15 Producer–consumer via inter-thread communication 77

15.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

16 Banker’s algorithm 79
16.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
16.2 Program input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

17 Count vowels in a 2–3 line text 82

17.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
17.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

18 Copy contents of [Link] to [Link] 84

18.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
18.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

2
19 Applet program 1 86
19.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
19.2 HTML implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
19.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

20 Native Method 88
20.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.2 Java implementaion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.2.1 NativeMethod/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.3 C implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.3.1 NativeMethod/NativeExample.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.4 Native Method Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
20.5 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

21 Implement any five functions of String 90

21.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
21.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

22 Demonstrate InetAddress 93
22.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
22.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

23 Demonstrate getPort() 95
23.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
23.2 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
23.2.1 portDemo/networking/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
23.2.2 portDemo/networking/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
23.3 Socket Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
23.3.1 Server Terminal Output (Before Client Connects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
23.3.2 Client Terminal Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
23.3.3 Updated Server Terminal Output (After Client Connects) . . . . . . . . . . 96

24 Demonstrate URL 97
24.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
24.2 Program input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
24.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

25 Demonstrate Datagram 98
25.1 File directory structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
25.2 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
25.2.1 Datagram/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
25.2.2 Datagram/[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
25.3 UDP Socket Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
25.3.1 Server Terminal Output (Before Client Connects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
25.3.2 Client Terminal Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
25.3.3 Server Terminal Output (After Client Sends Message) . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

3
26 Keyboard event listener 101
26.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
26.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

27 Mouse event listener 103

27.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
27.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

28 Applet programme 2 106

28.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
28.2 HTML implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
28.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

29 Applet programme 3 108

29.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
29.2 HTML implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
29.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

30 Applet programme 4 110

30.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
30.2 HTML implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
30.3 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

31 Bouncing balls 113

31.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
31.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

32 Digital clock 116

32.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
32.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

33 Analog clock 118

33.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
33.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

34 India’s Flag 122

34.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
34.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

35 Ashok Chakra 125

35.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

36 Concentric circles 127

36.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
36.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

4
37 Shapes 129
37.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
37.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

38 Text fonts 131

38.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
38.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

39 Positioned Text 132

39.1 Java implememtation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
39.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

40 Demonstrate labels 133

40.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
40.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

41 Demonstrate buttons 135

41.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
41.2 Program output: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

42 Checkbox 136
42.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
42.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

43 Checkbox group 138

43.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
43.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

44 List 140
44.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
44.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

45 Scroll bar 142

45.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
45.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

46 Calculator 144
46.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
46.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

47 Menu bar 147

47.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
47.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

48 Image display 150

48.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
48.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5
49 Sound effect 152
49.1 Java implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
49.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

50 Multiple exception 154

50.1 Java Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
50.2 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
50.2.1 Output 1: ArithmeticException (Division by zero) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
50.2.2 Output 2: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
50.2.3 Output 3: NumberFormatException . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

6
1 Shipping database using multilevel inheritance
Write a program in Java for a shipping database using multilevel inheritance with at least 3 classes.
All classes must have two member variables and two member methods.

1.1 Java Implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;
import java . util . ArrayList ;

class shipment {
protected String shipmentId ;
protected String destination ;

public shipment ( String shipmentId , String destination ) {

this . shipmentId = shipmentId ;
this . destination = destination ;
}

public void trackShipment () {

System . out . println ( " Tracking shipment ID : " + shipmentId + "
heading to " + destination ) ;
}

public void up dateDe stina tion ( String newDestination ) {

this . destination = newDestination ;
System . out . println ( " Destination updated for shipment " +
shipmentId ) ;
}
}
class cargo extends shipment {
protected double cargoWeight ;
protected String cargoType ;

public cargo ( String shipmentId , String destination , double cargoWeight

, String cargoType ) {
super ( shipmentId , destination ) ;
this . cargoWeight = cargoWeight ;
this . cargoType = cargoType ;
}

public double c a l c u l a t e S h i p p i n g C o s t () {
return cargoWeight * 2.5;
}

public void displayCargoInfo () {

System . out . println ( " Cargo Type : " + cargoType + " , Weight : " +
cargoWeight + " kg " ) ;
}

7
 public void updateCargoType ( String newType ) {
this . cargoType = newType ;
}

public void up dateCa rgoWe ight ( double newWeight ) {

this . cargoWeight = newWeight ;
}
}
class container extends cargo {
private String containerNumber ;
private String containerSize ;

public container ( String shipmentId , String destination , double

cargoWeight , String cargoType ,
String containerNumber , String containerSize ) {
super ( shipmentId , destination , cargoWeight , cargoType ) ;
this . containerNumber = containerNumber ;
this . containerSize = containerSize ;
}

public void assignContainer ( String number , String size ) {

this . containerNumber = number ;
this . containerSize = size ;
}

public void d i s p l a y C o n t a i n e r D e t a i l s () {
System . out . println ( " Container : " + containerNumber + " ( " +
containerSize + " ) " ) ;
}

public String ge tCo nt ai ne rN um be r () {

return containerNumber ;
}

public String getContainerSize () {

return containerSize ;
}
}
public class ShippingDatabase {
private static final ArrayList < container > shipments = new ArrayList
< >() ;
private static final Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

boolean running = true ;

while ( running ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ===== Shipping Database Menu ===== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Add New Shipment " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. View All Shipments " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Update destination " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Update cargo details " ) ;

8
 System . out . println ( " 5. Update container details " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice (1 -6) : " ) ;

int choice = getIntInput (6) ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> addNewShipment () ;
case 2 -> viewAllShipments () ;
case 3 -> u p d a t e S h i p m e n t D e s t i n a t i o n () ;
case 4 -> up da teC ar go De ta il s () ;
case 5 -> u p d a t e C o n t a i n e r D e t a i l s () ;
case 6 -> running = confirmExit () ;
}
}
System . out . println ( " Program exited . Thank you ! " ) ;
sc . close () ;
}

private static void addNewShipment () {

System . out . println ( " \ n === Enter New Shipment Details === " ) ;

String shipmentId ;
while ( true ) {
System . out . print ( " Shipment ID : " ) ;
shipmentId = sc . nextLine () . trim () ;

if ( shipmentId . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Shipment ID cannot be empty ! " ) ;
continue ;
}

if ( i sS hi pm en tI dE xi st s ( shipmentId ) ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Shipment ID already exists ! " ) ;
} else {
break ;
}
}
System . out . print ( " Destination : " ) ;
String destination = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Cargo Weight ( kg ) : " ) ;

double cargoWeight = getDoubleInput () ;

System . out . print ( " Cargo Type : " ) ;

String cargoType = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Container Number : " ) ;

String containerNumber = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Container Size : " ) ;

String containerSize = sc . nextLine () ;

9
 container newContainer = new container ( shipmentId , destination ,
cargoWeight ,
cargoType , containerNumber , containerSize ) ;
shipments . add ( newContainer ) ;

System . out . println ( " \ nShipment added successfully ! " ) ;

}

private static boolean is Sh ip me nt Id Ex is ts ( String id ) {

for ( container container : shipments ) {
if ( container . shipmentId . equalsIgnoreCase ( id ) ) {
return true ;
}
}
return false ;
}

private static void viewAllShipments () {

if ( shipments . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo shipments found ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === All Shipments === " ) ;

for ( int i = 0; i < shipments . size () ; i ++) {
System . out . println ( " \ nShipment # " + ( i +1) ) ;
container container = shipments . get ( i ) ;
container . trackShipment () ;
container . displayCargoInfo () ;
System . out . printf ( " Shipping Cost : $ %.2 f % n " , container .
c a l c u l a t e S h i p p i n g C o s t () ) ;
container . d i s p l a y C o n t a i n e r D e t a i l s () ;
System . out . println ( " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " ) ;
}
}

private static void u p d a t e S h i p m e n t D e s t i n a t i o n () {

if ( shipments . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo shipments available to update ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Update Destination === " ) ;

v i e w A l l S h i p m e n t s B r i e f () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter shipment number to update : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput ( shipments . size () ) - 1;

System . out . print ( " Enter new destination : " ) ;

String newDest = sc . nextLine () ;

shipments . get ( index ) . upda teDest inatio n ( newDest ) ;

System . out . println ( " Destination updated successfully ! " ) ;
}

10
private static void up da te Ca rg oD et ai ls () {
if ( shipments . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo shipments available to update ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Update Cargo Details === " ) ;
v i e w A l l S h i p m e n t s B r i e f () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter shipment number to update : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput ( shipments . size () ) - 1;

System . out . print ( " Enter new cargo weight ( kg ) : " ) ;

double newWeight = getDoubleInput () ;
sc . nextLine () ; // Clear buffer

System . out . print ( " Enter new cargo type : " ) ;

String newType = sc . nextLine () ;

container container = shipments . get ( index ) ;

container . updat eCargo Weigh t ( newWeight ) ;
container . updateCargoType ( newType ) ;
System . out . println ( " Cargo details updated successfully ! " ) ;
}

private static void u p d a t e C o n t a i n e r D e t a i l s () {

if ( shipments . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo shipments available to update ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Update Container Details === " ) ;
v i e w A l l S h i p m e n t s B r i e f () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter shipment number to update : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput ( shipments . size () ) - 1;

System . out . print ( " Enter new container number : " ) ;

String newNumber = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Enter new container size : " ) ;

String newSize = sc . nextLine () ;

shipments . get ( index ) . assignContainer ( newNumber , newSize ) ;

System . out . println ( " Container details updated successfully ! " ) ;
}

private static boolean confirmExit () {

System . out . print ( " \ nAre you sure you want to exit ? ( yes / no ) : " ) ;
String answer = sc . nextLine () ;
return answer . equalsIgnoreCase ( " yes " ) ;
}

private static int getIntInput ( int max ) {

while ( true ) {

11
 try {
int input = Integer . parseInt ( sc . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= 1 && input <= max ) return input ;
System . out . printf ( " Please enter a number between % d and % d
: " , 1 , max ) ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Please enter a number : " )
;
}
}
}

private static double getDoubleInput () {

while ( true ) {
try {
return Double . parseDouble ( sc . nextLine () ) ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Please enter a number : " )
;
}
}
}

private static void v i e w A l l S h i p m e n t s B r i e f () {

for ( int i = 0; i < shipments . size () ; i ++) {
container c = shipments . get ( i ) ;
System . out . println ( " Shipment # " + ( i +1) +
" - ID : " + c . shipmentId +
" | Container : " + c . g et Co nta in er Nu mb er () +
" ( " + c . getContainerSize () + " ) " ) ;
}
}
}

1.2 Program Output

===== Shipping Database Menu =====

1. Add New Shipment
2. View All Shipments
3. Update destination
4. Update cargo details
5. Update container details
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 1
=== Enter New Shipment Details ===
Shipment ID: SHP-001
Destination: New York
Cargo Weight (kg): 1500
Cargo Type: Electronics
Container Number: CNTR-001
Container Size: 40ft

12
Shipment added successfully!
===== Shipping Database Menu =====
1. Add New Shipment
2. View All Shipments
3. Update destination
4. Update cargo details
5. Update container details
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 2
=== All Shipments ===
Shipment #1
Tracking shipment ID: SHP-001 heading to New York
Cargo Type: Electronics, Weight: 1500.0 kg
Shipping Cost: \$3750.00
Container: CNTR-001 (40ft)
----------------------
===== Shipping Database Menu =====
1. Add New Shipment
2. View All Shipments
3. Update destination
4. Update cargo details
5. Update container details
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 3
=== Update Destination ===
Shipment #1 - ID: SHP-001 | Container: CNTR-001 (40ft)
Enter shipment number to update: 1
Enter new destination: Chicago
Destination updated for shipment SHP-001
Destination updated successfully!
===== Shipping Database Menu =====
1. Add New Shipment
2. View All Shipments
3. Update destination
4. Update cargo details
5. Update container details
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 6
Are you sure you want to exit? (yes/no): yes
Program exited. Thank you!

13
2 Shape Area Calculation: Polymorphism & Inheritance
Write a program in Java to calculate the area of different shapes using polymorphism and inheritance.

2.1 Java Implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

abstract class Shape {

public abstract double calculateArea () ;

public void displayArea () {

System . out . printf ( " Area : %.2 f \ n " , calculateArea () ) ;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
private final double radius ;

public Circle ( double radius ) {

this . radius = radius ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return Math . PI * radius * radius ;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
private final double length ;
private final double width ;

public Rectangle ( double length , double width ) {

this . length = length ;
this . width = width ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return length * width ;
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
private final double base ;
private final double height ;

public Triangle ( double base , double height ) {

this . base = base ;
this . height = height ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return ( base * height ) / 2;

14
 }
}
class Rhombus extends Shape {
private final double diagonal1 ;
private final double diagonal2 ;

public Rhombus ( double diagonal1 , double diagonal2 ) {

this . diagonal1 = diagonal1 ;
this . diagonal2 = diagonal2 ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return ( diagonal1 * diagonal2 ) / 2;
}
}
class Parallelogram extends Shape {
private final double base ;
private final double height ;

public Parallelogram ( double base , double height ) {

this . base = base ;
this . height = height ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return base * height ;
}
}
class Trapezium extends Shape {
private final double base1 ;
private final double base2 ;
private final double height ;

public Trapezium ( double base1 , double base2 , double height ) {

this . base1 = base1 ;
this . base2 = base2 ;
this . height = height ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return (( base1 + base2 ) / 2) * height ;
}
}
class E q u il a t er a l Tr i a ng l e extends Shape {
private final double side ;

public E qu i l at e r al T r ia n g le ( double side ) {

this . side = side ;
}

@Override

15
 public double calculateArea () {
return ( Math . sqrt (3) / 4) * side * side ;
}
}
class Sector extends Shape {
private final double radius ;
private final double angle ; // in degrees

public Sector ( double radius , double angle ) {

this . radius = radius ;
this . angle = angle ;
}

@Override
public double calculateArea () {
return ( Math . PI * radius * radius ) * ( angle / 360) ;
}
}

public class S ha p e Ar e a Ca l c ul a t or {
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
int choice ;

do {
System . out . println ( " \ nShape Area Calculator " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Circle " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Rectangle " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Triangle " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Rhombus " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Parallelogram " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Trapezium " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 7. Equilateral Triangle " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 8. Sector " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 9. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice : " ) ;

choice = scanner . nextInt () ;

Shape shape = null ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter radius : " ) ;
shape = new Circle ( scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 2 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter length : " ) ;
double length = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter width : " ) ;
shape = new Rectangle ( length , scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 3 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter base : " ) ;
double base = scanner . nextDouble () ;

16
 System . out . print ( " Enter height : " ) ;
shape = new Triangle ( base , scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 4 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter first diagonal : " ) ;
double d1 = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter second diagonal : " ) ;
shape = new Rhombus ( d1 , scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 5 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter base : " ) ;
double pBase = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter height : " ) ;
shape = new Parallelogram ( pBase , scanner . nextDouble () )
;
}
case 6 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter first base : " ) ;
double b1 = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter second base : " ) ;
double b2 = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter height : " ) ;
shape = new Trapezium ( b1 , b2 , scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 7 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter side length : " ) ;
shape = new E q u il a t er a l Tr i a n gl e ( scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 8 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter radius : " ) ;
double radius = scanner . nextDouble () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter angle ( degrees ) : " ) ;
shape = new Sector ( radius , scanner . nextDouble () ) ;
}
case 9 -> System . out . println ( " Exiting program ... " ) ;
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! Please try
again . " ) ;
}

if ( shape != null ) {
shape . displayArea () ;
}

} while ( choice != 9) ;

scanner . close () ;
}
}

17
2.2 Program Output

Shape Area Calculator

1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter radius: 5
Area: 78.54
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter length: 8
Enter width: 4.5
Area: 36.00
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter base: 10
Enter height: 6
Area: 30.00
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 6
Enter first base: 5

18
Enter second base: 7
Enter height: 4
Area: 24.00
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 7
Enter side length: 6
Area: 15.59
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 8
Enter radius: 10
Enter angle (degrees): 60
Area: 52.36
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 12
Invalid choice! Please try again.
Shape Area Calculator
1. Circle
2. Rectangle
3. Triangle
4. Rhombus
5. Parallelogram
6. Trapezium
7. Equilateral Triangle
8. Sector
9. Exit
Enter your choice: 9
Exiting program...

19
3 Hospital management using multilevel inheritance
Write a program in Java for Hospital management using Multilevel inheritance with at least 3
classes all classes must have two-member variable and two -member method.

3.1 Java Implementation

import java . util . ArrayList ;
import java . util . Scanner ;
import java . time . LocalDate ;
import java . time . format . Da teTim eForma tter ;
import java . time . format . D a t e T i m e P a r s e E x c e p t i o n ;

class Person {
protected String name ;
protected int age ;

public Person ( String name , int age ) {

this . name = name ;
this . age = age ;
}

public void displayDetails () {

System . out . println ( " Name : " + name + " , Age : " + age ) ;
}
}

class Patient extends Person {

protected String diagnosis ;
protected String attendingDoctor ;

public Patient ( String name , int age , String diagnosis , String

attendingDoctor ) {
super ( name , age ) ;
this . diagnosis = diagnosis ;
this . attendingDoctor = attendingDoctor ;
}

public void updateDiagnosis ( String newDiagnosis ) {

this . diagnosis = newDiagnosis ;
System . out . println ( " Diagnosis updated for " + name ) ;
}

public void d i s p l a y M e d i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n () {
System . out . println ( " Diagnosis : " + diagnosis + " , Doctor : " +
attendingDoctor ) ;
}
}

class InPatient extends Patient {

private final String admissionDate ;
private int roomNumber ;

20
 public InPatient ( String name , int age , String diagnosis , String
attendingDoctor ,
String admissionDate , int roomNumber ) {
super ( name , age , diagnosis , attendingDoctor ) ;
this . admissionDate = admissionDate ;
this . roomNumber = roomNumber ;
}

public void assignRoom ( int newRoom ) {

this . roomNumber = newRoom ;
System . out . println ( " Room assigned for " + name ) ;
}

public void d i s p l a y A d m i s s i o n D e t a i l s () {
System . out . println ( " Admission Date : " + admissionDate + " , Room : "
+ roomNumber ) ;
}
}

public class Ho spi ta lM an ag em en t {

private static final ArrayList < InPatient > patients = new ArrayList < >()
;
private static final Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

boolean running = true ;

while ( running ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ===== Hospital Management System ===== " )
;
System . out . println ( " 1. Admit New Patient " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. View All Patients " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Update Diagnosis " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Assign New Room " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Discharge Patient " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice (1 -6) : " ) ;

int choice = getIntInput (1 , 6) ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> admitPatient () ;
case 2 -> viewAllPatients () ;
case 3 -> updateDiagnosis () ;
case 4 -> assignNewRoom () ;
case 5 -> dischargePatient () ;
case 6 -> running = confirmExit () ;
}
}
System . out . println ( " Program exited . Thank you ! " ) ;
sc . close () ;
}

21
private static void admitPatient () {
System . out . println ( " \ n === New Patient Admission === " ) ;

System . out . print ( " Patient Name : " ) ;

String name = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Age : " ) ;

int age = getIntInput (0 , 120) ;

System . out . print ( " Diagnosis : " ) ;

String diagnosis = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Attending Doctor ( Dr .) : " ) ;

String doctor = sc . nextLine () ;

System . out . print ( " Admission Date ( DD / MM / YYYY ) : " ) ;

String date = getValidDate () ;

System . out . print ( " Room Number : " ) ;

int room = getIntInput (1 , 1000) ;

patients . add ( new InPatient ( name , age , diagnosis , doctor , date ,

room ) ) ;
System . out . println ( " Patient admitted successfully ! " ) ;
}

private static void viewAllPatients () {

if ( patients . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo patients in records ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Patient Records === " ) ;

for ( int i = 0; i < patients . size () ; i ++) {
System . out . println ( " \ nPatient # " + ( i +1) ) ;
InPatient patient = patients . get ( i ) ;
patient . displayDetails () ;
patient . d i s p l a y M e d i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n () ;
patient . d i s p l a y A d m i s s i o n D e t a i l s () ;
System . out . println ( " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " ) ;
}
}

private static void updateDiagnosis () {

if ( patients . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo patients available ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Update Diagnosis === " ) ;

viewBriefList () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter patient number to update : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , patients . size () ) - 1;

22
 System . out . print ( " Enter new diagnosis : " ) ;
String newDiagnosis = sc . nextLine () ;

patients . get ( index ) . updateDiagnosis ( newDiagnosis ) ;

}

private static void assignNewRoom () {

if ( patients . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo patients available ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Assign New Room === " ) ;
viewBriefList () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter patient number to update : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , patients . size () ) - 1;

System . out . print ( " Enter new room number : " ) ;

int newRoom = getIntInput (1 , 1000) ;

patients . get ( index ) . assignRoom ( newRoom ) ;

}

private static void dischargePatient () {

if ( patients . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo patients available ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Discharge Patient === " ) ;

viewBriefList () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter patient number to discharge : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , patients . size () ) - 1;

InPatient disch argedP atien t = patients . remove ( index ) ;

System . out . println ( " \ nPatient " + d ischar gedPa tient . name + "
discharged successfully ! " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Discharge Summary : " ) ;
dis charge dPatie nt . displayDetails () ;
dis charge dPatie nt . d i s p l a y M e d i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n () ;
dis charge dPatie nt . d i s p l a y A d m i s s i o n D e t a i l s () ;
}

private static boolean confirmExit () {

System . out . print ( " \ nAre you sure you want to exit ? ( yes / no ) : " ) ;
return ! sc . nextLine () . equalsIgnoreCase ( " yes " ) ;
}
private static int getIntInput ( int min , int max ) {
while ( true ) {
try {
int input = Integer . parseInt ( sc . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= min && input <= max ) return input ;

23
 System . out . printf ( " Please enter between %d -% d : " , min , max
);
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Enter a number : " ) ;
}
}
}
private static void viewBriefList () {
for ( int i = 0; i < patients . size () ; i ++) {
System . out . println ( " Patient # " + ( i +1) + " : " + patients . get ( i
) . name ) ;
}
}
private static String getValidDate () {
Dat eTimeF ormatt er formatter = Da teTime Forma tter . ofPattern ( " dd / MM /
yyyy " ) ;
while ( true ) {
try {
String dateInput = sc . nextLine () ;
LocalDate . parse ( dateInput , formatter ) ;
return dateInput ;
} catch ( D a t e T i m e P a r s e E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Invalid date format ! Please use DD / MM /
YYYY format . " ) ;
}
}
}
}

3.2 Program Output

===== Hospital Management System =====

1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 1
=== New Patient Admission ===
Patient Name: John Doe
Age: 45
Diagnosis: Pneumonia
Attending Doctor (Dr.): Smith
Admission Date (DD/MM/YYYY): 15/05/2024
Room Number: 205
Patient admitted successfully!
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room

24
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 1
=== New Patient Admission ===
Patient Name: Jane Smith
Age: 32
Diagnosis: Fractured Arm
Attending Doctor (Dr.): Johnson
Admission Date (DD/MM/YYYY): 16/05/2024
Room Number: 312
Patient admitted successfully!
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 2
=== Patient Records ===
Patient #1
Name: John Doe, Age: 45
Diagnosis: Pneumonia, Doctor: Smith
Admission Date: 15/05/2024, Room: 205
----------------------
Patient #2
Name: Jane Smith, Age: 32
Diagnosis: Fractured Arm, Doctor: Johnson
Admission Date: 16/05/2024, Room: 312
----------------------
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 3
=== Update Diagnosis ===
Patient #1: John Doe
Patient #2: Jane Smith
Enter patient number to update: 1
Enter new diagnosis: Severe Bronchitis
Diagnosis updated for John Doe
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit

25
Enter your choice (1-6): 4
=== Assign New Room ===
Patient #1: John Doe
Patient #2: Jane Smith
Enter patient number to update: 2
Enter new room number: 410
Room assigned for Jane Smith
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 5
=== Discharge Patient ===
Patient #1: John Doe
Patient #2: Jane Smith
Enter patient number to discharge: 1
Patient John Doe discharged successfully!
Discharge Summary:
Name: John Doe, Age: 45
Diagnosis: Severe Bronchitis, Doctor: Smith
Admission Date: 15/05/2024, Room: 205
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 2
=== Patient Records ===
Patient #1
Name: Jane Smith, Age: 32
Diagnosis: Fractured Arm, Doctor: Johnson
Admission Date: 16/05/2024, Room: 410
----------------------
===== Hospital Management System =====
1. Admit New Patient
2. View All Patients
3. Update Diagnosis
4. Assign New Room
5. Discharge Patient
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 6
Are you sure you want to exit? (yes/no): yes
Program exited. Thank you!

26
4 Library management using multilevel inheritance
Write a program in Java for Library management using Multilevel inheritance with at least 3 classes
all classes must have two-member variable and two -member method.

4.1 Java Implementation

import java . util . ArrayList ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

class LibraryItem {
protected String title ;
protected boolean isAvailable ;

public LibraryItem ( String title ) {

this . title = title ;
this . isAvailable = true ;
}

public void checkOut () {

if ( isAvailable ) {
isAvailable = false ;
System . out . println ( title + " checked out successfully " ) ;
} else {
System . out . println ( title + " is already checked out " ) ;
}
}

public void returnItem () {

if (! isAvailable ) {
isAvailable = true ;
System . out . println ( title + " returned successfully " ) ;
}
else {
System . out . println ( title + " was not checked out " ) ;
}
}
}

class Book extends LibraryItem {

protected String author ;
public Book ( String title , String author ) {
super ( title ) ;
this . author = author ;
}
public void displayInfo () {
System . out . println ( title ) ;
System . out . println ( " Author : " + author ) ;
}
}

class C o m pu t e rS c i en c e Bo o k extends Book {

private final String specialization ;

27
 private final int edition ;
private final String isbn ;
public C om p u te r S ci e n ce B o ok ( String title , String author , String isbn ,
String specialization , int edition ) {
super ( title , author ) ;
this . specialization = specialization ;
this . edition = edition ;
this . isbn = isbn ;
}
@Override
public void displayInfo () {
super . displayInfo () ;
System . out . println ( " Specialization : " + specialization ) ;
System . out . println ( " Edition : " + edition ) ;
System . out . println ( " ISBN : " + isbn ) ;
}
}

public class L i b r a r y M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m {
private static final ArrayList < LibraryItem > library = new ArrayList
< >() ;
private static final Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Hands - On Machine Learning with Scikit - Learn , Keras , and
TensorFlow : Concepts , Tools , and Techniques to Build
Intelligent Systems , Third Edition " ,
" Aur é lien G é ron " ,
" 1098125975 " ,
" Machine Learning " ,
3
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Data Science From Scratch " ,
" Joel Grus " ,
" 1492041130 " ,
" Data Science " ,
2
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Python Data Science Handbook " ,
" Jake VanderPlas " ,
" 1098121228 " ,
" Data Science " ,
2
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" SQL , PL / SQL , The programming language of Oracle " ,
" Ivan Bayross " ,

28
 " 8176560724 " ,
" Databases " ,
1
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Digital Image Processing " ,
" Rafael C . Gonzalez , Richard E . Woods " ,
" 9353062983 " ,
" Image Processing " ,
4
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Let Us C " ,
" Yashavant Kanetkar " ,
" 8183331637 " ,
" Programming " ,
16
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Data Structures using C " ,
" Reema Thareja " ,
" 0198099304 " ,
" Data Structures " ,
2
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Computer Organization and Architecture " ,
" William Stallings " ,
" 1292096853 " ,
" Computer Architecture " ,
10
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata " ,
" Peter Linz " ,
" 1284077241 " ,
" Formal Languages " ,
6
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Operating System Concepts " ,
" Abraham Silberschatz , Peter B . Galvin , Greg Gagne " ,
" 1119800366 " ,
" Operating Systems " ,
10
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

29
 " Data Communication and Networking " ,
" Behrouz A . Forouzan " ,
" 0073376221 " ,
" Networking " ,
5
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Discrete Mathematics " ,
" Kenneth H . Rosen " ,
" 125967651 X " ,
" Mathematics " ,
7
));

library . add ( new C om p u t er S c ie n c eB o o k (

" Java : The Complete Reference " ,
" Herbert Schildt " ,
" 1260440230 " ,
" Programming " ,
11
));

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ===== Computer Science Library ===== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Show All Books " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Check Out Book " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Return Book " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter choice (1 -4) : " ) ;

int choice = getIntInput (1 , 4) ;

System . out . println () ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> displayBooks () ;
case 2 -> checkOutBook () ;
case 3 -> returnBook () ;
case 4 -> {
System . out . println ( " Exiting Program .... " ) ;
scanner . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
}
}
}

private static void displayBooks () {

System . out . println ( " \ nAvailable Computer Science Books :\ n " ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < library . size () ; i ++) {
LibraryItem item = library . get ( i ) ;
System . out . print (( i +1) + " . " ) ;

30
 if ( item instanceof C om p u te r S ci e n c eB o o k csb ) {
csb . displayInfo () ;
System . out . println ( " Status : " + ( csb . isAvailable ? "
Available " : " Checked Out " ) ) ;
}
System . out . println ( " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " ) ;
}
}

private static void checkOutBook () {

v i ew A l lB o o ks I n Br i e f () ;
System . out . print ( " \ nEnter book number to check out : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , library . size () ) - 1;
library . get ( index ) . checkOut () ;
}

private static void returnBook () {

v i ew A l lB o o ks I n Br i e f () ;
System . out . print ( " \ nEnter book number to return : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , library . size () ) - 1;
LibraryItem item = library . get ( index ) ;

if (! item . isAvailable ) { // Additional check in UI

item . returnItem () ;
} else {
System . out . println ( " This book wasn ’t checked out ! " ) ;
}
}

private static int getIntInput ( int min , int max ) {

while ( true ) {
try {
int input = Integer . parseInt ( scanner . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= min && input <= max ) return input ;
System . out . printf ( " Please enter between %d -% d : " , min , max
);
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Enter a number : " ) ;
}
}
}

private static void v i ew A l lB o o ks I n Br i e f () {

for ( int i = 0; i < library . size () ; i ++) {
LibraryItem item = library . get ( i ) ;
String status = item . isAvailable ? " Available " : " Unavailable "
;
System . out . println (( i +1) + " . " + item . title + " \ n Status : "
+ status ) ;
}
}
}

31
4.2 Program Output

===== Computer Science Library =====

1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 1
Available Computer Science Books:
1. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
Author: Aurélien Géron
Specialization: Machine Learning
Edition: 3
ISBN: 1098125975
Status: Available
----------------------
2. Data Science From Scratch
Author: Joel Grus
Specialization: Data Science
Edition: 2
ISBN: 1492041130
Status: Available
----------------------
3. Python Data Science Handbook
Author: Jake VanderPlas
Specialization: Data Science
Edition: 2
ISBN: 1098121228
Status: Available
----------------------
... [Additional books displayed] ...
13. Java: The Complete Reference
Author: Herbert Schildt
Specialization: Programming
Edition: 11
ISBN: 1260440230
Status: Available
----------------------
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 2
1. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
Status: Available
2. Data Science From Scratch
Status: Available
3. Python Data Science Handbook
Status: Available
... [Additional books listed] ...
13. Java: The Complete Reference

32
 Status: Available
Enter book number to check out: 1
Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts,
Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition checked out
successfully
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 1
Available Computer Science Books:
1. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
Author: Aurélien Géron
Specialization: Machine Learning
Edition: 3
ISBN: 1098125975
Status: Checked Out
----------------------
2. Data Science From Scratch
Author: Joel Grus
Specialization: Data Science
Edition: 2
ISBN: 1492041130
Status: Available
----------------------
... [Additional books displayed] ...
13. Java: The Complete Reference
Author: Herbert Schildt
Specialization: Programming
Edition: 11
ISBN: 1260440230
Status: Available
----------------------
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 3
1. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
Status: Checked Out
2. Data Science From Scratch
Status: Available
3. Python Data Science Handbook
Status: Available
... [Additional books listed] ...
13. Java: The Complete Reference
Status: Available
Enter book number to return: 1

33
Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 2
1. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow:
Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Third Edition
Status: Available
2. Data Science From Scratch
Status: Available
... [Additional books listed] ...
Enter book number to check out: 13
Java: The Complete Reference checked out successfully
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 3
Enter book number to return: 2
Data Science From Scratch was not checked out
===== Computer Science Library =====
1. Show All Books
2. Check Out Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 4
Exiting Program....

34
5 Railway management using multilevel inheritance
Write a program in Java for Railway management using Multilevel inheritance with at least 3 classes
all classes must have two-member variable and two -member method.

5.1 Java implementation

import java . util . ArrayList ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

class RailwayEntity {
protected String name ;
protected String code ;

public RailwayEntity ( String name , String code ) {

this . name = name ;
this . code = code ;
}

public void displayInfo () {

System . out . println ( " Entity : " + name + " ( Code : " + code + " ) " ) ;
}

class Train extends RailwayEntity {

protected String route ;
protected int capacity ;

public Train ( String name , String code , String route , int capacity ) {
super ( name , code ) ;
this . route = route ;
this . capacity = capacity ;
}

public void displayCapacity () {

System . out . println ( " Capacity : " + capacity + " passengers " ) ;
}
}

class PassengerTrain extends Train {

private final int numCoaches ;
private final String amenities ;

public PassengerTrain ( String name , String code , String route , int

capacity ,
int numCoaches , String amenities ) {
super ( name , code , route , capacity ) ;
this . numCoaches = numCoaches ;
this . amenities = amenities ;
}

public void bookTicket () {

35
 System . out . println ( " Ticket booked for " + name + " ( " + code + " ) "
);
}

public void displayAmenities () {

System . out . println ( " Amenities : " + amenities ) ;
}

public int getNumCoaches () {

return numCoaches ;
}

public class R a i l w a y M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m {
private static final ArrayList < PassengerTrain > trains = new ArrayList
< >() ;
private static final Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

trains . add ( new PassengerTrain ( " Express 2023 " , " EXP -2023 " ,
" Mumbai - Delhi " , 500 , 20 , " AC , WiFi , Pantry " ) ) ;

trains . add ( new PassengerTrain ( " Superfast " , " SF -456 " ,
" Chennai - Kolkata " , 450 , 18 , " AC , Charging Points " ) ) ;

trains . add ( new PassengerTrain ( " Local Commuter " , " LC -789 " ,
" Bangalore Suburban " , 800 , 15 , " Standard Seating " ) ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ==== Railway Management System ==== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. View All Trains " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Book Ticket " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Show Train Details " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter choice (1 -4) : " ) ;

int choice = getIntInput (1 , 4) ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> viewAllTrains () ;
case 2 -> bookTicket () ;
case 3 -> showTrainDetails () ;
case 4 -> {
System . out . println ( " Exiting system . Thank you ! " ) ;
scanner . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
}
}
}

private static void viewAllTrains () {

System . out . println ( " \ nAvailable Trains : " ) ;

36
 for ( int i = 0; i < trains . size () ; i ++) {
System . out . println (( i +1) + " . " + trains . get ( i ) . name + " ( " +
trains . get ( i ) . code + " ) " ) ;
}
}

private static void bookTicket () {

viewAllTrains () ;
System . out . print ( " Select train to book : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , trains . size () ) - 1;
trains . get ( index ) . bookTicket () ;
}

private static void showTrainDetails () {

viewAllTrains () ;
System . out . print ( " Select train to view details : " ) ;
int index = getIntInput (1 , trains . size () ) - 1;

PassengerTrain train = trains . get ( index ) ;

System . out . println ( " \ n ===== Train Details ===== " ) ;
train . displayInfo () ;
train . displayCapacity () ;
train . displayAmenities () ;
System . out . println ( " Route : " + train . route ) ;
System . out . println ( " Coaches : " + train . getNumCoaches () ) ;
}

private static int getIntInput ( int min , int max ) {

while ( true ) {
try {
int input = Integer . parseInt ( scanner . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= min && input <= max ) return input ;
System . out . printf ( " Please enter between %d -% d : " , min , max
);
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Enter a number : " ) ;
}
}
}
}

5.2 Program Output

==== Railway Management System ====

1. View All Trains
2. Book Ticket
3. Show Train Details
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 1
Available Trains:
1. Express 2023 (EXP-2023)

37
2. Superfast (SF-456)
3. Local Commuter (LC-789)
==== Railway Management System ====
1. View All Trains
2. Book Ticket
3. Show Train Details
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 2
Available Trains:
1. Express 2023 (EXP-2023)
2. Superfast (SF-456)
3. Local Commuter (LC-789)
Select train to book: 1
Ticket booked for Express 2023 (EXP-2023)
==== Railway Management System ====
1. View All Trains
2. Book Ticket
3. Show Train Details
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 3
Available Trains:
1. Express 2023 (EXP-2023)
2. Superfast (SF-456)
3. Local Commuter (LC-789)
Select train to view details: 1
===== Train Details =====
Entity: Express 2023 (Code: EXP-2023)
Capacity: 500 passengers
Amenities: AC, WiFi, Pantry
Route: Mumbai-Delhi
Coaches: 20
==== Railway Management System ====
1. View All Trains
2. Book Ticket
3. Show Train Details
4. Exit
Enter choice (1-4): 4
Exiting system. Thank you!

38
6 Stack
Write a program in Java to implement stack data structure.

6.1 Java implementation

import java . util . E mp t y St a c kE x c ep t i o n ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class Stack {

private final int [] elements ;

private int top ;
private final int capacity ;

public Stack ( int capacity ) {

if ( capacity <= 0) {
throw new I l l e g a l A r g u m e n t E x c e p t i o n ( " Capacity must be positive !
");
}
this . capacity = capacity ;
elements = new int [ capacity ];
top = -1;
}

public void push ( int value ) {

if ( isFull () ) {
throw new S ta ckO ve rf lo wE rr or ( " Stack is Full ! " ) ;
}
elements [++ top ] = value ;
}

public int pop () {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
return elements [ top - -];
}

public int peek () {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
return elements [ top ];
}

public boolean isEmpty () {

return top == -1;
}

public boolean isFull () {

return top == capacity - 1;
}

39
public int size () {
return top + 1;
}

public void displayElements () {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
System . out . println ( " Stack elements ( Top to bottom ) : " ) ;
for ( int i = top ; i >= 0; i - -) {
System . out . println ( elements [ i ] + " " ) ;
}
System . out . println () ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
System . out . println ( " Enter Stack Capacity : " ) ;
int capacity = sc . nextInt () ;
Stack stack = new Stack ( capacity ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nStack Operations : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Push " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Pop " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Peek " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Check if Empty " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Check if Full " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Get Size " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 7. Show all elements " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 8. Exit " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Enter Choice : " ) ;

int choice = sc . nextInt () ;

try {
switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter a value to push : " ) ;
int value = sc . nextInt () ;
stack . push ( value ) ;
System . out . println ( " Pushed " + value ) ;
}
case 2 -> System . out . println ( " Popped : " + stack . pop () )
;
case 3 -> System . out . println ( " Top element : " + stack .
peek () ) ;
case 4 -> System . out . println ( " Is stack Empty ?: " +
stack . isEmpty () ) ;
case 5 -> System . out . println ( " Is stack full ?: " +
stack . isFull () ) ;

40
 case 6 -> System . out . println ( " Current Size : " + stack .
size () + " \ nCapacity : " + capacity ) ;
case 7 -> stack . displayElements () ;
case 8 -> {
sc . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid Choice ! " ) ;
}
} catch ( E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Stack is empty ! " ) ;

} catch ( S ta ckO ve rf lo wE rr or e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Stack is full ! " ) ;
}
}
}
}

6.2 Program output

Enter Stack Capacity:

3
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter a value to push: 10
Pushed 10
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter a value to push: 20
Pushed 20
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop

41
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter a value to push: 30
Pushed 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter a value to push: 40
Error: Stack is full!
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
7
Stack elements (Top to bottom):
30
20
10

Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
3
Top element: 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek

42
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
2
Popped: 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
6
Current Size: 2
Capacity: 3
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
4
Is stack Empty?: false
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
5
Is stack full?: false
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if Empty
5. Check if Full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:

43
8

44
7 Queue
Write a program in Java to implement queue data structure.

7.1 Java implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

public class Queue {

private final int [] elements ;
private final int capacity ;
private int front ;
private int rear ;
private int size ;

public Queue ( int capacity ) {

this . capacity = capacity ;
elements = new int [ capacity ];
front = 0;
rear = -1;
size = 0;
}

public void enqueue ( int value ) {

if ( isFull () ) {
throw new I l l e g a l S t a t e E x c e p t i o n ( " Queue is full ! " ) ;
}
rear = ( rear + 1) % capacity ;
elements [ rear ] = value ;
size ++;
}

public int dequeue () throws N o S u c h F i e l d E x c e p t i o n {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new N o S u c h F i e l d E x c e p t i o n ( " Queue is Empty " ) ;
}
int value = elements [ front ];
front = ( front + 1) % capacity ;
size - -;
return value ;
}

public int peek () throws N o S u c h F i e l d E x c e p t i o n {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new N o S u c h F i e l d E x c e p t i o n ( " Queue is Empty " ) ;
}
return elements [ front ];
}

public boolean isFull () {

return size == capacity ;
}

45
public boolean isEmpty () {
return size == 0;
}

public void display () {

if ( isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " Queue is Empty " ) ;
return ;
}
System . out . println ( " Queue elements : " ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < size ; i ++) {
int index = ( front + i ) % capacity ;
System . out . print ( elements [ index ] + " " ) ;
}
System . out . println () ;
}

public int getSize () {

return size ;
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
System . out . println ( " Enter queue Capacity : " ) ;
int capacity = sc . nextInt () ;
Queue queue = new Queue ( capacity ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nQueue Operations : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Enqueue " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Dequeue " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Peek " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Check if empty " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Check if full " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Display elements " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 7. Get size " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 8. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter choice : " ) ;

int choice = sc . nextInt () ;

try {
switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter value to enqueue : " ) ;
int value = sc . nextInt () ;
queue . enqueue ( value ) ;
System . out . println ( " Enqueued " + value ) ;
}
case 2 -> System . out . println ( " Dequeued : " + queue .
dequeue () ) ;
case 3 -> System . out . println ( " Front element : " + queue
. peek () ) ;

46
 case 4 -> System . out . println ( " Queue is empty : " +
queue . isEmpty () ) ;
case 5 -> System . out . println ( " Queue is full : " + queue
. isFull () ) ;
case 6 -> queue . display () ;
case 7 -> System . out . println ( " Current size : " + queue .
getSize () + " \ nCapacity : " + capacity ) ;
case 8 -> {
sc . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! " ) ;
}
} catch ( Exception e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
}
}
}

7.2 Program output

Enter queue Capacity:

3
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter value to enqueue: 10
Enqueued 10
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter value to enqueue: 20
Enqueued 20
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue

47
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter value to enqueue: 30
Enqueued 30
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter value to enqueue: 40
Error: Queue is full!
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 6
Queue elements:
10 20 30
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 3
Front element: 10
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 2
Dequeued: 10

48
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 7
Current size: 2
Capacity: 3
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 4
Queue is empty: false
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 5
Queue is full: false
Queue Operations:
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Display elements
7. Get size
8. Exit
Enter choice: 8

49
8 University admission system using packages
Write a program in Java for University admission system using packages.

8.1 File directory structure

com/
University/
[Link]
admission/
[Link]
applicants
[Link]
courses
[Link]

8.2 Java implementation

8.2.1 com/University/[Link]
package com . University ;

import com . University . courses . Course ;

import com . University . applicants . Applicant ;
import com . University . admission . Ad mi ss io nP roc es so r ;
import java . util . ArrayList ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class U n i v e r s i t y A d m i s s i o n S y s t e m {
private static final ArrayList < Course > courses = new ArrayList < >() ;
private static final ArrayList < Applicant > applicants = new ArrayList
< >() ;
private static final Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

// Preloaded courses with fixed 60% minimum grade

static {
courses . add ( new Course ( " CS101 " , " Computer Science " , 50 , 60.0) ) ;
courses . add ( new Course ( " EE201 " , " Electrical Engineering " , 40 ,
60.0) ) ;
courses . add ( new Course ( " MA301 " , " Mathematics " , 35 , 60.0) ) ;
courses . add ( new Course ( " PHY401 " , " Physics " , 30 , 60.0) ) ;
courses . add ( new Course ( " CHEM501 " , " Chemistry " , 25 , 60.0) ) ;
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ==== University Admission System ==== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. View All Courses " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Register Applicant " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Process Admissions " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. View Applicants " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Exit " ) ;

50
 System . out . print ( " Enter choice (1 -5) : " ) ;

int choice = getIntInput (1 , 5) ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> viewCourses () ;
case 2 -> re gister Appli cant () ;
case 3 -> pr ocessA dmiss ions () ;
case 4 -> viewApplicants () ;
case 5 -> {
System . out . println ( " Exiting system ... " ) ;
scanner . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
}
}
}

private static void viewCourses () {

System . out . println ( " \ nAvailable Courses : " ) ;
for ( Course c : courses ) {
System . out . printf ( " % s - % s ( Capacity : % d /% d , Minimum Grade :
60%%) \ n " ,
c . getCourseCode () , c . getCourseName () ,
c . getEnrolled () , c . getCapacity () ) ;
}
}

private static void regist erAppl icant () {

System . out . print ( " \ nEnter applicant ID : " ) ;
String id = scanner . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter name : " ) ;
String name = scanner . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter grade : " ) ;
double grade = getDoubleInput (0 , 100) ;

if ( grade < 60) {

System . out . println ( " Applicant does not meet minimum grade
requirement (60%) " ) ;
return ;
}

Applicant applicant = new Applicant ( id , name , grade ) ;

s e l e c t C o u r s e F o r A p p l i c a n t ( applicant ) ;
applicants . add ( applicant ) ;
System . out . println ( " Applicant registered ! " ) ;
}

private static void s e l e c t C o u r s e F o r A p p l i c a n t ( Applicant applicant ) {

viewCourses () ;
System . out . print ( " Select course (1 - " + courses . size () + " ) : " ) ;
int choice = getIntInput (1 , courses . size () ) ;
applicant . selectCourse ( courses . get ( choice -1) ) ;
}

51
private static void proces sAdmis sions () {
if ( applicants . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo applicants to process ! " ) ;
return ;
}

A dmi ss io nP ro ce ss or processor = new A dm is si on Pr oc es so r () ;

int successful = 0;

for ( Applicant a : applicants ) {

if ( processor . pr oce ss Ap pl ic at io n ( a ) ) successful ++;
}

System . out . println ( " \ nProcessed " + applicants . size () + "

applications " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Successful admissions : " + successful ) ;
}

private static void viewApplicants () {

if ( applicants . isEmpty () ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nNo applicants registered ! " ) ;
return ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ nRegistered Applicants : " ) ;

for ( Applicant a : applicants ) {
System . out . printf ( " % s - % s ( Grade : %.1 f %%) - Applied to : % s \ n "
,
a . getApplicantId () , a . getName () ,
a . getGrade () , a . getSe lecte dCours e () . getCourseName () ) ;
}
}

private static int getIntInput ( int min , int max ) {

while ( true ) {
try {
int input = Integer . parseInt ( scanner . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= min && input <= max ) return input ;
System . out . printf ( " Enter between %d -% d : " , min , max ) ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Enter a number : " ) ;
}
}
}

private static double getDoubleInput ( double min , double max ) {

while ( true ) {
try {
double input = Double . parseDouble ( scanner . nextLine () ) ;
if ( input >= min && input <= max ) return input ;
System . out . printf ( " Enter between %.1 f -%.1 f : " , min , max ) ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . print ( " Invalid input . Enter a number : " ) ;

52
 }
}
}
}

8.2.2 com/Unversity/admission/[Link]
package com . University . admission ;

import com . University . courses . Course ;

import com . University . applicants . Applicant ;

public class Ad mis si on Pr oc es so r {

public boolean pr oc ess Ap pl ic at io n ( Applicant applicant ) {
Course course = applicant . g etSele ctedCo urse () ;
if ( course != null &&
applicant . getGrade () >= course . getMinGrade () &&
course . canEnroll () ) {
course . enrollStudent () ;
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
}

8.2.3 com/Unversity/applicants/[Link]
package com . University . applicants ;

import com . University . courses . Course ;

public class Applicant {

private final String applicantId ;
private final String name ;
private final double grade ;
private Course selectedCourse ;

public Applicant ( String id , String name , double grade ) {

this . applicantId = id ;
this . name = name ;
this . grade = grade ;
}

// Getters
public String getApplicantId () { return applicantId ; }
public String getName () { return name ; }
public double getGrade () { return grade ; }
public Course ge tSelec tedCo urse () { return selectedCourse ; }

public void selectCourse ( Course course ) {

53
 this . selectedCourse = course ;
}
}

8.2.4 com/Unversity/courses/[Link]
package com . University . courses ;

public class Course {

private final String courseCode ;
private final String courseName ;
private final int capacity ;
private int enrolled ;
private final double minGrade ;

public Course ( String code , String name , int cap , double minGrade ) {
this . courseCode = code ;
this . courseName = name ;
this . capacity = cap ;
this . minGrade = minGrade ;
this . enrolled = 0;
}

public String getCourseCode () { return courseCode ; }

public String getCourseName () { return courseName ; }
public int getCapacity () { return capacity ; }
public int getEnrolled () { return enrolled ; }
public double getMinGrade () { return minGrade ; }

public boolean canEnroll () {

return enrolled < capacity ;
}

public void enrollStudent () {

if ( canEnroll () ) enrolled ++;
}
}

8.3 Program output

==== University Admission System ====

1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 1
Available Courses:
CS101 - Computer Science (Capacity: 0/50, Minimum Grade: 60%)

54
EE201 - Electrical Engineering (Capacity: 0/40, Minimum Grade: 60%)
MA301 - Mathematics (Capacity: 0/35, Minimum Grade: 60%)
PHY401 - Physics (Capacity: 0/30, Minimum Grade: 60%)
CHEM501 - Chemistry (Capacity: 0/25, Minimum Grade: 60%)
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 2
Enter applicant ID: A001
Enter name: Alice
Enter grade: 72.5
Available Courses:
CS101 - Computer Science (Capacity: 0/50, Minimum Grade: 60%)
EE201 - Electrical Engineering (Capacity: 0/40, Minimum Grade: 60%)
MA301 - Mathematics (Capacity: 0/35, Minimum Grade: 60%)
PHY401 - Physics (Capacity: 0/30, Minimum Grade: 60%)
CHEM501 - Chemistry (Capacity: 0/25, Minimum Grade: 60%)
Select course (1-5): 1
Applicant registered!
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 2
Enter applicant ID: A002
Enter name: Bob
Enter grade: 58.0
Applicant does not meet minimum grade requirement (60%)
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 4
Registered Applicants:
A001 - Alice (Grade: 72.5%) - Applied to: Computer Science
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 3
Processed 1 applications
Successful admissions: 1

55
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 1
Available Courses:
CS101 - Computer Science (Capacity: 1/50, Minimum Grade: 60%)
EE201 - Electrical Engineering (Capacity: 0/40, Minimum Grade: 60%)
MA301 - Mathematics (Capacity: 0/35, Minimum Grade: 60%)
PHY401 - Physics (Capacity: 0/30, Minimum Grade: 60%)
CHEM501 - Chemistry (Capacity: 0/25, Minimum Grade: 60%)
==== University Admission System ====
1. View All Courses
2. Register Applicant
3. Process Admissions
4. View Applicants
5. Exit
Enter choice (1-5): 5
Exiting system...

56
9 Stack using a package and interface
Write a program in Java to implement stack data structure using package and interface.

9.1 File directory structure

.
[Link]
StackPackage/
[Link]
[Link]

9.2 Java implementation

9.2.1 [Link]
import StackPackage . StackInterface ;
import StackPackage . ArrayStack ;
import java . util . E mp t y St a c kE x c ep t i o n ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class MainStackArray {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter Stack Capacity : " ) ;
int capacity = sc . nextInt () ;
StackInterface stack = new ArrayStack ( capacity ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nStack Operations : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Push " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Pop " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Peek " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Check if empty " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Check if full " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Get Size " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 7. Show all elements " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 8. Exit " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Enter Choice : " ) ;

int choice = sc . nextInt () ;

try {
switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
System . out . println ( " Enter value to Push : " ) ;
int value = sc . nextInt () ;
stack . push ( value ) ;
System . out . println ( " Pushed " + value ) ;
}
case 2 -> System . out . println ( " Popped : " + stack . pop () )
;

57
 case 3 -> System . out . println ( " Top element : " + stack .
peek () ) ;
case 4 -> System . out . println ( " Stack is empty : " +
stack . isEmpty () ) ;
case 5 -> System . out . println ( " Stack is full : " + stack
. isFull () ) ;
case 6 -> System . out . println ( " Current Size : " + stack .
size () + " \ nCapacity : " + capacity ) ;
case 7 -> stack . displayElements () ;
case 8 -> {
sc . close () ;
System . exit (0) ;
}
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! " ) ;
}
} catch ( E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n | S ta ck Ov er fl ow Err or e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
}
}
}
}

9.2.2 StackPackage/[Link]
package StackPackage ;

import java . util . E mp t y St a c kE x c ep t i o n ;

public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface {

private final int [] stackArray ;

private int top ;
private final int capacity ;

public ArrayStack ( int capacity ) {

if ( capacity <= 0) {
throw new I l l e g a l S t a t e E x c e p t i o n ( " Capacity must be Positive ! " ) ;
}
this . capacity = capacity ;
stackArray = new int [ capacity ];
top = -1;
}

@Override
public void push ( int value ) {
if ( isFull () ) {
throw new S ta ckO ve rf lo wE rr or ( " Stack is Full " ) ;
}
stackArray [++ top ] = value ;
}

@Override

58
 public int pop () {
if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
return stackArray [ top - -];
}

@Override
public int peek () {
if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
return stackArray [ top ];
}

@Override
public boolean isEmpty () {
return top == -1;
}

@Override
public boolean isFull () {
return capacity - 1 == top ;
}

@Override
public void displayElements () {
if ( isEmpty () ) {
throw new E m p ty S t ac k E xc e p ti o n () ;
}
System . out . println ( " Stack elements ( Top to bottom ) : " ) ;
for ( int i = top ; i >= 0; i - -) {
System . out . println ( stackArray [ i ] + " " ) ;
}
System . out . println () ;
}

@Override
public int size () {
return top + 1;
}
}

9.2.3 StackPackage/[Link]
package StackPackage ;
public interface StackInterface {
void push ( int value ) ;
int pop () ;
int peek () ;
boolean isEmpty () ;
boolean isFull () ;

59
 void displayElements () ;
int size () ;
}

9.3 Program output

Enter Stack Capacity: 3

Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter value to Push:
10
Pushed 10
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter value to Push:
20
Pushed 20
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter value to Push:
30
Pushed 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop

60
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
1
Enter value to Push:
40
Error: Stack is Full
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
3
Top element: 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
7
Stack elements (Top to bottom):
30
20
10
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
2
Popped: 30
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty

61
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
4
Stack is empty: false
Stack Operations:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Check if empty
5. Check if full
6. Get Size
7. Show all elements
8. Exit
Enter Choice:
8

62
10 Package and interface with inheritance
Write a program in Java to implement package and interface with inheritance.

10.1 File directory structure

.
[Link]
animalKingdom/
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

10.2 Java implementation

10.2.1 [Link]
import animalKingdom . Animal ;
import animalKingdom . Mammal ;
import animalKingdom . Reptile ;
import animalKingdom . Bird ;

import java . util . Scanner ;

public class Ma inAnim alKin gdom {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nAnimal Category Selection : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Mammals " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Birds " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Reptiles " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice : " ) ;

int choice = scanner . nextInt () ;

scanner . nextLine () ;

if ( choice == 4) {
System . out . println ( " Exiting program ... " ) ;
break ;
}

if ( choice < 1 || choice > 3) {

System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! " ) ;
continue ;
}

String prompt = switch ( choice ) {

63
 case 1 -> " Enter the mammal name ( e . g . , Tiger , Dog ) : " ;
case 2 -> " Enter the bird name ( e . g . , Peacock , Eagle ) : " ;
case 3 -> " Enter the reptile name ( e . g . , Snake , Lizard ) : "
;
default -> " " ;
};

System . out . print ( prompt ) ;

String name = scanner . nextLine () ;

Animal animal = createAnimal ( choice , name ) ;

dis playAn imalIn fo ( animal , name ) ;
}

scanner . close () ;
}

private static Animal createAnimal ( int category , String name ) {

return switch ( category ) {
case 1 -> new Mammal ( name ) ;
case 2 -> new Bird ( name ) ;
case 3 -> new Reptile ( name ) ;
default -> null ;
};
}

private static void displa yAnima lInfo ( Animal animal , String name ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n " + name + " Characteristics : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Warm Blooded : " + animal . warmBlooded () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Feeds Milk : " + animal . feedMilk () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Has Fur / Feathers : " + animal . hasFur () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Has Lungs : " + animal . hasLungs () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Four Limb Body Plan : " + animal .
fourLimbBodyPlan () ) ;
System . out . print ( " Movement : " ) ;
animal . move () ;
System . out . print ( " Sound : " ) ;
animal . makeSound () ;
System . out . print ( " Eating : " ) ;
animal . eat () ;
System . out . print ( " Sleeping : " ) ;
animal . sleep () ;
}
}

10.2.2 animalKingdom/[Link]
package animalKingdom ;

public interface Animal {

void eat () ;
void sleep () ;

64
 void move () ;
void makeSound () ;
boolean warmBlooded () ;
boolean feedMilk () ;
boolean hasFur () ;
boolean hasLungs () ;
boolean fourLimbBodyPlan () ;
}

10.2.3 animalKingdom/[Link]
package animalKingdom ;

import java . util . Set ;

public class Bird extends Vertebrate {

public Bird ( String name ) {
super ( name ) ;
}

@Override
public void eat () {
System . out . println ( name + " is pecking food " ) ;
}
@Override
public void sleep () {
System . out . println ( name + " is roosting " ) ;
}
@Override
public void move () {
final Set < String > FLIGHTLESS_BIRDS = Set . of (
" ostriches " , " emus " , " cassowaries " , " rheas " , " kiwis "
);
if ( FLIGHTLESS_BIRDS . contains ( name . toLowerCase () ) ) {
System . out . println ( name + " is walking / running " ) ;
}
else if ( name . equalsIgnoreCase ( " penguin " ) ) {
System . out . println ( name + " is swimming / walking / running " ) ;
}
else {
System . out . println ( name + " is flying " ) ;
}
}
@Override public void makeSound () {
System . out . println ( name + " says : Chirp " ) ;
}
@Override public boolean warmBlooded () {
return true ;
}
@Override public boolean feedMilk () {
return false ;
}

65
 @Override public boolean hasFur () {
return false ;
}
}

10.2.4 animalKingdom/[Link]
package animalKingdom ;

import java . util . Set ;

public class Mammal extends Vertebrate {

public Mammal ( String name ) {
super ( name ) ;
}

@Override
public void eat () {
System . out . println ( name + " is chewing food " ) ;
}

@Override
public void sleep () {
System . out . println ( name + " is sleeping " ) ;
}

@Override
public void move () {
System . out . println ( name + " is walking / running " ) ;
}

@Override
public void makeSound () {
final Set < String > CANINE = Set . of (
" dog " , " wolf " , " jackal " , " fox "
);
if ( CANINE . contains ( name . toLowerCase () ) ) {
System . out . println ( name + " says : Growl / Bark / Howl " ) ;
}
else {
System . out . println ( name + " says : Growl " ) ;
}

@Override
public boolean warmBlooded () {
return true ;
}

@Override
public boolean feedMilk () {

66
 return ! name . equalsIgnoreCase ( " platypus " ) && ! name .
equalsIgnoreCase ( " anteater " ) ;
}

@Override
public boolean hasFur () {
return true ;
}
}

10.2.5 animalKingdom/[Link]
package animalKingdom ;

public class Reptile extends Vertebrate {

public Reptile ( String name ) {
super ( name ) ;
}

@Override
public void eat () {
System . out . println ( name + " is swallowing food " ) ;
}
@Override
public void sleep () {
System . out . println ( name + " is basking " ) ;
}
@Override
public void move () {
System . out . println ( name + " is crawling " ) ;
}
@Override
public void makeSound () {
System . out . println ( name + " hisses " ) ;
}
@Override
public boolean warmBlooded () {
return false ;
}
@Override
public boolean feedMilk () {
return false ;
}
@Override
public boolean hasFur () {
return false ;
}
}

10.2.6 animalKingdom/[Link]

67
package animalKingdom ;

public abstract class Vertebrate implements Animal {

protected String name ;

public Vertebrate ( String name ) {

this . name = name ;
}

@Override
public boolean hasLungs () {
return true ;
}

@Override
public boolean fourLimbBodyPlan () {
return true ;
}
}

10.3 Program output

Animal Category Selection:

1. Mammals
2. Birds
3. Reptiles
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the mammal name (e.g., Tiger, Dog): Dog
Dog Characteristics:
Warm Blooded: true
Feeds Milk: true
Has Fur/Feathers: true
Has Lungs: true
Four Limb Body Plan: true
Movement: Dog is walking/running
Sound: Dog says: Growl/Bark/Howl
Eating: Dog is chewing food
Sleeping: Dog is sleeping
Animal Category Selection:
1. Mammals
2. Birds
3. Reptiles
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter the bird name (e.g., Peacock, Eagle): Penguin
Penguin Characteristics:
Warm Blooded: true
Feeds Milk: false
Has Fur/Feathers: false
Has Lungs: true

68
Four Limb Body Plan: true
Movement: Penguin is swimming/walking/running
Sound: Penguin says: Chirp
Eating: Penguin is pecking food
Sleeping: Penguin is roosting
Animal Category Selection:
1. Mammals
2. Birds
3. Reptiles
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter the reptile name (e.g., Snake, Lizard): Snake
Snake Characteristics:
Warm Blooded: false
Feeds Milk: false
Has Fur/Feathers: false
Has Lungs: true
Four Limb Body Plan: true
Movement: Snake is crawling
Sound: Snake hisses
Eating: Snake is swallowing food
Sleeping: Snake is basking
Animal Category Selection:
1. Mammals
2. Birds
3. Reptiles
4. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Exiting program...

69
11 Create your own exception
Write a program in Java to create your own exception.

11.1 Java implementation

import java . util . I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

class I n v al i d Ag e E xc e p ti o n extends Exception {

public I nv a l id A g eE x c ep t i on ( String message ) {
super ( message ) ;
}
}

public class Vo tingEl igibi lity {

public static void validateAge ( int age ) throws I n va l i dA g e Ex c e pt i o n {
if ( age < 0) {
throw new I n v al i d Ag e E xc e p ti o n ( " Age cannot be Negative ! " ) ;
} else if ( age < 18) {
throw new I n v al i d Ag e E xc e p ti o n ( " You must be at least 18 years
old to vote ! " ) ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n1 . Check your voting eligibility ! " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice : " ) ;

try {
int choice = sc . nextInt () ;

switch ( choice ) {
case 1:
try {
System . out . print ( " Enter your age : " ) ;
int age = sc . nextInt () ;
validateAge ( age ) ;
System . out . println ( " \ nVoting eligibility
confirmed ! " ) ;
} catch ( I n v al i d Ag e E xc e p ti o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : " + e . getMessage () )
;
} catch ( I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Invalid input ! Please
enter numbers only . " ) ;
sc . nextLine () ;
}
break ;

70
 case 2:
sc . close () ;
System . out . println ( " Exiting program ... " ) ;
System . exit (0) ;

default :
System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! Please enter 1
or 2. " ) ;
}
} catch ( I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Invalid input ! Please enter numbers
only . " ) ;
sc . nextLine () ;
}
}
}
}

11.2 Program output

1. Check your voting eligibility!

2. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your age: 15
Error: You must be at least 18 years old to vote!
1. Check your voting eligibility!
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your age: -5
Error: Age cannot be Negative!
1. Check your voting eligibility!
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your age: abc
Invalid input! Please enter numbers only.
1. Check your voting eligibility!
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your age: 25
Voting eligibility confirmed!
1. Check your voting eligibility!
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Exiting program...

71
12 Nested try-catch
Write a program in Java for nested try catch.

12.1 Java implementation

import java . util . I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class NestedTryCatch {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
int [] marks = {100 , 200 , 300};
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
boolean running = true ;

while ( running ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ===== Menu ===== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Access Array Element " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice : " ) ;

try {
int choice = sc . nextInt () ;
try {
switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
boolean validIndex = false ;
while (! validIndex ) {
try {
System . out . print ( " Enter array index
(0 -2) : " ) ;
int index = sc . nextInt () ;
try {
System . out . println ( " Value at index
" + index + " : " + marks [ index
]) ;
validIndex = true ;
} catch (
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System . out . println ( " Level 3 Inner
Catch : Invalid index ! Maximum
index is 2 " ) ;
}
} catch ( I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Level 2 Middle
Catch : Please enter numbers only
for index ! " ) ;
sc . nextLine () ;
}
}
}
case 2 -> {
running = false ;

72
 System . out . println ( " Exiting program ... " ) ;
}
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid menu choice
!");
}
} catch ( Exception e ) {
System . out . println ( " Level 1 Outer Catch : General error
in menu operation " ) ;
}

} catch ( I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Top - level Catch : Invalid input ! Please
enter numbers only for menu choice . " ) ;
sc . nextLine () ; // Clear invalid input
}
}
sc . close () ;
}
}

12.2 Program output

===== Menu =====

1. Access Array Element
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter array index (0-2): 5
Level 3 Inner Catch: Invalid index! Maximum index is 2
Enter array index (0-2): -1
Level 3 Inner Catch: Invalid index! Maximum index is 2
Enter array index (0-2): abc
Level 2 Middle Catch: Please enter numbers only for index!
Enter array index (0-2): 1
Value at index 1: 200
===== Menu =====
1. Access Array Element
2. Exit
Enter your choice: xyz
Top-level Catch: Invalid input! Please enter numbers only for menu choice.
===== Menu =====
1. Access Array Element
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Invalid menu choice!
===== Menu =====
1. Access Array Element
2. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Exiting program...

73
13 Create multiple threads
Write a program in Java to create multiple threads.

13.1 Java implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

public class MultipleThreads {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
System . out . print ( " How many threads you want run ?: " ) ;
int total = sc . nextInt () ;
for ( int i = 1; i <= total ; i ++) {
Thread thread = new Thread ( new MyRunnable ( i ) ) ;
thread . start () ;
}
}
}
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
private final int threadId ;
public MyRunnable ( int threadId ) {
this . threadId = threadId ;
}
@Override
public void run () {
System . out . println ( " Thread " + threadId + " is running " ) ;
try {
Thread . sleep (1000 L * threadId ) ;
} catch ( I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
e . printStackTrace () ;
}
System . out . println ( " Thread " + threadId + " completed " ) ;
}
}

13.2 Program input

How many threads you want run?: 3

13.3 Program output

Thread 1 is running
Thread 2 is running
Thread 3 is running
Thread 1 completed
Thread 2 completed
Thread 3 completed

74
14 Demonstrate priority assignment to multiple threads
Write a program in Java to demonstrate priority assigning to multiple threads.

14.1 Java implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

class MyThread extends Thread {

private final int iterations ;

public MyThread ( String name , int iterations ) {

super ( name ) ;
this . iterations = iterations ;
}

@Override
public void run () {
for ( int i = 0; i < iterations ; i ++) {
System . out . println ( this . getName () ) ;
}
}
}

public class ThreadPriority {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

System . out . print ( " Enter number of iterations for all threads : " ) ;
int iterations = sc . nextInt () ;

MyThread t1 = new MyThread ( " Server ( Most Important ) " , iterations ) ;

MyThread t2 = new MyThread ( " Text Editor " , iterations ) ;
MyThread t3 = new MyThread ( " Background Music " , iterations ) ;
MyThread t4 = new MyThread ( " Printer " , iterations ) ;
MyThread t5 = new MyThread ( " Video Game " , iterations ) ;

t1 . setPriority ( Thread . MAX_PRIORITY ) ;

t2 . setPriority ( Thread . NORM_PRIORITY ) ;
t3 . setPriority ( Thread . MIN_PRIORITY ) ;
t4 . setPriority ( Thread . NORM_PRIORITY ) ;
t5 . setPriority ( Thread . MIN_PRIORITY ) ;

t1 . start () ;
t2 . start () ;
t3 . start () ;
t4 . start () ;
t5 . start () ;

sc . close () ;
}
}

75
14.2 Program input

Enter number of iterations for all threads: 5

14.3 Program output

Server (Most Important)

Server (Most Important)
Text Editor
Printer
Background Music
Video Game
Server (Most Important)
Printer
Text Editor
Server (Most Important)
Video Game
Background Music
Text Editor
Printer
Server (Most Important)
Background Music
Video Game
Text Editor
Printer

76
15 Producer–consumer via inter-thread communication
Write a program in Java to implement producer-consumer program using inter-thread communica-
tion.

15.1 Java implementation

import java . util . concurrent . Ar ra yB lo cki ng Qu eu e ;
import java . util . concurrent . BlockingQueue ;

class Producer implements Runnable {

private final BlockingQueue < Integer > sharedQueue ;

public Producer ( BlockingQueue < Integer > sharedQueue ) {

this . sharedQueue = sharedQueue ;
}

@Override
public void run () {
try {
for ( int i = 1; i <= 10; i ++) {
System . out . println ( " Produced : " + i ) ;
sharedQueue . put ( i ) ;
Thread . sleep (100) ;
}
} catch ( I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
Thread . currentThread () . interrupt () ;
System . out . println ( " Producer Interrupted " ) ;
}
System . out . println ( " Producer finished " ) ;

}
}

class Consumer implements Runnable {

private final BlockingQueue < Integer > sharedQueue ;

public Consumer ( BlockingQueue < Integer > sharedQueue ) {

this . sharedQueue = sharedQueue ;
}

@Override
public void run () {
try {
for ( int i = 1; i <= 10; i ++) {
Integer item = sharedQueue . take () ;
System . out . println ( " Consumed : " + item ) ;
Thread . sleep (100) ;
}
} catch ( I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
Thread . currentThread () . interrupt () ;
System . out . println ( " Consumer interrupted " ) ;
}

77
 System . out . println ( " Consumer finished " ) ;
}
}

public class ProducerConsumer {

public static void main ( String [] args ) throws I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n {
BlockingQueue < Integer > sharedQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue < >(5) ;

Thread producerThread = new Thread ( new Producer ( sharedQueue ) ) ;

Thread consumerThread = new Thread ( new Consumer ( sharedQueue ) ) ;

producerThread . start () ;
consumerThread . start () ;

// Wait for both threads to finish

producerThread . join () ;
consumerThread . join () ;

System . out . println ( " All tasks completed " ) ;

}
}

15.2 Program output

Produced: 1
Consumed: 1
Produced: 2
Consumed: 2
Produced: 3
Consumed: 3
Produced: 4
Consumed: 4
Produced: 5
Consumed: 5
Produced: 6
Consumed: 6
Produced: 7
Consumed: 7
Produced: 8
Consumed: 8
Produced: 9
Consumed: 9
Produced: 10
Consumed: 10
Producer finished
Consumer finished
All tasks completed

78
16 Banker’s algorithm
Write a program in Java to implement banker-algorithm in order to prevent deadlock.

16.1 Java implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

public class BankersAlgorithm {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

// Get system configuration

System . out . print ( " Enter number of processes : " ) ;
int numProcesses = sc . nextInt () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter number of resources : " ) ;
int numResources = sc . nextInt () ;

// Initialize matrices and vectors

int [][] max = new int [ numProcesses ][ numResources ];
int [][] allocation = new int [ numProcesses ][ numResources ];
int [] totalResources = new int [ numResources ];
int [][] need = new int [ numProcesses ][ numResources ];
boolean [] finish = new boolean [ numProcesses ];

// Read maximum matrix

System . out . println ( " \ nEnter MAX matrix : " ) ;
for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {
System . out . print ( " Process P " + i + " : " ) ;
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
max [ i ][ j ] = sc . nextInt () ;
}
}

// Read allocation matrix

System . out . println ( " \ nEnter ALLOCATION matrix : " ) ;
for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {
System . out . print ( " Process P " + i + " : " ) ;
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
allocation [ i ][ j ] = sc . nextInt () ;
if ( allocation [ i ][ j ] > max [ i ][ j ]) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Allocation exceeds maximum
claim ! " ) ;
return ;
}
}
}

// Read total system resources

System . out . print ( " \ nEnter TOTAL system resources : " ) ;
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
totalResources [ j ] = sc . nextInt () ;

79
}

// Calculate available resources

int [] available = new int [ numResources ];
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
int allocatedSum = 0;
for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {
allocatedSum += allocation [ i ][ j ];
}
available [ j ] = totalResources [ j ] - allocatedSum ;
if ( available [ j ] < 0) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Total resources exceeded by
allocations ! " ) ;
return ;
}
}

// Calculate need matrix

for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
need [ i ][ j ] = max [ i ][ j ] - allocation [ i ][ j ];
}
}

// Safety algorithm
int [] work = available . clone () ;
int [] safeSequence = new int [ numProcesses ];
int count = 0;

while ( count < numProcesses ) {

boolean found = false ;
for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {
if (! finish [ i ] && is Ne edL es sT ha nW or k ( need [ i ] , work ) ) {
// Add allocation to work
for ( int j =0; j < numResources ; j ++) {
work [ j ] += allocation [ i ][ j ];
}
safeSequence [ count ] = i ;
finish [ i ] = true ;
count ++;
found = true ;
break ;
}
}
if (! found ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nSystem is in unsafe state ! " ) ;
return ;
}
}

// Print safe sequence

System . out . println ( " \ nSystem is in safe state ! " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Safe sequence : " ) ;
for ( int i =0; i < numProcesses ; i ++) {

80
 System . out . print ( " P " + safeSequence [ i ]) ;
if ( i != numProcesses -1) System . out . print ( " -> " ) ;
}
System . out . println () ;
}

private static boolean is Ne ed Le ss Th an Wo rk ( int [] need , int [] work ) {

for ( int j =0; j < need . length ; j ++) {
if ( need [ j ] > work [ j ]) {
return false ;
}
}
return true ;
}
}

16.2 Program input

Enter number of processes: 5

Enter number of resources: 3
Enter MAX matrix:
Process P0: 7 5 3
Process P1: 3 2 2
Process P2: 9 0 2
Process P3: 2 2 2
Process P4: 4 3 3
Enter ALLOCATION matrix:
Process P0: 0 1 0
Process P1: 2 0 0
Process P2: 3 0 2
Process P3: 2 1 1
Process P4: 0 0 2
Enter TOTAL system resources: 10 5 7

16.3 Program output

System is in safe state!

Safe sequence: P1 -> P3 -> P4 -> P0 -> P2

81
17 Count vowels in a 2–3 line text
Write a program in Java to count the vowels of a 2-to-3-line text.

17.1 Java implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;

public class vowelCounter {

private static final String END_MARKER = " : end " ;

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

while ( true ) {
System . out . println ( " \ n ==== Text Analyzer ===== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Start New Analysis " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter choice : " ) ;

String choice = sc . nextLine () ;

if ( choice . equals ( " 2 " ) ) {

System . out . println ( " Exiting program ... " ) ;
break ;
} else if ( choice . equals ( " 1 " ) ) {
analyzeText ( sc ) ;
}
else {
System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! Please enter 1 or 2 " ) ;
}
}
sc . close () ;
}
private static void analyzeText ( Scanner sc ) {
System . out . println ( " \ nEnter your text ( type ’" + END_MARKER + " ’
on a new line to finish ) : " ) ;

int lineCount = 0;
int vowelCount = 0;
int characterCount = 0;

while ( true ) {
String line = sc . nextLine () ;

if ( line . equalsIgnoreCase ( END_MARKER ) ) {

break ;
}
lineCount ++;
characterCount += line . length () ;

// Count vowels in current line

82
 for ( int i = 0; i < line . length () ; i ++) {
char c = Character . toLowerCase ( line . charAt ( i ) ) ;
if ( c == ’a ’ || c == ’e ’ || c == ’i ’ || c == ’o ’ || c == ’
u ’) {
vowelCount ++;
}
}

System . out . println ( " \ n === Analysis Results === " ) ;

System . out . println ( " Total lines : " + lineCount ) ;
System . out . println ( " Total characters : " + characterCount ) ;
System . out . println ( " Total vowels : " + vowelCount ) ;
}
}

17.2 Program output

==== Text Analyzer =====

1. Start New Analysis
2. Exit
Enter choice: 1
Enter your text (type ’:end’ on a new line to finish):
This is a simple example.
Java is fun!
Let’s write clean code.
:end
=== Analysis Results ===
Total lines: 3
Total characters: 68
Total vowels: 20

83
18 Copy contents of [Link] to [Link]
Create a file [Link] and copy the content of [Link] to [Link].

18.1 Java implementation

import java . io .*;

public class TextFileCopy {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
// Create and write to A . txt
try ( BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter ( " A .
txt " ) ) ) {
writer . write ( " This is the content of file A . txt \ n " ) ;
writer . write ( " Second line of text \ n " ) ;
writer . write ( " Third line of text " ) ;
System . out . println ( " File A . txt created successfully ! " ) ;
} catch ( IOException e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error creating A . txt : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
}

// Copy the contents of A . txt to B . txt

try ( BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader ( new FileReader ( " A .
txt " ) ) ;
BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter ( new FileWriter ( " B .
txt " ) ) ) {

String line ;
while (( line = reader . readLine () ) != null ) {
writer . write ( line ) ;
writer . newLine () ; // maintain line breaks
}
System . out . println ( " Content copied to B . txt successfully ! " ) ;

} catch ( F i l e N o t F o u n d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " File A . txt not found : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
} catch ( IOException e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error creating B . txt : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
}
}
}

18.2 Program output

File [Link] created successfully!

Content copied to [Link] successfully!

84
Contents of [Link]

This is the content of file [Link]

Second line of text
Third line of text

Contents of [Link]

This is the content of file [Link]

Second line of text
Third line of text

85
19 Applet program 1
Write a program in Java to create a banner using Applet.

19.1 Java implementation

import java . applet . Applet ;
import java . awt . Graphics ;

public class BannerApplet extends Applet implements Runnable {

String message = " Welcome to Java Applet Banner " ;
int x = 0;
Thread t ;
boolean stopFlag ;

public void init () {

setSize (400 , 100) ; // Set the applet size
setBackground ( java . awt . Color . BLACK ) ;
}

public void start () {

t = new Thread ( this ) ;
stopFlag = false ;
t . start () ;
}

public void run () {

while (! stopFlag ) {
x -= 5;
if ( x < - message . length () * 10) {
x = getWidth () ; // Reset position to right edge
}
repaint () ;
try {
Thread . sleep (100) ; // Speed of scrolling
} catch ( I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n e ) {}
}
}

public void paint ( Graphics g ) {

g . setColor ( java . awt . Color . GREEN ) ;
g . drawString ( message , x , 50) ;
}

public void stop () {

stopFlag = true ;
t = null ;
}
}

86
19.2 HTML implementation
< html >
< body >
< applet code = " BannerApplet . class " width = " 400 " height = " 100 " >
</ applet >
</ body >
</ html >

19.3 Program output

87
20 Native Method
Write a Java Program to write a native method.

20.1 File directory structure

.
NativeMethod/
[Link]
NativeExample.c

20.2 Java implementaion

20.2.1 NativeMethod/[Link]
package NativeMethod ;

public class NativeExample {

// Declare a native method
public native void printMessage () ;
// Static block to load native library
static {
System . loadLibrary ( " NativeExample " ) ;
}
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
new NativeExample () . printMessage () ;
}
}

20.3 C implementation
20.3.1 NativeMethod/NativeExample.c
# include < stdio .h >
# include < jni .h >
# include " N a t i v e M e t h o d _ N a t i v e E x a m p l e . h " // Generated header

// JNI function name MUST match : Java_ [ Package ] _ [ Class ] _ [ Method ]

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL J a v a _ N a t i v e M e t h o d _ N a t i v e E x a m p l e _ p r i n t M e s s a g e ( JNIEnv
* env , jobject obj ) {
printf ( " Hello from native code !\ n " ) ;
}

20.4 Native Method Execution

This section demonstrates how to integrate a native C function with a Java program using the Java
Native Interface (JNI). The program involves creating a native method in Java, generating a header
file, implementing the method in C, compiling it into a shared library, and invoking it from Java.

88
Step 1: Java Class Definition
[ NativeMethod / NativeExample . java

Step 2: Generating the Header File

Compile the Java file and generate the corresponding C header using the -h flag:
javac -h . NativeExample . java

This generates the file NativeMethod_NativeExample.h, which defines the native function sig-
nature expected in C.

Step 3: Implementing Native Code in C

NativeMethod / NativeExample . c

Step 4: Compiling the Native Code into a Shared Library

Compile the C file into a shared library that the JVM can load.

For Windows (with gcc installed):

gcc -I " % JAVA_HOME %\ include " -I " % JAVA_HOME %\ include \ win32 " - shared -o
NativeExample . dll NativeExample . c

For Linux:
gcc -I " $JAVA_HOME / include " -I " $JAVA_HOME / include / linux " - fPIC - shared -o
libNativeExample . so NativeExample . c

Step 5: Running the Java Program

Use the fully-qualified class name and specify the location of the compiled native library:
java - Djava . library . path =. NativeMethod . NativeExample

20.5 Program output

Hello from native code!

This confirms the successful invocation of a native method from Java using JNI

89
21 Implement any five functions of String
21.1 Java implementation
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class StringOperations {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
int choice ;
do {
System . out . println ( " \ n ===== String Operations Menu ===== " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 1. Get String Length " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 2. Concatenate Two Strings " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 3. Compare Two Strings " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 4. Check Substring Existence " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 5. Replace characters in String " ) ;
System . out . println ( " 6. Exit " ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter your choice (1 -6) : " ) ;
choice = sc . nextInt () ;
sc . nextLine () ;
switch ( choice ) {
case 1 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter a String : " ) ;
String str = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . println ( " Length : " + str . length () ) ;
}
case 2 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter First String : " ) ;
String str1 = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter Second String : " ) ;
String str2 = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . println ( " Concatenated String : " + str1 .
concat ( str2 ) ) ;
}
case 3 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter First String : " ) ;
String str1 = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter Second String : " ) ;
String str2 = sc . nextLine () ;
if ( str1 . equals ( str2 ) ) {
System . out . println ( " Strings are Equal " ) ;
} else {
System . out . println ( " Strings are not Equal " ) ;
}
}
case 4 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter main String : " ) ;
String mainStr = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter substring to search : " ) ;
String subStr = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . println ( " Substring exists : " + mainStr .
contains ( subStr ) ) ;

90
 }
case 5 -> {
System . out . print ( " Enter Original String : " ) ;
String originalString = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter characters to replace : " ) ;
String oldChar = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter replacement character : " ) ;
String newChar = sc . nextLine () ;
System . out . println ( " Modified String : " +
originalString . replace ( oldChar , newChar ) ) ;
}
case 6 -> System . out . println ( " Exiting Program ... " ) ;
default -> System . out . println ( " Invalid choice ! Please try
again . " ) ;
}
} while ( choice != 6) ;
sc . close () ;
}
}

21.2 Program output

===== String Operations Menu =====

1. Get String Length
2. Concatenate Two Strings
3. Compare Two Strings
4. Check Substring Existence
5. Replace characters in String
6. Exit
Enter your choice (1-6): 1
Enter a String: Hello World
Length: 11
===== String Operations Menu =====
Enter your choice (1-6): 2
Enter First String: Hello
Enter Second String: World
Concatenated String: HelloWorld
===== String Operations Menu =====
Enter your choice (1-6): 3
Enter First String: Java
Enter Second String: Java
Strings are Equal
===== String Operations Menu =====
Enter your choice (1-6): 4
Enter main String: Artificial Intelligence
Enter substring to search: Intelligence
Substring exists: true
===== String Operations Menu =====
Enter your choice (1-6): 5
Enter Original String: Banana
Enter characters to replace: a

91
Enter replacement character: @
Modified String: B@n@n@
===== String Operations Menu =====
Enter your choice (1-6): 6
Exiting Program...

92
22 Demonstrate InetAddress
Write a Java Program to demonstrate InetAddress.

22.1 Java implementation

import java . net . InetAddress ;

public class InetAddressDemo {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
try {
// 1. Get Local Host information
InetAddress localHost = InetAddress . getLocalHost () ;
System . out . println ( " Local Host : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Host Name : " + localHost . getHostName () ) ;
System . out . println ( " IP Address : " + localHost . getHostAddress ()
);
System . out . println ( " Canonical Name : " + localHost .
g e t C a n o n i c a l H o s t N a m e () ) ;
System . out . println () ;

// 2. Get information for a specific Host

String hostName = " www . google . com " ;
InetAddress googleHost = InetAddress . getByName ( hostName ) ;
System . out . println ( " Information for " + hostName + " : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " IP Address : " + googleHost . getHostAddress
() ) ;
System . out . println ( " Canonical Name : " + googleHost .
g e t C a n o n i c a l H o s t N a m e () ) ;
System . out . println () ;

// 3. Get all IP addresses for a Port

String multiPHost = " www . facebook . com " ;
System . out . println ( " All IP addresses for " + multiPHost + " : " )
;
InetAddress [] allIPs = InetAddress . getAllByName ( multiPHost ) ;
for ( InetAddress address : allIPs ) {
System . out . println ( " IP : " + address . getHostAddress () ) ;
}
System . out . println () ;

// 4. Reverse Lookup ( IP to hostname )

String ipAddress = " [Link] " ;
InetAddress dnsServer = InetAddress . getByName ( ipAddress ) ;
System . out . println ( " Reverse lookup for " + ipAddress + " : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Host Name : " + dnsServer . getHostName () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Canonical Name : " + dnsServer .
g e t C a n o n i c a l H o s t N a m e () ) ;
} catch ( java . net . U n k n o w n H o s t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
throw new RuntimeException ( e ) ;
}
}
}

93
22.2 Program output

Local Host:
Host Name: DESKTOP-P2NC49C
IP Address: [Link]
Canonical Name: DESKTOP-P2NC49C
Information for [Link]:
IP Address: [Link]
Canonical Name: [Link]
All IP addresses for [Link]:
IP: [Link]
Reverse lookup for [Link]:
Host Name: [Link]
Canonical Name: [Link]

94
23 Demonstrate getPort()
Write a Java Program to demonstrate getPort().

23.1 File directory structure

.
portDemo/
networking/
[Link]
[Link]

23.2 Java implementation

23.2.1 portDemo/networking/[Link]
package portDemo . networking ;

import java . net . ServerSocket ;

import java . net . Socket ;

public class Server {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
try {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket (12345) ;
System . out . println ( " Server started on port : " + serverSocket .
getLocalPort () ) ;

Socket clientSocket = serverSocket . accept () ;

System . out . println ( " \ nClient Connected from : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Remote Port : " + clientSocket . getPort () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Local Port : " + clientSocket . getLocalPort
() ) ;

clientSocket . close () ;
serverSocket . close () ;
} catch ( Exception e ) {
e . printStackTrace () ;
}
}
}

23.2.2 portDemo/networking/[Link]
package portDemo . networking ;

import java . net . Socket ;

public class Client {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
try {

95
 Socket socket = new Socket ( " localHost " , 12345) ;
System . out . println ( " Connected to Server : " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Server Port : " + socket . getPort () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Client Port : " + socket . getLocalPort () ) ;

socket . close () ;
} catch ( Exception e ) {
e . printStackTrace () ;
}
}
}

23.3 Socket Communication

The following terminal outputs demonstrate the successful execution of a server and client socket
connection in Java. The server listens on port 12345, and the client connects to the same port from
a randomly assigned local port.

23.3.1 Server Terminal Output (Before Client Connects)

C:\Users\Sayan Dutta\IdeaProjects\Java_Assignments_MSc\src\portDemo\
networking>java Server
Server started on port: 12345

23.3.2 Client Terminal Output

C:\Users\Sayan Dutta\IdeaProjects\Java_Assignments_MSc\src\portDemo\
networking>java Client
Connected to Server:
Server Port: 12345
Client Port: 52352

23.3.3 Updated Server Terminal Output (After Client Connects)

Client Connected from:

Remote Port: 52352
Local Port: 12345

96
24 Demonstrate URL
Write a Java Program to demonstrate URL.

24.1 Java implementation

import java . net . M a l f o r m e d U R L E x c e p t i o n ;
import java . net . URL ;
import java . util . Scanner ;

public class URLDemo {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;
System . out . print ( " Enter URL : " ) ;
String inputURL = sc . nextLine () ;
try {
URL url = new URL ( inputURL ) ;
System . out . println ( " === URL Breakdown === " ) ;
System . out . println ( " Protocol : " + url . getProtocol () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Host : " + url . getHost () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Port : " + url . getPort () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Default Port : " + url . getDefaultPort () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Path : " + url . getPath () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Query : " + url . getQuery () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Reference : " + url . getRef () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Authority : " + url . getAuthority () ) ;
System . out . println ( " User Info : " + url . getUserInfo () ) ;
} catch ( M a l f o r m e d U R L E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Connection error : " + e . getMessage () ) ;
}
}
}

24.2 Program input

Enter URL: [Link]

24.3 Program output

=== URL Breakdown ===

Protocol: https
Host: [Link]
Port: -1
Default Port: 443
Path: /Sayan-Dutta-2003
Query: null
Reference: null
Authority: [Link]
User Info: null

97
25 Demonstrate Datagram
Write a Java Program to demonstrate datagram.

25.1 File directory structure

.
Datagram/
[Link]
[Link]

25.2 Java implementation

25.2.1 Datagram/[Link]
package Datagram ;

import java . io . IOException ;

import java . net .*;

public class Server {

public static void main ( String [] args ) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = null ;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket (9876) ;
System . out . println ( " Server started on port 9876... " ) ;

byte [] receiveBuffer = new byte [1024];

while ( true ) {
// Receive packet from client
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket (
receiveBuffer , receiveBuffer . length ) ;
socket . receive ( receivePacket ) ;

// Process received Data

String receivedData = new String ( receivePacket . getData () ,
0 , receivePacket . getLength () ) ;
System . out . println ( " Received from Client : " + receivedData
);

// Prepare response
InetAddress clientAddress = receivePacket . getAddress () ;

int clientPort = receivePacket . getPort () ;

String responseMessage = " Message received ! " ;
byte [] sendBuffer = responseMessage . getBytes () ;

// Send response back to client

DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket ( sendBuffer ,
sendBuffer . length , clientAddress , clientPort ) ;
socket . send ( sendPacket ) ;
System . out . println ( " Sent response to client " ) ;

98
 }
} catch ( IOException e ) {
e . printStackTrace () ;
} finally {
if ( socket != null && ! socket . isClosed () ) {
socket . close () ;
}
}

}
}

25.2.2 Datagram/[Link]
package Datagram ;

import java . io . IOException ;

import java . net .*;

public class Client {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
DatagramSocket socket = null ;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket () ;
InetAddress serverAddress = InetAddress . getByName ( " localhost " )
;

// Prepare message to send

String message = " Hello Server ! " ;
byte [] sendBuffer = message . getBytes () ;

// Send packet to server

DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket (
sendBuffer ,
sendBuffer . length ,
serverAddress ,
9876
);
socket . send ( sendPacket ) ;
System . out . println ( " Sent message to server : " + message ) ;

// Receive response from server

byte [] receiveBuffer = new byte [1024];
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket (
receiveBuffer , receiveBuffer . length ) ;
socket . receive ( receivePacket ) ;

// Process the response

String receivedResponse = new String (
receivePacket . getData () ,
0,

99
 receivePacket . getLength ()
);
System . out . println ( " Received from server : " + receivedResponse
);
} catch ( IOException e ) {
e . printStackTrace () ;
} finally {
if ( socket != null && ! socket . isClosed () ) {
socket . close () ;
}
}
}
}

25.3 UDP Socket Execution

The following terminal outputs demonstrate the successful execution of a UDP server and client
socket communication in Java. The server listens on port 9876, and the client sends a message
which the server receives and acknowledges.

25.3.1 Server Terminal Output (Before Client Connects)

C:\Users\Sayan Dutta\IdeaProjects\Java_Assignments_MSc\src\Datagram>
java [Link]
Server started on port 9876...

25.3.2 Client Terminal Output

C:\Users\Sayan Dutta\IdeaProjects\Java_Assignments_MSc\src\Datagram>
java [Link]
Sent message to server: Hello Server!
Received from server: Message received!

25.3.3 Server Terminal Output (After Client Sends Message)

C:\Users\Sayan Dutta\IdeaProjects\Java_Assignments_MSc\src\Datagram>
java [Link]
Server started on port 9876...
Received from Client: Hello Server!
Sent response to client

100
26 Keyboard event listener
Write a Java programme to implement the keyboard event listener.

26.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class K e y b o a r d E v e n t L i s t e n e r extends JFrame implements KeyListener {

private JLabel label ;
private JTextArea textArea ;

public K e y b o a r d E v e n t L i s t e n e r () {
// Set up the frame
setTitle ( " Keyboard Event Listener " ) ;
setSize (400 , 300) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setLayout ( new BorderLayout () ) ;

// Create components
label = new JLabel ( " Press any key ... " , JLabel . CENTER ) ;
label . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 16) ) ;

textArea = new JTextArea () ;

textArea . setEditable ( false ) ;
textArea . setFont ( new Font ( " Monospaced " , Font . PLAIN , 14) ) ;
JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane ( textArea ) ;

// Add components to frame

add ( label , BorderLayout . NORTH ) ;
add ( scrollPane , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;

// Add key listener to the text area

textArea . addKeyListener ( this ) ;

// Make sure the text area can receive focus

textArea . setFocusable ( true ) ;
textArea . r e q u e s t F o c u s I n W i n d o w () ;
}

// Implement KeyListener methods

@Override
public void keyPressed ( KeyEvent e ) {
String message = " Key Pressed : " + KeyEvent . getKeyText ( e .
getKeyCode () ) ;
label . setText ( message ) ;
textArea . append ( message + " \ n " ) ;
textArea . append ( " Key Code : " + e . getKeyCode () + " \ n " ) ;
textArea . append ( " Modifiers : " + KeyEvent . g et K e yM o d if i e rs T e xt ( e .
getModifiersEx () ) + " \ n \ n " ) ;
}

101
 @Override
public void keyReleased ( KeyEvent e ) {
String message = " Key Released : " + KeyEvent . getKeyText ( e .
getKeyCode () ) ;
label . setText ( message ) ;
textArea . append ( message + " \ n \ n " ) ;
}

@Override
public void keyTyped ( KeyEvent e ) {
String message = " Key Typed : ’" + e . getKeyChar () + " ’" ;
label . setText ( message ) ;
textArea . append ( message + " \ n " ) ;
textArea . append ( " Character : " + e . getKeyChar () + " \ n \ n " ) ;
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
K e y b o a r d E v e n t L i s t e n e r listener = new K e y b o a r d E v e n t L i s t e n e r () ;
listener . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

26.2 Program output

102
27 Mouse event listener
Write a Java program to implement mouse event listener (click, enter, exited, pressed, release).

27.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class Mo use Ev en tL is te ne r extends JFrame implements MouseListener {

private JLabel statusLabel ;
private JTextArea eventLog ;
private int clickCount = 0;

public Mou se Ev en tL is te ne r () {
setTitle ( " Mouse Event Listener " ) ;
setSize (500 , 400) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setLayout ( new BorderLayout () ) ;

// Create components
statusLabel = new JLabel ( " Mouse status : Waiting for events ... " ,
JLabel . CENTER ) ;
statusLabel . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 16) ) ;
statusLabel . setBorder ( BorderFactory . cr eateEm ptyBor der (10 , 10 , 10 ,
10) ) ;
statusLabel . setOpaque ( true ) ;
statusLabel . setBackground ( Color . LIGHT_GRAY ) ;

eventLog = new JTextArea () ;

eventLog . setEditable ( false ) ;
eventLog . setFont ( new Font ( " Monospaced " , Font . PLAIN , 12) ) ;
JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane ( eventLog ) ;

// Add components to frame

add ( statusLabel , BorderLayout . NORTH ) ;
add ( scrollPane , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;

// Add mouse listener to the frame

addMouseListener ( this ) ;

// Add mouse listener to the text area as well

eventLog . addMouseListener ( this ) ;

// Display instructions
eventLog . append ( " Mouse Event Listener Program \ n " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\ n " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Interact with mouse in this window to see events
.\ n " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Supported events : click , enter , exit , press ,
release \ n \ n " ) ;
}

103
// Implement MouseListener methods
@Override
public void mouseClicked ( MouseEvent e ) {
clickCount ++;
String message = " Mouse Clicked at ( " + e . getX () + " , " + e . getY ()
+ ")";
statusLabel . setText ( message + " - Total clicks : " + clickCount ) ;
eventLog . append ( message + " \ n " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Click count : " + e . getClickCount () + " \ n " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Button : " + g et Mo us eB ut to nT ex t ( e . getButton () ) + "
\n");
eventLog . append ( " Modifiers : " + KeyEvent . g et K e yM o d if i e rs T e xt ( e .
getModifiersEx () ) + " \ n \ n " ) ;
}

@Override
public void mouseEntered ( MouseEvent e ) {
statusLabel . setText ( " Mouse Entered component " ) ;
statusLabel . setBackground ( Color . GREEN ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Mouse Entered component at ( " + e . getX () + " , " +
e . getY () + " ) \ n \ n " ) ;
}

@Override
public void mouseExited ( MouseEvent e ) {
statusLabel . setText ( " Mouse Exited component " ) ;
statusLabel . setBackground ( Color . RED ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Mouse Exited component at ( " + e . getX () + " , " +
e . getY () + " ) \ n \ n " ) ;
}

@Override
public void mousePressed ( MouseEvent e ) {
statusLabel . setText ( " Mouse Pressed at ( " + e . getX () + " , " + e .
getY () + " ) " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Mouse Pressed at ( " + e . getX () + " , " + e . getY ()
+ ")\n");
eventLog . append ( " Button : " + g et Mo us eB ut to nT ex t ( e . getButton () ) + "
\n\n");
}

@Override
public void mouseReleased ( MouseEvent e ) {
statusLabel . setText ( " Mouse Released at ( " + e . getX () + " , " + e .
getY () + " ) " ) ;
eventLog . append ( " Mouse Released at ( " + e . getX () + " , " + e . getY ()
+ ")\n");
eventLog . append ( " Button : " + g et Mo us eB ut to nT ex t ( e . getButton () ) + "
\n\n");
}

// Helper method to get mouse button text

private String ge tM ou se Bu tt on Tex t ( int button ) {

104
 switch ( button ) {
case MouseEvent . BUTTON1 : return " Left Button " ;
case MouseEvent . BUTTON2 : return " Middle Button " ;
case MouseEvent . BUTTON3 : return " Right Button " ;
default : return " Unknown Button " ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
M ous eE ve nt Li st en er listener = new M ou se Ev en tL is te ne r () ;
listener . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

27.2 Program output

105
28 Applet programme 2
Write a Java program to create a child frame window from within an applet.

28.1 Java implementation

import java . applet . Applet ;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class ChildFrameApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener {

Button openFrameButton ;

public void init () {

openFrameButton = new Button ( " Open Child Frame " ) ;
add ( openFrameButton ) ;
openFrameButton . addA ctionL istene r ( this ) ;
}

public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {

new ChildFrame ( " Child Frame Window " ) ;
}
}

class ChildFrame extends Frame {

ChildFrame ( String title ) {
super ( title ) ;
setSize (300 , 150) ;
setLayout ( new FlowLayout () ) ;
Label label = new Label ( " This is a child frame window . " ) ;
add ( label ) ;
setVisible ( true ) ;

add Window Listen er ( new WindowAdapter () {

public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent we ) {
dispose () ;
}
}) ;
}
}

28.2 HTML implementation

< html >
< body >
< applet code = " ChildFrameApplet . class " width = " 300 " height = " 100 " >
</ applet >
</ body >
</ html >

106
28.3 Program output

107
29 Applet programme 3
Write a Java program to create a night view of the sky using applet.

29.1 Java implementation

import java . applet . Applet ;
import java . awt .*;
import java . util . Random ;

public class NightSkyApplet extends Applet {

public void init () {
setSize (400 , 300) ;
setBackground ( Color . BLACK ) ;
}
public void paint ( Graphics g ) {
drawMoon ( g ) ;
drawStars (g , 100) ;
}
// Draw a moon
private void drawMoon ( Graphics g ) {
g . setColor ( Color . LIGHT_GRAY ) ;
g . fillOval (300 , 50 , 50 , 50) ; // Moon shape
}
// Draw stars randomly across the sky
private void drawStars ( Graphics g , int count ) {
g . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
Random rand = new Random () ;
for ( int i = 0; i < count ; i ++) {
int x = rand . nextInt ( getWidth () ) ;
int y = rand . nextInt ( getHeight () - 100) ; // Avoid lower part
g . fillOval (x , y , 2 , 2) ; // Tiny star
}
}
}

29.2 HTML implementation

< html >
< body >
< applet code = " NightSkyApplet . class " width = " 400 " height = " 300 " >
</ applet >
</ body >
</ html >

108
29.3 Program output

109
30 Applet programme 4
Write a Java program to create a sand clock using applet.

30.1 Java implementation

import java . applet . Applet ;
import java . awt .*;
import java . util . Random ;

public class A n i m a t e d S a n d C l o c k A p p l e t extends Applet implements Runnable {

private static final int NUM_GRAINS = 50;
private int [] grainX = new int [ NUM_GRAINS ];
private int [] grainY = new int [ NUM_GRAINS ];
private boolean [] hasFallen = new boolean [ NUM_GRAINS ];
private int fallenCount = 0;
private Thread animator ;
private Random rand = new Random () ;

@Override
public void init () {
setSize (300 , 500) ;
// initialize grains at random positions inside the upper triangle
for ( int i = 0; i < NUM_GRAINS ; i ++) {
spawnGrainAtTop ( i ) ;
hasFallen [ i ] = false ;
}
}

private void spawnGrainAtTop ( int i ) {

// y between top rim (50) and neck (250)
int y = 50 + rand . nextInt (200) ;
// compute x - range at this y within upper triangle
float frac = ( float ) ( y - 50) / 200; // 0 at y =50 , 1 at y =250
int xLeft = 100 + ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;
int xRight = 200 - ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;
int x = xLeft + rand . nextInt ( xRight - xLeft + 1) ;
grainX [ i ] = x ;
grainY [ i ] = y ;
}

@Override
public void start () {
animator = new Thread ( this ) ;
animator . start () ;
}

@Override
public void stop () {
animator = null ;
}

@Override

110
public void run () {
while ( Thread . currentThread () == animator ) {
for ( int i = 0; i < NUM_GRAINS ; i ++) {
if (! hasFallen [ i ]) {
grainY [ i ]++;
if ( grainY [ i ] > 450) {
hasFallen [ i ] = true ;
fallenCount ++;
}
}
}
repaint () ;
// stop when all grains have fallen
if ( fallenCount >= NUM_GRAINS ) {
stop () ;
break ;
}
try {
Thread . sleep (50) ;
} catch ( I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
break ;
}
}
}

@Override
public void paint ( Graphics g ) {
// Clear background
g . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g . fillRect (0 , 0 , getWidth () , getHeight () ) ;

// Draw hourglass outline

g . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
// Top and bottom rims
g . drawLine (100 , 50 , 200 , 50) ;
g . drawLine (100 , 450 , 200 , 450) ;
// Sides down to the neck
g . drawLine (100 , 50 , 150 , 250) ;
g . drawLine (200 , 50 , 150 , 250) ;
// Sides up from the neck
g . drawLine (100 , 450 , 150 , 250) ;
g . drawLine (200 , 450 , 150 , 250) ;

// Draw all grains that haven ’t fallen past bottom

g . setColor ( new Color (194 , 178 , 128) ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < NUM_GRAINS ; i ++) {
if (! hasFallen [ i ]) {
int x = grainX [ i ];
int y = grainY [ i ];
// clamp inside shape as before
if ( y < 250) {
float frac = ( float ) ( y - 50) / 200;
int xLeft = 100 + ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;
int xRight = 200 - ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;

111
 x = Math . max ( xLeft , Math . min (x , xRight ) ) ;
} else {
float frac = ( float ) (450 - y ) / 200;
int xLeft = 100 + ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;
int xRight = 200 - ( int ) (50 * frac ) ;
x = Math . max ( xLeft , Math . min (x , xRight ) ) ;
}
g . fillOval ( x - 3 , y - 3 , 6 , 6) ;
}
}
}
}

30.2 HTML implementation

< html >
< body >
< applet code = " A n i m a t e d S a n d C l o c k A p p l e t . class " width = " 300 " height = " 400 " >
</ applet >
</ body >
</ html >

30.3 Program output

112
31 Bouncing balls
Write a Java program to bounce more than one ball.

31.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;
import java . util . ArrayList ;
import java . util . Random ;

public class BouncingBalls extends JPanel {

private static final int WIDTH = 800;
private static final int HEIGHT = 600;
private ArrayList < Ball > balls = new ArrayList < >() ;
private Random random = new Random () ;

public BouncingBalls () {
// Create 10 random balls
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
balls . add ( createRandomBall () ) ;
}

// Animation timer
Timer timer = new Timer (20 , new ActionListener () {
@Override
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {
updateBalls () ;
repaint () ;
}
}) ;
timer . start () ;

// Add mouse listener to create new balls on click

addMouseListener ( new MouseAdapter () {
@Override
public void mouseClicked ( MouseEvent e ) {
balls . add ( new Ball ( e . getX () , e . getY () ,
random . nextInt (30) + 10 ,
getRandomColor () ,
random . nextInt (10) - 5 ,
random . nextInt (10) - 5) ) ;
}
}) ;
}

private Ball createRandomBall () {

int size = random . nextInt (30) + 20;
return new Ball (
random . nextInt ( WIDTH - size ) ,
random . nextInt ( HEIGHT - size ) ,
size ,

113
 getRandomColor () ,
random . nextInt (10) - 5 ,
random . nextInt (10) - 5) ;
}

private Color getRandomColor () {

return new Color (
random . nextInt (256) ,
random . nextInt (256) ,
random . nextInt (256) ) ;
}

private void updateBalls () {

for ( Ball ball : balls ) {
ball . move () ;

// Wall collision detection

if ( ball . x < 0 || ball . x > WIDTH - ball . size ) {
ball . dx = - ball . dx ;
}
if ( ball . y < 0 || ball . y > HEIGHT - ball . size ) {
ball . dy = - ball . dy ;
}
}
}

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
for ( Ball ball : balls ) {
ball . draw ( g ) ;
}
}

private class Ball {

int x , y ; // Position
int size ; // Diameter
Color color ; // Color
int dx , dy ; // Velocity

public Ball ( int x , int y , int size , Color color , int dx , int dy ) {
this . x = x ;
this . y = y ;
this . size = size ;
this . color = color ;
this . dx = dx ;
this . dy = dy ;
}

public void move () {

x += dx ;
y += dy ;
}

114
 public void draw ( Graphics g ) {
g . setColor ( color ) ;
g . fillOval (x , y , size , size ) ;
g . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g . drawOval (x , y , size , size ) ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame ( " Bouncing Balls " ) ;
frame . s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
frame . setSize ( WIDTH , HEIGHT ) ;
frame . setResizable ( false ) ;
frame . add ( new BouncingBalls () ) ;
frame . setVisible ( true ) ;
}
}

31.2 Program output

115
32 Digital clock
Write a Java program to create a digital clock.

32.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . time . LocalTime ;
import java . time . format . Da teTim eForma tter ;

public class DigitalClock extends JFrame {

private JLabel timeLabel ;
private JLabel dateLabel ;
private String timeFormat = " HH : mm : ss " ;
private boolean is24HourFormat = true ;

public DigitalClock () {
// Set up the frame
setTitle ( " Digital Clock " ) ;
setSize (400 , 200) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setLayout ( new BorderLayout () ) ;
setResizable ( false ) ;

// Create time label

timeLabel = new JLabel ( " " , JLabel . CENTER ) ;
timeLabel . setFont ( new Font ( " Digital -7 " , Font . BOLD , 60) ) ;
timeLabel . setForeground ( Color . BLACK ) ;
timeLabel . setBackground ( Color . WHITE ) ;
timeLabel . setOpaque ( true ) ;

// Create date label

dateLabel = new JLabel ( " " , JLabel . CENTER ) ;
dateLabel . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . PLAIN , 20) ) ;
dateLabel . setForeground ( Color . BLACK ) ;
dateLabel . setBackground ( Color . WHITE ) ;
dateLabel . setOpaque ( true ) ;

// Add components to frame

add ( timeLabel , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;
add ( dateLabel , BorderLayout . SOUTH ) ;

// Add menu bar for format switching

JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar () ;
JMenu formatMenu = new JMenu ( " Format " ) ;
JMenuItem toggleFormat = new JMenuItem ( " Toggle 12/24 Hour " ) ;
toggleFormat . a ddActi onList ener ( e -> toggleTimeFormat () ) ;
formatMenu . add ( toggleFormat ) ;
menuBar . add ( formatMenu ) ;
setJMenuBar ( menuBar ) ;

// Timer to update clock every second

116
 Timer timer = new Timer (1000 , e -> updateTime () ) ;
timer . start () ;

// Initial time update

updateTime () ;
}

private void updateTime () {

LocalTime now = LocalTime . now () ;
Dat eTimeF ormatt er timeFormatter = Da teTim eForma tter . ofPattern (
timeFormat ) ;
String time = now . format ( timeFormatter ) ;
timeLabel . setText ( time ) ;

// Update date
String date = java . time . LocalDate . now () . format ( DateTi meForm atter .
ofPattern ( " EEEE , MMMM dd , yyyy " ) ) ;
dateLabel . setText ( date ) ;
}

private void toggleTimeFormat () {

is24HourFormat = ! is24HourFormat ;
timeFormat = is24HourFormat ? " HH : mm : ss " : " h : mm : ss a " ;
updateTime () ;
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
DigitalClock clock = new DigitalClock () ;
clock . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

32.2 Program output

117
33 Analog clock
Write a Java program to create a digital clock.

33.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;
import java . time . LocalTime ;
import java . time . LocalDate ;
import java . time . format . Da teTim eForma tter ;

public class AnalogClock extends JPanel {

private int centerX , centerY ;
private int clockRadius ;
private LocalTime currentTime ;
private Timer timer ;
private boolean showDigitalTime = true ;
private boolean showDate = true ;

public AnalogClock () {
// Set up the panel
setPreferredSize ( new Dimension (400 , 450) ) ;
setBackground ( Color . WHITE ) ;

// Timer to update clock every second

timer = new Timer (1000 , e -> {
currentTime = LocalTime . now () ;
repaint () ;
}) ;
timer . start () ;

// Add mouse listener to toggle digital display

addMouseListener ( new MouseAdapter () {
@Override
public void mouseClicked ( MouseEvent e ) {
showDigitalTime = ! showDigitalTime ;
repaint () ;
}
}) ;
}

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
g2d . setRenderingHint ( RenderingHints . KEY_ANTIALIASING ,
RenderingHints . VA LUE _A NT IA LI AS _O N ) ;

// Calculate clock dimensions

centerX = getWidth () / 2;
centerY = getHeight () / 2;

118
 clockRadius = Math . min ( centerX , centerY ) - 20;

// Draw clock face

drawClockFace ( g2d ) ;

// Draw clock hands

if ( currentTime != null ) {
drawClockHands ( g2d ) ;
}

// Draw digital time and date

if ( showDigitalTime ) {
drawDigitalTime ( g2d ) ;
}
}

private void drawClockFace ( Graphics2D g2d ) {

// Draw clock border
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . fillOval ( centerX - clockRadius , centerY - clockRadius ,
clockRadius * 2 , clockRadius * 2) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g2d . fillOval ( centerX - clockRadius + 5 , centerY - clockRadius + 5 ,
clockRadius * 2 - 10 , clockRadius * 2 - 10) ;

// Draw hour markers

g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 14) ) ;
for ( int i = 1; i <= 12; i ++) {
double angle = Math . toRadians (90 - i * 30) ;
int x = centerX + ( int ) (0.85 * clockRadius * Math . cos ( angle ) )
;
int y = centerY - ( int ) (0.85 * clockRadius * Math . sin ( angle ) )
;
g2d . drawString ( Integer . toString ( i ) , x - 5 , y + 5) ;
}

// Draw minute markers

g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (1 f ) ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < 60; i ++) {
if ( i % 5 != 0) { // Skip hour markers
double angle = Math . toRadians (90 - i * 6) ;
int x1 = centerX + ( int ) (0.90 * clockRadius * Math . cos (
angle ) ) ;
int y1 = centerY - ( int ) (0.90 * clockRadius * Math . sin (
angle ) ) ;
int x2 = centerX + ( int ) (0.95 * clockRadius * Math . cos (
angle ) ) ;
int y2 = centerY - ( int ) (0.95 * clockRadius * Math . sin (
angle ) ) ;
g2d . drawLine ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
}
}
}

119
private void drawClockHands ( Graphics2D g2d ) {
int hours = currentTime . getHour () % 12;
int minutes = currentTime . getMinute () ;
int seconds = currentTime . getSecond () ;

// Draw hour hand

double hourAngle = Math . toRadians (90 - ( hours * 30 + minutes *
0.5) ) ;
int hourHandLength = ( int ) (0.5 * clockRadius ) ;
int hourX = centerX + ( int ) ( hourHandLength * Math . cos ( hourAngle ) )
;
int hourY = centerY - ( int ) ( hourHandLength * Math . sin ( hourAngle ) )
;
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (6 f ) ) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLUE ) ;
g2d . drawLine ( centerX , centerY , hourX , hourY ) ;

// Draw minute hand

double minuteAngle = Math . toRadians (90 - minutes * 6) ;
int minuteHandLength = ( int ) (0.7 * clockRadius ) ;
int minuteX = centerX + ( int ) ( minuteHandLength * Math . cos (
minuteAngle ) ) ;
int minuteY = centerY - ( int ) ( minuteHandLength * Math . sin (
minuteAngle ) ) ;
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (4 f ) ) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . GREEN ) ;
g2d . drawLine ( centerX , centerY , minuteX , minuteY ) ;

// Draw second hand

double secondAngle = Math . toRadians (90 - seconds * 6) ;
int secondHandLength = ( int ) (0.8 * clockRadius ) ;
int secondX = centerX + ( int ) ( secondHandLength * Math . cos (
secondAngle ) ) ;
int secondY = centerY - ( int ) ( secondHandLength * Math . sin (
secondAngle ) ) ;
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (1 f ) ) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . RED ) ;
g2d . drawLine ( centerX , centerY , secondX , secondY ) ;

// Draw center cap

g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . fillOval ( centerX - 8 , centerY - 8 , 16 , 16) ;
}

private void drawDigitalTime ( Graphics2D g2d ) {

// Draw digital time
String time = currentTime . format ( D ateTim eForm atter . ofPattern ( " HH :
mm : ss " ) ) ;
g2d . setFont ( new Font ( " Digital -7 " , Font . BOLD , 30) ) ;
FontMetrics fm = g2d . getFontMetrics () ;
int timeWidth = fm . stringWidth ( time ) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;

120
 g2d . drawString ( time , centerX - timeWidth /2 , centerY + clockRadius
+ 40) ;

// Draw date if enabled

if ( showDate ) {
String date = LocalDate . now () . format ( D ateTi meForm atter .
ofPattern ( " EEEE , MMMM d , yyyy " ) ) ;
g2d . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . PLAIN , 16) ) ;
fm = g2d . getFontMetrics () ;
int dateWidth = fm . stringWidth ( date ) ;
g2d . drawString ( date , centerX - dateWidth /2 , centerY +
clockRadius + 70) ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
JFrame frame = new JFrame ( " Analog Clock " ) ;
frame . s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
frame . add ( new AnalogClock () ) ;
frame . pack () ;
frame . s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
frame . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

33.2 Program output

121
34 India’s Flag
Write a Java programme to create India’s flag.

34.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . geom .*;

public class IndianFlag extends JFrame {

public IndianFlag () {
setTitle ( " Indian National Flag " ) ;
setSize (600 , 400) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
add ( new FlagPanel () ) ;
}

static class FlagPanel extends JPanel {

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
g2d . setRenderingHint ( RenderingHints . KEY_ANTIALIASING ,
RenderingHints . VA LU E_A NT IA LI AS _O N ) ;

// Draw background ( sky )

GradientPaint skyGradient = new GradientPaint (0 , 0 , new Color
(135 , 206 , 235) ,
0 , getHeight () , new Color (176 , 226 , 255) ) ;
g2d . setPaint ( skyGradient ) ;
g2d . fillRect (0 , 0 , getWidth () , getHeight () ) ;

// Draw flag pole

drawFlagPole ( g2d ) ;

// Draw the flag

drawIndianFlag ( g2d ) ;
}

private void drawFlagPole ( Graphics2D g2d ) {

// Draw pole
g2d . setColor ( new Color (101 , 67 , 33) ) ;
g2d . fillRect (100 , 50 , 10 , 300) ;

// Draw pole top

g2d . setColor ( new Color (218 , 165 , 32) ) ;
g2d . fillOval (95 , 45 , 20 , 20) ;

// Draw pole base

g2d . setColor ( new Color (139 , 69 , 19) ) ;

122
 g2d . fillRect (90 , 350 , 30 , 20) ;
}

private void drawIndianFlag ( Graphics2D g2d ) {

int flagX = 110;
int flagY = 70;
int flagWidth = 300;
int flagHeight = 200;

// Draw flag border

g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawRect ( flagX , flagY , flagWidth , flagHeight ) ;

// Draw saffron stripe ( top )

g2d . setColor ( new Color (255 , 128 , 0) ) ;
g2d . fillRect ( flagX , flagY , flagWidth , flagHeight / 3) ;

// Draw white stripe ( middle )

g2d . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g2d . fillRect ( flagX , flagY + flagHeight / 3 , flagWidth ,
flagHeight / 3) ;

// Draw green stripe ( bottom )

g2d . setColor ( new Color (0 , 128 , 0) ) ;
g2d . fillRect ( flagX , flagY + 2 * flagHeight / 3 , flagWidth ,
flagHeight / 3) ;

// Calculate center of the Ashoka Chakra

int whiteBandHeight = flagHeight / 3;
int centerY = flagY + flagHeight / 3 + whiteBandHeight / 2;

// Draw Ashoka Chakra ( wheel )

drawAshokaChakra ( g2d , flagX + flagWidth / 2 , centerY ,
whiteBandHeight ) ;
}

private void drawAshokaChakra ( Graphics2D g2d , int centerX , int

centerY , int whiteBandHeight ) {
int chakraDiameter = ( int ) ( whiteBandHeight * 0.9) ; //
Diameter of the wheel
int outerRadius = chakraDiameter / 2;

// Draw blue circle

g2d . setColor ( new Color (0 , 0 , 128) ) ;
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (2) ) ;
g2d . draw ( new Ellipse2D . Double ( centerX - outerRadius , centerY -
outerRadius ,
chakraDiameter , chakraDiameter ) ) ;

// Draw 24 spokes ( all connected at the center )

int spokes = 24;
double angleIncrement = 360.0 / spokes ;

for ( int i = 0; i < spokes ; i ++) {

123
 double angle = Math . toRadians ( i * angleIncrement - 90) ; //
-90 to start at top

// Calculate spoke endpoint on outer circle

int x2 = centerX + ( int ) ( outerRadius * Math . cos ( angle ) ) ;
int y2 = centerY + ( int ) ( outerRadius * Math . sin ( angle ) ) ;

// Draw line from center to outer circle

g2d . drawLine ( centerX , centerY , x2 , y2 ) ;
}

// Draw the small inner circle

g2d . fill ( new Ellipse2D . Double ( centerX - 4 , centerY - 4 , 8 , 8) )
;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
new IndianFlag () . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

34.2 Program output

124
35 Ashok Chakra
Write a Java programme to create Ashok Chakra.

35.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . geom .*;

public class AshokChakra extends JFrame {

public AshokChakra () {
setTitle ( " Ashok Chakra " ) ;
setSize (400 , 400) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
add ( new ChakraPanel () ) ;
}

static class ChakraPanel extends JPanel {

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
g2d . setRenderingHint ( RenderingHints . KEY_ANTIALIASING ,
RenderingHints . VA LU E_A NT IA LI AS _O N ) ;

// Set background to white ( like the flag ’s middle stripe )

g2d . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g2d . fillRect (0 , 0 , getWidth () , getHeight () ) ;

// Draw the Ashok Chakra

drawAshokChakra ( g2d , getWidth () /2 , getHeight () /2 , Math . min (
getWidth () , getHeight () ) /2 - 20) ;
}

private void drawAshokChakra ( Graphics2D g2d , int centerX , int

centerY , int radius ) {
// Draw the navy blue outer circle
g2d . setColor ( new Color (0 , 0 , 128) ) ; // Navy blue
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (3) ) ;
g2d . draw ( new Ellipse2D . Double ( centerX - radius , centerY -
radius ,
radius * 2 , radius * 2) ) ;

// Draw the 24 spokes ( all connected at the center )

int spokes = 24;
double angleIncrement = 2 * Math . PI / spokes ; // Angle between
spokes in radians

for ( int i = 0; i < spokes ; i ++) {

double angle = i * angleIncrement ;

125
 // Calculate endpoint on outer circle
int x = centerX + ( int ) ( radius * Math . cos ( angle ) ) ;
int y = centerY + ( int ) ( radius * Math . sin ( angle ) ) ;

// Draw line from center to outer circle

g2d . drawLine ( centerX , centerY , x , y ) ;
}

// Draw the small navy blue circle at center

g2d . fill ( new Ellipse2D . Double ( centerX - 5 , centerY - 5 , 10 ,
10) ) ;

// Add label
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 16) ) ;
String label = " Ashok Chakra (24 Spokes ) " ;
int labelWidth = g2d . getFontMetrics () . stringWidth ( label ) ;
g2d . drawString ( label , centerX - labelWidth /2 , centerY + radius
+ 30) ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
new AshokChakra () . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

35.2 Program output

126
36 Concentric circles
Write a Java programme to create concentric circles in different colours.

36.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . geom .*;

public class Co ncentr icCir cles extends JFrame {

public Co ncentr icCirc les () {

setTitle ( " Concentric Circles " ) ;
setSize (500 , 500) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
add ( new CirclesPanel () ) ;
}

static class CirclesPanel extends JPanel {

// Colors for the concentric circles
private final Color [] colors = {
Color . RED ,
Color . ORANGE ,
Color . YELLOW ,
Color . GREEN ,
Color . BLUE ,
new Color (75 , 0 , 130) , // INDIGO
new Color (238 , 130 , 238) // VIOLET
};

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
g2d . setRenderingHint ( RenderingHints . KEY_ANTIALIASING ,
RenderingHints . VA LU E_A NT IA LI AS _O N ) ;

// Get center of the panel

int centerX = getWidth () / 2;
int centerY = getHeight () / 2;

// Initial radius ( will decrease for each circle )

int radius = Math . min ( getWidth () , getHeight () ) / 2 - 20;

// Draw concentric circles

for ( int i = 0; i < colors . length ; i ++) {
// Set circle color
g2d . setColor ( colors [ i ]) ;

// Calculate diameter for this circle

int diameter = radius * 2;

127
 // Draw filled circle
g2d . fill ( new Ellipse2D . Double (
centerX - radius ,
centerY - radius ,
diameter ,
diameter ) ) ;

// Draw outline
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . setStroke ( new BasicStroke (2) ) ;
g2d . draw ( new Ellipse2D . Double (
centerX - radius ,
centerY - radius ,
diameter ,
diameter ) ) ;

// Reduce radius for next circle

radius -= 30;

// Stop if radius becomes too small

if ( radius < 10) break ;
}
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
new C oncent ricCi rcles () . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

36.2 Program output

128
37 Shapes
Write a Java programme to create different shapes.

37.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;

public class ShapeDrawing extends JFrame {

public ShapeDrawing () {
setTitle ( " Basic Shapes Drawing " ) ;
setSize (600 , 400) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
add ( new ShapesPanel () ) ;
}

static class ShapesPanel extends JPanel {

@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
g2d . setRenderingHint ( RenderingHints . KEY_ANTIALIASING ,
RenderingHints . VA LU E_A NT IA LI AS _O N ) ;
// Set background
g2d . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g2d . fillRect (0 , 0 , getWidth () , getHeight () ) ;
// Draw rectangle
g2d . setColor ( Color . RED ) ;
g2d . fillRect (50 , 50 , 100 , 60) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Rectangle " , 60 , 40) ;
// Draw square
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLUE ) ;
g2d . fillRect (200 , 50 , 80 , 80) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Square " , 210 , 40) ;
// Draw circle
g2d . setColor ( Color . GREEN ) ;
g2d . fillOval (350 , 50 , 80 , 80) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Circle " , 370 , 40) ;
// Draw triangle
g2d . setColor ( Color . ORANGE ) ;
int [] xTriangle = {100 , 50 , 150};
int [] yTriangle = {200 , 300 , 300};
g2d . fillPolygon ( xTriangle , yTriangle , 3) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Triangle " , 70 , 190) ;
// Draw pentagon
g2d . setColor ( Color . MAGENTA ) ;

129
 int centerX = 300;
int centerY = 250;
int radius = 70;

int [] xPentagon = new int [5];

int [] yPentagon = new int [5];
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
double angle = Math . toRadians ( -90 + i * 72) ; // start at
top 90°, step 72° deg each
xPentagon [ i ] = centerX + ( int ) ( radius * Math . cos ( angle ) ) ;
yPentagon [ i ] = centerY + ( int ) ( radius * Math . sin ( angle ) ) ;
}
g2d . fillPolygon ( xPentagon , yPentagon , 5) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Pentagon " , 275 , 175) ;
// Draw hexagon
g2d . setColor ( Color . CYAN ) ;
int [] xHexagon = {450 , 500 , 500 , 450 , 400 , 400};
int [] yHexagon = {150 , 200 , 250 , 300 , 250 , 200};
g2d . fillPolygon ( xHexagon , yHexagon , 6) ;
g2d . setColor ( Color . BLACK ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Hexagon " , 430 , 145) ;
}
}
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
new ShapeDrawing () . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

37.2 Program output

130
38 Text fonts
Write a Java program to display the fonts of a text.

38.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;

public class FontDisplay extends JFrame {

public FontDisplay () {
setTitle ( " Font Display " ) ;
setSize (400 , 300) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
add ( new JPanel () {
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = ( Graphics2D ) g ;
String [] fonts = G ra p h ic s E nv i r o nm e n t .
g e t L o c a l G r a p h i c s E n v i r o n m e n t () .
g e t A v a i l a b l e F o n t F a m i l y N a m e s () ;
int y = 40;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
g2d . setFont ( new Font ( fonts [ i ] , Font . PLAIN , 18) ) ;
g2d . drawString ( " Sample in " + fonts [ i ] , 20 , y ) ;
y += 30;
}
}
}) ;
}
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> new FontDisplay () . setVisible ( true
));
}
}

38.2 Program output

131
39 Positioned Text
Write a Java program to display a text in a specific location on window.

39.1 Java implememtation

import javax . swing . JFrame ;
import javax . swing . JPanel ;
import java . awt . Graphics ;
import java . awt . Font ;

public class TextAtLocation extends JPanel {

private final String message = " Hello , this is my custom text ! " ;
private final int x = 100; // x - coordinate
private final int y = 150; // y - coordinate
@Override
protected void paintComponent ( Graphics g ) {
super . paintComponent ( g ) ;
// Draw the main message
g . setFont ( new Font ( " SansSerif " , Font . PLAIN , 16) ) ;
g . drawString ( message , x , y ) ;
// Draw the coordinates just below the message
g . setFont ( new Font ( " SansSerif " , Font . ITALIC , 12) ) ;
g . drawString ( " x = " + x + " , y = " + y , x , y + 20) ;
}
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame ( " Text at Specific Location " ) ;
frame . s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
frame . setSize (400 , 300) ;
frame . add ( new TextAtLocation () ) ;
frame . s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ; // Center the window
frame . setVisible ( true ) ;
}
}

39.2 Program output

132
40 Demonstrate labels
Write a Java program to demonstrate labels.

40.1 Java implementation

import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class LabelDemo extends Frame implements ActionListener {

// Frame Label and Button Initialised
private Frame frame ;
private Label label ;
private Button button ;
public int count = 0;

public LabelDemo ()
{
// Memory Allocated to frame
frame = new Frame ( " AWT Label " ) ;

// Memory Allocated to label

label = new Label ( " Check if a Number is Even or Odd " ) ;

// Memory Allocated to button

button = new Button ( " Calculate " ) ;

// Register ActionListener
button . ad dActio nListe ner ( this ) ;

// Add components to the frame

frame . add ( label , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;
frame . add ( button , BorderLayout . SOUTH ) ;

// Dimensions of Frame
frame . setSize (600 , 600) ;
frame . setVisible ( true ) ;

// Using WindowListener for closing the window

frame . addWi ndowLi stene r ( new WindowAdapter () {
@Override
public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent e )
{
System . exit (0) ;
}
}) ;
}

// Action Listener checks when

// Button is Pressed
@Override public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e )
{
if ( e . getSource () == button ) {

133
 String str ;
if ( count % 2 == 0)
str = count + " is Even " ;
else
str = count + " is odd " ;

label . setText ( str ) ;

count ++;
}
}
public static void main ( String [] args )
{
LabelDemo example = new LabelDemo () ;
}
}

40.2 Program output

134
41 Demonstrate buttons
Write a Java program to demonstrate buttons.

41.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing . JButton ;
import javax . swing . JFrame ;
import javax . swing . JLabel ;
import javax . swing . JPanel ;
import java . awt . event . ActionEvent ;
import java . awt . event . ActionListener ;

public class ButtonDemo {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame ( " Button Demo " ) ;
frame . setSize (400 , 200) ;
frame . s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;

JPanel panel = new JPanel () ;

JLabel label = new JLabel ( " Click the button below ! " ) ;
JButton button = new JButton ( " Click Me " ) ;

// Add action listener to button

button . ad dActio nListe ner ( new ActionListener () {
@Override
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {
label . setText ( " Button was clicked ! " ) ;
}
}) ;

panel . add ( label ) ;

panel . add ( button ) ;

frame . add ( panel ) ;

frame . setVisible ( true ) ;
}
}

41.2 Program output:

135
42 Checkbox
Write a Java programme to demonstrate checkbox.

42.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt . event . ActionEvent ;
import java . awt . event . ActionListener ;

public class CheckboxDemo {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame ( " Radio Button Demo " ) ;
frame . setSize (400 , 200) ;
frame . s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
JPanel panel = new JPanel () ;
JLabel label = new JLabel ( " Select your option : " ) ;
JRadioButton radio1 = new JRadioButton ( " Option 1 " ) ;
JRadioButton radio2 = new JRadioButton ( " Option 2 " ) ;
JRadioButton radio3 = new JRadioButton ( " Option 3 " ) ;
ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup () ;
group . add ( radio1 ) ;
group . add ( radio2 ) ;
group . add ( radio3 ) ;
JLabel resultLabel = new JLabel ( " Selected : None " ) ;
ActionListener listener = new ActionListener () {
@Override
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {
if ( radio1 . isSelected () ) {
resultLabel . setText ( " Selected : Option 1 " ) ;
} else if ( radio2 . isSelected () ) {
resultLabel . setText ( " Selected : Option 2 " ) ;
} else if ( radio3 . isSelected () ) {
resultLabel . setText ( " Selected : Option 3 " ) ;
}
}
};
radio1 . ad dActio nListe ner ( listener ) ;
radio2 . ad dActio nListe ner ( listener ) ;
radio3 . ad dActio nListe ner ( listener ) ;
panel . add ( label ) ;
panel . add ( radio1 ) ;
panel . add ( radio2 ) ;
panel . add ( radio3 ) ;
panel . add ( resultLabel ) ;
frame . add ( panel ) ;
frame . setVisible ( true ) ;
}
}

136
42.2 Program output

137
43 Checkbox group
Write a Java program to demonstrate checkbox group.

43.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class Ch eckbox Group Demo extends JFrame implements ActionListener {

JCheckBox option1 , option2 , option3 ;

JButton submitButton ;
JLabel resultLabel ;

public Ch eckbox GroupD emo () {

setTitle ( " Checkbox Group Demo " ) ;
setSize (400 , 200) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setLayout ( new FlowLayout () ) ;

// Create checkboxes
option1 = new JCheckBox ( " Option 1 " ) ;
option2 = new JCheckBox ( " Option 2 " ) ;
option3 = new JCheckBox ( " Option 3 " ) ;

// Add checkboxes to frame

add ( option1 ) ;
add ( option2 ) ;
add ( option3 ) ;

// Submit button
submitButton = new JButton ( " Submit " ) ;
submitButton . a ddActi onList ener ( this ) ;
add ( submitButton ) ;

// Label to display selected checkboxes

resultLabel = new JLabel ( " Selected : None " ) ;
add ( resultLabel ) ;

s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ; // Center window

}

@Override
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {
StringBuilder selectedOptions = new StringBuilder ( " Selected : " ) ;

boolean anySelected = false ;

if ( option1 . isSelected () ) {
selectedOptions . append ( " Option 1 " ) ;
anySelected = true ;
}

138
 if ( option2 . isSelected () ) {
selectedOptions . append ( " Option 2 " ) ;
anySelected = true ;
}
if ( option3 . isSelected () ) {
selectedOptions . append ( " Option 3 " ) ;
anySelected = true ;
}

if (! anySelected ) {
selectedOptions . append ( " None " ) ;
}

resultLabel . setText ( selectedOptions . toString () ) ;

}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
new C heckbo xGrou pDemo () . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

43.2 Program output

139
44 List
Write a Java program to demonstrate list.

44.1 Java implementation

import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class ListDemo extends Frame {

public ListDemo () {
setTitle ( " List Demo " ) ;
setSize (400 , 300) ;
setLayout ( new FlowLayout () ) ;
Label label = new Label ( " Select an item : " ) ;
List itemList = new List (5 , false ) ;
itemList . add ( " Apple " ) ;
itemList . add ( " Banana " ) ;
itemList . add ( " Cherry " ) ;
itemList . add ( " Mango " ) ;
itemList . add ( " Orange " ) ;
Label resultLabel = new Label ( " Selected : None " ) ;
itemList . addItemListener ( new ItemListener () {
public void itemStateChanged ( ItemEvent e ) {
String selected = itemList . getSelectedItem () ;
resultLabel . setText ( " Selected : " + selected ) ;
}
}) ;
add ( label ) ;
add ( itemList ) ;
add ( resultLabel ) ;
add Window Listen er ( new WindowAdapter () {
public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent we ) {
dispose () ;
}
}) ;
setVisible ( true ) ;
}
public static void main ( String [] args ) {
new ListDemo () ;
}
}

140
44.2 Program output

141
45 Scroll bar
Write a Java program to demonstrate handling a scroll bar.

45.1 Java implementation

import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class ScrollBarDemo {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {
Frame f = new Frame ( " Scrollbar Example " ) ;

Label l = new Label ( " ScrollBar " ) ;

l . setBounds (130 , 80 , 200 , 30) ;
l . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 20) ) ;
l . setForeground ( Color . GREEN ) ;
f . add ( l ) ;

Scrollbar s1 = new Scrollbar () ; // Vertical by default

s1 . setBounds (280 , 140 , 40 , 175) ;
f . add ( s1 ) ;

Label l1 = new Label ( " Vertical Scrollbar " ) ;

l1 . setBounds (260 , 330 , 200 , 30) ;
f . add ( l1 ) ;

Scrollbar s2 = new Scrollbar ( Scrollbar . HORIZONTAL ) ;

s2 . setBounds (50 , 250 , 175 , 40) ;
f . add ( s2 ) ;

Label l2 = new Label ( " Horizontal Scrollbar " ) ;

l2 . setBounds (85 , 330 , 200 , 30) ;
f . add ( l2 ) ;

f . setSize (400 , 400) ;

f . setLayout ( null ) ;
f . setVisible ( true ) ;

// Add window listener to handle window close

f . addWi ndowLi stene r ( new WindowAdapter () {
public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent e ) {
f . dispose () ;
}
}) ;
}
}

142
45.2 Program output

143
46 Calculator
Write a Java program to create a calculator.

46.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class SimpleCalculator extends JFrame implements ActionListener {

private JTextField display ;

private double firstNumber = 0;
private String operation = " " ;
private boolean startNewNumber = true ;
private String secondInput = " " ;

public SimpleCalculator () {
setTitle ( " Simple Calculator " ) ;
setSize (300 , 400) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;
setLayout ( new BorderLayout () ) ;

display = new JTextField ( " 0 " ) ;

display . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . PLAIN , 24) ) ;
display . s e t H o r i z o n t a l A l i g n m e n t ( JTextField . RIGHT ) ;
display . setEditable ( false ) ;
add ( display , BorderLayout . NORTH ) ;

JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel ( new GridLayout (4 , 4 , 5 , 5) ) ;

String [] buttons = {
"7", "8", "9", "/",
"4", "5", "6", "*",
" 1 " , " 2 " , " 3 " , " -" ,
"C", "0", "=", "+"
};

for ( String text : buttons ) {

JButton button = new JButton ( text ) ;
button . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . BOLD , 18) ) ;
button . ad dActio nListe ner ( this ) ;
buttonPanel . add ( button ) ;
}

add ( buttonPanel , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;

}

@Override
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent e ) {
String cmd = e . getActionCommand () ;

144
if ( Character . isDigit ( cmd . charAt (0) ) ) {
if ( operation . isEmpty () ) {
// Entering first number
if ( startNewNumber ) {
display . setText ( " " ) ;
startNewNumber = false ;
}
display . setText ( display . getText () + cmd ) ;
} else {
// Entering second number
secondInput += cmd ;
display . setText ( firstNumber + " " + operation + " " +
secondInput ) ;
}

} else if ( cmd . equals ( " C " ) ) {

display . setText ( " 0 " ) ;
firstNumber = 0;
operation = " " ;
secondInput = " " ;
startNewNumber = true ;

} else if ( cmd . equals ( " = " ) ) {

if (! operation . isEmpty () && ! secondInput . isEmpty () ) {
double secondNumber = Double . parseDouble ( secondInput ) ;
double result = calculate ( firstNumber , secondNumber ,
operation ) ;
String fullExpr = display . getText () ;

// Show expression first

display . setText ( fullExpr ) ;

// After 1 second , show result

Timer timer = new Timer (1000 , ev -> display . setText ( String
. valueOf ( result ) ) ) ;
timer . setRepeats ( false ) ;
timer . start () ;

// Reset for next operation

firstNumber = result ;
operation = " " ;
secondInput = " " ;
startNewNumber = true ;
}

} else { // Operators : + - * /
if (! display . getText () . isEmpty () ) {
try {
firstNumber = Double . parseDouble ( display . getText () ) ;
operation = cmd ;
startNewNumber = false ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n ignored ) {
}
}

145
 }
}

private double calculate ( double a , double b , String op ) {

return switch ( op ) {
case " + " -> a + b ;
case " -" -> a - b ;
case " * " -> a * b ;
case " / " -> b != 0 ? a / b : 0;
default -> b ;
};
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> new SimpleCalculator () . setVisible
( true ) ) ;
}
}

46.2 Program output

146
47 Menu bar
Write a Java program to demonstrate menu bar.

47.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . event .*;

public class MenuBarDemo extends JFrame {

public MenuBarDemo () {
setTitle ( " Menu Bar Demonstration " ) ;
setSize (400 , 300) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ;

// Create the menu bar

JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar () ;

// Create File menu

JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu ( " File " ) ;

// Create menu items for File menu

JMenuItem newItem = new JMenuItem ( " New " ) ;
JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem ( " Open " ) ;
JMenuItem saveItem = new JMenuItem ( " Save " ) ;
JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem ( " Exit " ) ;

// Add action listeners

exitItem . addA ctionL isten er ( e -> System . exit (0) ) ;

// Add items to File menu

fileMenu . add ( newItem ) ;
fileMenu . add ( openItem ) ;
fileMenu . add ( saveItem ) ;
fileMenu . addSeparator () ; // Adds a separator line
fileMenu . add ( exitItem ) ;

// Create Edit menu

JMenu editMenu = new JMenu ( " Edit " ) ;

// Create menu items for Edit menu

JMenuItem cutItem = new JMenuItem ( " Cut " ) ;
JMenuItem copyItem = new JMenuItem ( " Copy " ) ;
JMenuItem pasteItem = new JMenuItem ( " Paste " ) ;

// Add items to Edit menu

editMenu . add ( cutItem ) ;
editMenu . add ( copyItem ) ;
editMenu . add ( pasteItem ) ;

147
 // Create Help menu
JMenu helpMenu = new JMenu ( " Help " ) ;
JMenuItem aboutItem = new JMenuItem ( " About " ) ;
helpMenu . add ( aboutItem ) ;

// Add menus to menu bar

menuBar . add ( fileMenu ) ;
menuBar . add ( editMenu ) ;
menuBar . add ( helpMenu ) ;

// Set the menu bar for this frame

setJMenuBar ( menuBar ) ;

// Create a label to display menu selections

JLabel messageLabel = new JLabel ( " Select a menu item " , JLabel .
CENTER ) ;
messageLabel . setFont ( new Font ( " Arial " , Font . PLAIN , 16) ) ;
add ( messageLabel , BorderLayout . CENTER ) ;

// Create a common action listener for menu items

ActionListener menuAction = e -> {
JMenuItem source = ( JMenuItem ) e . getSource () ;
messageLabel . setText ( " Selected : " + source . getText () ) ;
};

// Add action listener to all menu items

newItem . ad dActi onList ener ( menuAction ) ;
openItem . addA ctionL isten er ( menuAction ) ;
saveItem . addA ctionL isten er ( menuAction ) ;
cutItem . ad dActi onList ener ( menuAction ) ;
copyItem . addA ctionL isten er ( menuAction ) ;
pasteItem . addAc tionLi stene r ( menuAction ) ;
aboutItem . addAc tionLi stene r ( menuAction ) ;
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
MenuBarDemo demo = new MenuBarDemo () ;
demo . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

148
47.2 Program output

⇒ ⇒

149
48 Image display
Write a Java program to display an image.

48.1 Java implementation

import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;
import java . awt . image . BufferedImage ;
import java . io . File ;
import java . io . IOException ;
import javax . imageio . ImageIO ;

public class ImageDisplay extends JFrame {

public ImageDisplay ( String imagePath ) {

setTitle ( " 400 x300 Image Display " ) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( JFrame . EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setSize (400 , 300) ; // Fixed window size

try {
// Load the original image
BufferedImage originalImage = ImageIO . read ( new File ( imagePath )
);

// Resize the image to 400 x400

Image resizedImage = originalImage . getS caled Instan ce (400 , 400 ,
Image . SCALE_SMOOTH ) ;

// Create a white background BufferedImage

BufferedImage b u f f e r e d R e s i z e d I m a g e = new BufferedImage (400 ,
400 , BufferedImage . TYPE_INT_RGB ) ;
Graphics2D g2d = b u f f e r e d R e s i z e d I m a g e . createGraphics () ;

// Fill the background with white

g2d . setColor ( Color . WHITE ) ;
g2d . fillRect (0 , 0 , 300 , 300) ;

// Draw the resized image on top

g2d . drawImage ( resizedImage , 0 , 0 , null ) ;
g2d . dispose () ;

// Display the resized image

JLabel label = new JLabel ( new ImageIcon ( b u f f e r e d R e s i z e d I m a g e ) )
;
add ( label ) ;
s e t L o c a t i o n R e l a t i v e T o ( null ) ; // Center the window

} catch ( IOException e ) {
JOptionPane . sho wMessa geDial og ( this , " Error loading image : " +
e . getMessage () ,
" Error " , JOptionPane . ERROR_MESSAGE ) ;
System . exit (1) ;

150
 }
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

String imagePath = " src // pexels - photo -751378. jpeg " ;

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
ImageDisplay display = new ImageDisplay ( imagePath ) ;
display . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

48.2 Program output

151
49 Sound effect
Write a Java program to demonstrate sound effect.

49.1 Java implementation

import javax . sound . sampled . AudioFormat ;
import javax . sound . sampled . AudioSystem ;
import javax . sound . sampled . SourceDataLine ;
import javax . swing .*;
import java . awt .*;

public class SimpleBeepDemo extends JFrame {

public SimpleBeepDemo () {
setTitle ( " Simple Beep Demo " ) ;
setSize (300 , 150) ;
s e t D e f a u l t C l o s e O p e r a t i o n ( EXIT_ON_CLOSE ) ;
setLayout ( new FlowLayout () ) ;

JButton beepButton = new JButton ( " Play Beep " ) ;

beepButton . addA ctionL istene r ( e -> Toolkit . get Defaul tTool kit () . beep
() ) ;
add ( beepButton ) ;

JButton customBeepButton = new JButton ( " Custom Beep " ) ;

customBeepButton . a ddAct ionLis tener ( e -> playCustomBeep () ) ;
add ( customBeepButton ) ;
}

private void playCustomBeep () {

try {
// Generate a simple tone
int duration = 1000; // milliseconds
int freq = 440; // Hz ( A4 note )

byte [] buf = new byte [1];

AudioFormat af = new AudioFormat (8000 f , 8 , 1 , true , false ) ;
SourceDataLine sdl = AudioSystem . g etSour ceData Line ( af ) ;
sdl . open ( af ) ;
sdl . start () ;

for ( int i = 0; i < duration * 8; i ++) {

double angle = i / (8000 f / freq ) * 2.0 * Math . PI ;
buf [0] = ( byte ) ( Math . sin ( angle ) * 127.0) ;
sdl . write ( buf , 0 , 1) ;
}

sdl . drain () ;
sdl . stop () ;
sdl . close () ;
} catch ( Exception e ) {

152
 e . printStackTrace () ;
}
}

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

SwingUtilities . invokeLater (() -> {
SimpleBeepDemo demo = new SimpleBeepDemo () ;
demo . setVisible ( true ) ;
}) ;
}
}

49.2 Program output

153
50 Multiple exception
Write a Java Program for multiple exception in a single code.

50.1 Java Implementation

import java . util . Scanner ;
import java . util . I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n ;
import java . io . File ;
import java . io . F i l e N o t F o u n d E x c e p t i o n ;

public class M u l t i p l e E x c e p t i o n D e m o {

public static void main ( String [] args ) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner ( System . in ) ;

try {
// Example 1: A ri t h me t i cE x c ep t i on ( division by zero )
System . out . print ( " Enter numerator : " ) ;
int numerator = scanner . nextInt () ;
System . out . print ( " Enter denominator : " ) ;
int denominator = scanner . nextInt () ;

int result = divideNumbers ( numerator , denominator ) ;

System . out . println ( " Division result : " + result ) ;

// Example 2: A r r a y I n d e x O u t O f B o u n d s E x c e p t i o n
System . out . print ( " Enter array index to access (0 -4) : " ) ;
int index = scanner . nextInt () ;
int [] numbers = {10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50};
System . out . println ( " Value at index " + index + " : " + numbers [
index ]) ;

// Example 3: F i l e N o t F o u n d E x c e p t i o n
System . out . print ( " Enter file name to read : " ) ;
String fileName = scanner . next () ;
readFile ( fileName ) ;

// Example 4: N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n
System . out . print ( " Enter a number as string to parse : " ) ;
String numberStr = scanner . next () ;
int parsedNumber = Integer . parseInt ( numberStr ) ;
System . out . println ( " Parsed number : " + parsedNumber ) ;

} catch ( A r i th m e ti c E xc e p ti o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Cannot divide by zero ! " ) ;
} catch ( A r r a y I n d e x O u t O f B o u n d s E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Array index out of bounds ! " ) ;
} catch ( F i l e N o t F o u n d E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : File not found ! " ) ;
} catch ( N u m b e r F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n e ) {
System . out . println ( " Error : Invalid number format ! " ) ;
} catch ( I n p u t M i s m a t c h E x c e p t i o n e ) {

154
 System . out . println ( " Error : Invalid input type ! " ) ;
} finally {
System . out . println ( " \ nThis block always executes ( cleanup code
)");
scanner . close () ;
}

System . out . println ( " \ nProgram continues after exception handling

... " ) ;
}

public static int divideNumbers ( int a , int b ) throws

A r it h m et i c Ex c e pt i o n {
return a / b ;
}

public static void readFile ( String fileName ) throws

FileNotFoundException {
File file = new File ( fileName ) ;
Scanner fileScanner = new Scanner ( file ) ;
System . out . println ( " File exists and can be read " ) ;
fileScanner . close () ;
}
}

50.2 Program output

50.2.1 Output 1: ArithmeticException (Division by zero)

Enter numerator: 10
Enter denominator: 0
Error: Cannot divide by zero!
This block always executes (cleanup code)
Program continues after exception handling...

50.2.2 Output 2: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Enter numerator: 15
Enter denominator: 3
Division result: 5
Enter array index to access (0-4): 7
Error: Array index out of bounds!
This block always executes (cleanup code)
Program continues after exception handling...

155
50.2.3 Output 3: NumberFormatException

Enter numerator: 12
Enter denominator: 4
Division result: 3
Enter array index to access (0-4): 2
Value at index 2: 30
Enter a number as string to parse: hello
Error: Invalid number format!
This block always executes (cleanup code)
Program continues after exception handling...

156