PROCEDURAL GUIDE

Section 1: Introduction to Procedure

What is Procedure in Model United Nations?

Procedure in MUN refers to the set of formal rules and systems that govern
how debate flows, how decisions are made, and how diplomacy is conducted. It
is what separates Model UN from an ordinary group discussion.
Procedure ensures:
 Fairness – Everyone gets to speak.
 Structure – The committee doesn’t descend into chaos.
 Progress – Resolutions and solutions are developed in a timely, organized
way.

Why Is Procedure Important?

Think of MUN like the real United Nations. World leaders don’t raise their hands
randomly or interrupt each other. They follow rules of diplomatic
engagement to maintain decorum and ensure that decisions represent
consensus or majority agreement.
Following proper procedure will help you:
 Be heard when it matters
 Get your ideas into a resolution
 Build alliances through formal tools like motions and caucuses
 Win awards by showing control, leadership, and understanding of rules

Who Runs the Committee?

Your committee is run by the Executive Board (EB), composed of:
 Chairperson (or President):
Leads debate, enforces rules, manages the flow of speakers, motions, and
voting.
 Vice-Chair(s):
Assist with paperwork, notes, chits, and technical issues. Also evaluate
performance.
Remember: Never argue with the EB. If you think a procedural mistake has
occurred, raise a Point of Order.
What Type of Committee Am I In?
MUN has various types of committees, but this guide applies to all standard,
non-crisis committees, such as:
 Specialized UN Bodies
o UNHRC (Human Rights Council)

o UNEP (Environmental Programme)

o UNCSW (Commission on the Status of Women)

 Political Committees & National Bodies

o AIPPM (Indian Politics)

o IP (International Press)

Each has slightly different mandates and tones, but the core rules of procedure
— GSLs, motions, points, and resolutions — are the same.

The Golden Rules of Committee Conduct

1. Stay in character — You are your assigned country or portfolio.
2. Be diplomatic — Attack ideas, not people. Avoid sarcasm or personal
comments.
3. Be formal — No slang. No jokes. Refer to nations formally: "The
delegation of Germany..." or "We believe..."
4. Respect speaking time — Go overtime, and the Chair will cut you off.
5. Use the proper tools — Don’t shout “point!” without knowing which one.
6. Have fun — but take it seriously — MUN simulates real diplomacy.
Treat it with respect.
Section 2: Roll Call & Quorum

What is Roll Call?

Roll Call is the first formal action of any MUN committee session. It is how the
Executive Board (EB) determines:
 Which delegates are present
 Whether quorum is met (i.e., enough delegates to begin)
 Who will be allowed to vote during substantive voting
At the beginning of every session, the Chair will call out each country’s name in
alphabetical order. When you hear your country, you must respond with either:
 “Present” — This means you are here and open to all types of voting
(including abstaining in resolutions).
  “Present and Voting” — This means you are here and will not abstain
during substantive voting (resolutions). You must vote yes or no.
Note: “Present and Voting” binds you during resolution voting. You cannot
abstain, even if you disagree with both options.

Which One Should You Choose?

 Choose “Present” if you want flexibility to abstain during resolution
voting.
 Choose “Present and Voting” if your country is taking a strong stance
and wants to show firm commitment.
Example:
 “The delegate of Brazil is present.”
 “The delegate of Iran is present and voting.”

What is Quorum?
Quorum is the minimum number of delegates that must be present to
conduct committee business.
 For debate to begin: At least one-third of the total number of registered
countries must be present.
 For voting on resolutions: At least two-thirds must be present.
The Executive Board will automatically calculate quorum during Roll Call, so
delegates don’t need to worry about the numbers — but it's important to know
that:
If quorum is not met, the committee cannot begin or vote on anything.

What Happens After Roll Call?

Once Roll Call is complete and quorum is met:
1. A delegate will motion to open the General Speaker’s List (GSL).
2. Formal debate begins.
3. The Chair may announce updates, rules, or position paper feedback if
needed.
From this point on, speeches, motions, and points become the tools of
diplomacy.

When is Roll Call Taken?

 At the start of every committee session (Morning, Post-Lunch, etc.)
  Whenever the Chair sees a significant number of delegates missing or
leaving
Being present during Roll Call is important for:
 Being allowed to speak in GSL or caucuses
 Being counted in procedural and substantive votes
 Being considered for awards (attendance matters)

Key Reminders for Delegates

 If you arrive late, quietly pass a note to the Chair stating:
“[Country Name] has arrived and is present/present and voting.”
 If you must leave the committee for a valid reason, inform the Chair
beforehand or via a chit.
 Never miss Roll Call without a legitimate reason. It affects your committee
presence, participation record, and can disqualify you from voting on final
resolutions
Section 3: General Speakers List (GSL)

What is the General Speakers List?

The General Speakers List (GSL) is the default mode of formal debate in
Model United Nations. It is where delegates:
 Deliver prepared speeches about the topic
 State their country’s position
 Respond to new developments
 Suggest solutions and alliances
Think of the GSL as your main chance to make your country’s voice heard —
publicly, formally, and on record.

How to Start the GSL

After Roll Call and quorum confirmation, a delegate will typically raise a motion:
“Motion to open the General Speakers List with a speaking time of 90 seconds
per speaker.”
Once this motion is passed by simple majority, the Chair will:
1. Open the GSL
2. Ask delegates to raise placards if they wish to speak
3. Create a list based on the order in which the placards were seen
How to Be Added to the GSL
 Raise your placard when the Chair says:
“Delegates wishing to be added to the GSL, please raise your placards
now.”
 You may also send a chit to the Executive Board saying:
“The delegate of [Country] wishes to be added to the GSL.”
You can request to be added multiple times, even after speaking, as long as
the GSL is open.

Setting the Speaking Time

The delegate who motions to open the GSL may also propose a speaking time
limit — usually between 60–120 seconds per speaker.
Common motion phrasing:
“Motion to set the speaking time to 90 seconds per speaker on the GSL.”
The Chair will then vote on this with the committee. If passed, every speaker
will have exactly that much time to speak.

What to Say in a GSL Speech

The GSL is your platform to:
 State your country’s stance
 Highlight problems or injustices
 Propose early solutions
 Signal your intentions to allies or adversaries
 Respond to previous speakers
A Good GSL Speech Format (60–90 sec):
1. Opening Line / Hook
“Honourable Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegate of Brazil
believes...”
2. Problem Statement
“The current instability in the region poses a threat to all member
states...”
3. Your Country’s Position
“Brazil has consistently supported the enforcement of international
humanitarian law...”
 4. Proposed Action or Message
“We call for the creation of a UN Monitoring Body to assess violations
immediately.”

Tips for GSL Success

 Don’t read a full essay. Use relevant points and speak naturally.
 Tailor your speech to what others have said — show you’re listening.
 Use diplomatic language:
o “We urge...”

o “We propose...”

o “We commend...”

o “We strongly object to...”

 End with a signal or appeal:

o “We welcome discussions with like-minded nations.”

o “Our bloc is open to working on a draft resolution.”

Ending the GSL

Once delegates have stopped asking to be added to the GSL, and speeches slow
down, a delegate may raise a:
“Motion to close the General Speakers List.”
If passed, the committee will:
 Finish hearing remaining speakers on the list
 Move into voting procedure or final discussions

GSL Do’s & Don’ts

Do Don’t

Use slang or
Stay formal and in character
sarcasm

Rush through your

Speak clearly and slowly
speech

Respond to the previous delegate if Ignore ongoing

relevant debate

Attack a delegate
End with a diplomatic tone
personally
Section 4: Motions & Caucuses

What is a Motion?
A motion is a formal request made by a delegate to change the flow or format
of debate. Think of motions as the steering wheel of the committee — they
determine what happens next.
Only one motion can be voted on at a time. The Chair will ask:
“Are there any motions on the floor?”
Raise your placard and clearly state your motion. The Chair will then:
 Ask for seconds (delegates who support the motion)
 Ask for objections (delegates who oppose it)
 If needed, proceed to a vote
Most motions require a simple majority (50%+1) to pass.

Common Types of Motions

1. Motion to Set the General Speaker’s List (GSL) Time

“Motion to set the speaking time for the GSL to 90 seconds per speaker.”
Used to define how long each delegate can speak during formal debate.

2. Motion for a Moderated Caucus

“Motion for a moderated caucus on [sub-topic], with a speaking time of [X]
seconds per speaker, for a total time of [Y] minutes.”
Used when the committee wants to narrow down debate to a specific issue.
The Chair will moderate and call on speakers.
Example:
“Motion for a 7-minute moderated caucus on possible solutions to cross-border
refugee flows, with 45 seconds per speaker.”

3. Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus

“Motion for an unmoderated caucus of [X] minutes to allow for informal
discussion and bloc formation.”
Used to allow free movement, negotiations, and resolution drafting.
Delegates are not called on by the Chair — they move around the room, whisper,
collaborate, and form blocs.
Tip: Unmoderated caucuses usually last 5–15 minutes.

4. Motion to Suspend the Meeting

“Motion to suspend the meeting for lunch.”
Used for breaks, lunch, or ending the day’s session. Time must be specified.

5. Motion to Close Debate

“Motion to close debate and move into voting procedure on the current
resolution.”
Used when the committee has exhausted all discussion and is ready to vote on
a draft resolution.
Requires two speakers for and two against before voting. Needs two-thirds
majority to pass.

6. Motion to Introduce a Draft Resolution

“Motion to introduce Draft Resolution 1.1.”
Used to formally bring a completed draft resolution into debate. You must have
the Chair’s permission and enough signatories (check your committee rules).

7. Motion to Reorder Resolutions

“Motion to reorder the draft resolutions to vote on 1.2 before 1.1.”
If there are multiple resolutions, delegates can choose the order in which
they’re debated or voted on.

How the Chair Chooses Between Multiple Motions

If multiple motions are raised at once, the Chair will:
 Sort them by precedence (importance)
 Vote on the most disruptive first
(e.g., Unmoderated Caucus > Moderated Caucus > GSL Time)
Example:

Preceden
Motion Type
ce

Unmoderated Disruptive High

 Preceden
Motion Type
ce

Caucus

Semi-
Moderated Caucus Medium
disruptive

Least
GSL Time Low
disruptive

Motion Voting Procedure

1. Motion is raised.
2. Chair asks:
“Are there any seconds?” (Hands raised in support)
“Are there any objections?” (Hands raised in opposition)
3. If there are objections → the committee votes.
4. If passed → the new format begins immediately.

Tips for Successful Motions

Do Don’t

Be specific about time and topic Say “motion for a caucus” without details

Raise relevant sub-topics Suggest vague or repetitive ones

Time your motion when energy is Motion just after a break when delegates
high aren’t focused

Collaborate before proposing Random motions slow the debate

Sample Motion Phrasings

“Motion for a 6-minute moderated caucus on humanitarian access in war zones,
with 60 seconds per speaker.”
“Motion for a 10-minute unmoderated caucus to discuss bloc positions on
resolution drafting.”
“Motion to suspend the meeting until 2:00 PM for lunch.”
“Motion to close debate and move into voting procedure on Draft Resolution
1.1.”
Section 5: Points and Their Purpose
What is a Point?
A Point is a formal tool used by delegates to:
 Ask a question about procedure
 Correct an error made by the Chair or another delegate
 Communicate discomfort or technical issues
 Clarify something without needing a full speech
They are not debatable and do not require a vote.

The 3 Most Common Points in MUN

1. Point of Order
Use this when you believe the Chair or another delegate has made a
procedural mistake.
Example:
“Point of Order: The delegate believes the speaking time was set at 90 seconds,
but the last speaker was allowed to exceed it.”
Purpose:
 Keeps the Chair accountable
 Ensures fair implementation of rules
 Can also be used if a resolution is introduced incorrectly
You must raise this point immediately after the error is made — not later.

2. Point of Information
Use this to ask another delegate (usually after their speech) about the
actions their country is taking to address the issue or any ongoing
problem in their country which is a contributing factor to the issue.
Example:
“Point of Inquiry: Can the delegate of Israel explain why are they targeting
refugee camps under the pretence of killing Hamas operatives, knowing fully
well that some of these camps are run by the UN itself?
Purpose:
 Throws the other delegate off balance
 Solidifies your position as a delegate holding everyone accountable
  Forces the other delegate to come up with a response regarding what
actions their country is taking

3. Point of Personal Privilege

Use this if you are personally uncomfortable and need a correction or
assistance from the Chair.
Examples:
“Point of Personal Privilege: The delegate is unable to hear the speaker.”
“Point of Personal Privilege: The committee room is too cold.”
🔧 Purpose:
 Ensures physical and audio comfort for all delegates
 Can be raised even during another delegate’s speech if the issue is
urgent (e.g., can’t hear)
Do NOT misuse this point for things like asking to leave the room. Use a chit for
that.

Marks
While points asked verbally are marked under “lobbying”/ “debating”. Written
points (Point of Inquiries sent via chit) are marked between 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1
(in rare cases a good POI can fetch up to 2 marks!) These are added cumulative
to the total marks achieved by the delegate

Key Takeaway: Use these points to your full advantage, in the end that 0.25
marks can be the difference between winning an award or going home empty
handed.

How to Raise a Point

1. Wait for the appropriate time — usually when the Chair asks:
“Are there any points or motions on the floor?”
2. Raise your placard and say clearly:
o “Point of Order”

o “Point of Inquiry”

o “Point of Personal Privilege”

3. Wait for the Chair to recognize you.

🎤 If your point is urgent and interrupts committee flow (like hearing issues),
you may raise it without waiting — but only for Points of Personal Privilege
regarding audibility.

📌 Summary Table

Interrupts Debatabl
Point Purpose
Speaker? e?

No (unless
Point of Order Correct a procedural error No
urgent)

Point of Inquiry Question a delegate No No

Point of Personal Address personal comfort (e.g., Yes (only for

No
Privilege can’t hear) audibility)

Pro Tips
 Never use a Point of Order to argue or express opinion. It’s not a debate
tool.
 Don’t raise fake Points of Privilege just to break flow or gain attention.
It reflects badly on your diplomacy.
 When in doubt about what you can do — use a Point of Parliamentary
Inquiry. It’s always safe.
Section 6: Chit System (Note Passing)

What is a Chit?
A chit is a written message passed during committee. Delegates use chits
to:
 Talk to other delegates without interrupting the flow of debate
 Form blocs and draft resolutions
 Ask questions to other delegate (or reply to questions instead of
answering on the spot)
 Share intelligence or suggest collaboration
 Ask the Executive Board private questions (anonymously if needed)
Think of chits as your backchannel diplomacy — used for making things happen
while the committee is speaking.

What Should a Chit Contain?

Every chit should clearly mention:
 1. To: [Country you’re sending the chit to]
2. From: [Your country]
3. Message: [Be diplomatic, formal, and specific]
Example Chit (Between Delegates):
To: Republic of France
From: Federal Republic of Germany
We agree with your views on humanitarian access. Would you be open to co-
sponsoring a working paper during the next unmoderated caucus?
Example Chit (To Executive Board):
To: Executive Board
From: Republic of India
Can the delegate of India submit a motion to introduce a working paper before
the current moderated caucus ends?

What Not to Write

Don’t Include Why?

Slang or informal jokes Unprofessional

Insults or mockery Can lead to disqualification

Blank chits with doodles or

Waste of time/resources
memes

Distract from the committee’s

Off-topic messages
purpose

Remember: Your chits are visible to the Executive Board before being
delivered. Every message is reviewed for appropriateness and relevance.

Chit Etiquette & Best Practices

1. Be formal and polite — no “yo” or “wanna team up?”
2. Don’t send 20 chits to the same country — they’re not ignoring you,
they’re thinking.
3. Don’t overuse chits during intense speeches or voting — focus on the
floor.
4. Keep it brief and actionable — no essays.
5. Don’t use chits to mock, distract, or derail others — this can lead to
penalties or warnings.
How Are Chits Passed?
1. Write your chit clearly and legibly on paper provided by the organizers.
2. Fold it once and write the recipient country name clearly on the
front.
3. Raise your hand and hand it to a designated runner or EB member.
4. Wait. If the chit is approved, it will be passed to the intended delegate.
The Executive Board may delay or reject chits if they are:
 Irrelevant
 Disruptive
 Unclear
 In violation of MUN rules

NOTE: If your chit contains a question/response to another delegate write “Via

EB” on the top right corner, this will make sure that the OC member gives your
chit to the EB to be marked, after the EB marks it, then the chit moves on to the
intended delegate.

Also, NOT ALL chits have to be via EB, only question and substantive chits. Chits
passed between 2 delegates for casual conversation (invitation to form blocs) do
not need to be passed through the EB.

Using Chits to Build Blocs

Use chits during unmoderated caucus or speeches to:
 Ask countries to join your resolution bloc
 Schedule a meeting corner for drafting
 Assign roles in your bloc (clause drafter, negotiator, vote counter)
 Update others on progress
Example:
To: Republic of Egypt
From: State of Palestine
We are forming a bloc focused on food security in conflict zones. Would you like
to contribute operative clauses with us during the next unmoderated caucus?

Summary: The Art of a Good Chit

Do Don’t

Stay formal Use slang or sarcasm

Do Don’t

Send confusing or off-topic

Be clear and brief
messages

Use chits to build

Use chits to gossip or distract
alliances

Send thoughtful
Spam others with notes
responses

Section 7: Position Papers

What is a Position Paper?

A Position Paper is a short document that explains your country’s stance on
the committee’s agenda. It is submitted before the conference and is often a
requirement for eligibility to win awards.
It proves to the Executive Board that you:
 Have done proper research
 Understand your country’s foreign policy
 Are ready to propose solutions grounded in realism and diplomacy
Think of it as your foreign minister’s briefing to the UN — formal,
researched, and strategic.

Purpose of a Position Paper

 Show your understanding of the issue
 Establish your country’s history and priorities
 Propose clear, realistic solutions
 Give the EB a preview of your debating style and preparation

Standard Format (Recommended 500–700 words)

Heading
 Name of Delegate
 Country
 Committee Name
 Agenda Topic(s)
I. Background of the Issue (100–150 words)
 What is the current state of the issue globally?
 Why is it relevant now?
 What has happened so far?
Example:
“The issue of nuclear non-proliferation has gained renewed urgency following
recent developments in the Middle East...”

II. Country’s Position (150–200 words)

 What is your country’s stance on the topic?
 Has your country been involved in it? If so, how?
 Does your country support any resolutions or treaties?
Example:
“The Republic of South Africa firmly supports the peaceful use of nuclear energy
and adheres to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)…”

III. Past International Action (100–150 words)

 What has your country done in the past about this issue?
 Are there any international initiatives it has joined, supported, or rejected?
Example:
“Brazil co-sponsored Resolution 74/55 in the General Assembly, calling for
improved disarmament verification frameworks...”

IV. Proposed Solutions (150–200 words)

 What does your country suggest as a solution?
 What actions should the UN or committee take?
 Are there any specific clauses, frameworks, or mechanisms your country
prefers?
Example:
“India proposes the creation of a UN-led surveillance body to monitor nuclear
activity in volatile regions through satellite inspection and IAEA verification…”

Position Paper Writing Tips

Do Don’t

Stay formal and diplomatic Use casual language or jokes

Say things your country would

Align with actual foreign policy
never do

Back up claims with history or Make vague or emotional

facts arguments

Suggest unrealistic or extreme

Propose real, practical solutions
measures

Submission Guidelines
Check with your Organizing Committee or EB for:
 Word count limits (usually 500–700)
 Accepted file format (PDF/Word)
 Submission platform (email, portal, or Google Form)
 Deadline (usually 3–7 days before the conference)
Late or missing position papers may disqualify you from award consideration —
don’t miss it.

Bonus: What Makes a Position Paper Award-Worthy?

 Deep research with specific examples
 Strong diplomatic tone (not aggressive or emotional)
 Creative but realistic solutions
 Accurate reflection of foreign policy
 Clear, elegant writing

Section 8: Speech Writing & Public Speaking

Why Is Public Speaking Important in MUN?

Public speaking is your primary tool for influence. Whether in the General
Speakers List (GSL), moderated caucus, or informal lobbying, your speech:
 Establishes your country’s stance
 Influences undecided nations
 Attracts bloc members
  Sets the tone for resolution drafting
 Shows leadership and command of the room
A confident delegate with clear logic and diplomatic tone is always remembered
— and often awarded.

Speech Structure: The 4-Part Formula

Use this simple and effective structure for most GSL and caucus speeches
(60–90 seconds):

1. Opening Line (Hook + Diplomacy)

Start formally and grab attention.
“Honourable Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegation of Egypt wishes to
address an overlooked dimension of this crisis...”
“The global south has remained underrepresented in disarmament talks — and
today, Brazil seeks to change that.”
Use strong but respectful language to set the tone.

2. Problem Statement
Identify the core issue your country wants to address.
“While the committee focuses on nuclear warheads, we must not forget the
equally dangerous spread of fissile material through illegal trade routes.”
Be concise. This shows you understand the issue.

3. Your Country’s Position

Declare your stance and foreign policy position clearly.
“France supports stricter IAEA inspections, but we do not support limiting civilian
nuclear energy development for peaceful nations.”
Always stay in character. You represent the government, not your personal views.

4. Proposal / Call to Action

End with a solution, collaboration offer, or motion support.
“We propose a regional verification model under the African Union and invite
like-minded nations to join us in drafting a working paper.”
“The delegate supports a motion for a moderated caucus on third-party
inspections as a possible mechanism.”
Public Speaking Tips: Delivery & Style

Do Don’t

Speak too fast or

Speak slowly and clearly
mumble

Use confident body language Cross arms or slouch

Make eye contact (scan the Stare at the Chair

room) only

Use formal diplomatic Use slang or

language sarcasm

Overspeak and get

Stay within time limit
cut off

Examples of Diplomatic Language

Situation Phrase

To agree “The delegation aligns with the views presented by Germany.”

“While we respect the views of the delegate, we must strongly

To disagree
oppose the proposed solution...”

To propose “We recommend that the committee explore...”

To build “We are open to collaborating with nations that share similar
blocs concerns on...”

Bonus: Adapting to the Room

You may need to tailor your speech depending on:
 The tone of the committee (calm or heated)
 The level of formality (specialized agencies may allow more
assertiveness)
 The delegates present (use their points to build momentum or contrast)
Example:
“Following the remarks made by the delegates of Japan and the United Kingdom,
China would like to clarify its position on humanitarian access.”

How to Leave a Lasting Impression

 Open with a powerful fact or historical quote.
  Use numbers, treaties, or resolution names to show preparation.
 Build your reputation as a clear, firm, and respectful speaker.
 Speak with purpose, not just to fill time.
 End with a strong, memorable line.
Section 9: Bloc Formation, Working Papers & Draft Resolutions

What is a Bloc?
A bloc is a group of delegates whose countries share common interests or
goals. Blocs work together to draft and sponsor working papers and eventually
resolutions.
Blocs are often formed:
 During unmoderated caucuses
 Through chits and private negotiations
 After hearing similar speeches in the GSL
You are not expected to form blocs only based on geography or alliances —
countries with common objectives on the agenda can collaborate regardless of
historical rivalry.

How to Form a Bloc

1. Identify delegates with similar positions
2. Approach them during unmoderated caucuses or via chits
3. Propose working together on a specific sub-topic
4. Assign roles:
o Lead drafter

o Clause writers

o Vote counters

o Negotiators for opposing blocs

What is a Working Paper?

A Working Paper is an informal document created by a bloc that:
 Contains ideas, clause drafts, or full frameworks
 Has no official format (bullet points, paragraphs, even handwritten
notes)
 Is not voted upon — it’s just for discussion and negotiation
Once a working paper is polished, it can be formatted and submitted as a
draft resolution.

What is a Draft Resolution?

A Draft Resolution is the formal written proposal created by one or more
blocs to address the committee’s agenda. This is what the committee votes on
at the end.

Structure of a Draft Resolution

A. Heading
 Committee Name
 Topic
 Draft Resolution Number (e.g., “1.1” for first resolution submitted on
Agenda 1)
 Sponsors (those who wrote it)
 Signatories (those who support debate on it, not necessarily the content)

B. Preambulatory Clauses
These set the context. Each clause begins with a participle and ends with a
comma.
Example openers:
 Recalling
 Recognizing
 Deeply concerned
 Guided by
 Affirming
Example:
Recalling the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its emphasis on non-
discrimination,

C. Operative Clauses
These are action items. Each clause is numbered, starts with a verb, and ends
with a semicolon. The final clause ends with a period.
Example openers:
  Calls upon
 Requests
 Encourages
 Demands
 Authorizes
 Proposes
Example:
1. Calls for the creation of a UN special envoy to monitor border violence;
2. Encourages regional summits under UN supervision to de-escalate
tensions;

Sponsors vs. Signatories

 Sponsors = main authors of the resolution
 Signatories = countries that want to see the resolution discussed (not
necessarily in full agreement)
Most committees require:
 Minimum 1–3 sponsors
 Minimum 5–10 signatories (depending on committee size)

Submitting a Draft Resolution

1. Format the resolution according to the Chair’s guidelines
2. Get the required number of signatories
3. Submit to the Executive Board for review and approval
4. Once approved, motion to introduce the resolution in committee
Example motion:
“Motion to introduce Draft Resolution 1.1 to the committee for consideration.”

Can There Be Multiple Resolutions?

Yes. There can be multiple competing resolutions on the same topic.
They are introduced, debated, and voted on one by one.
Only one resolution can pass unless the committee merges them before
voting.
Tips for Bloc Leadership

Do Don’t

Dominate the bloc with one

Include diverse voices
country

Keep the writing Write in casual or emotional

diplomatic language

Assign clear roles Let one person do everything

Merge clauses when

Submit without editing overlaps
needed

Be open to merging Insist on exclusivity or

drafts superiority

Section 10: Voting Procedure

Two Types of Votes in MUN

There are two categories of votes that happen in committee:

🔹 1. Procedural Voting
 Used to decide on motions (e.g., moderated caucus, suspension)
 All delegates must vote — including abstaining countries
 Decisions are made by simple majority (50% +1)
 Voting is done by placard raise
Example:
“Motion for a 10-minute unmoderated caucus with no objections — the motion
passes.”

2. Substantive Voting
 Happens when the committee is ready to vote on a draft resolution
 Only countries marked “Present and Voting” can vote — they
cannot abstain
 Requires a simple or two-thirds majority, depending on the
committee’s rules
 Voting is done by roll call or placards (Chair decides)
The Voting Process Step-by-Step

Step 1: Motion to Close Debate

When delegates feel that discussion is complete, someone raises:
“Motion to close debate and move into voting procedure on Draft Resolution
1.1.”
Requires:
 Two speakers for and two against (time-limited, e.g. 30 seconds each)
 A two-thirds majority to pass

Step 2: Entering Voting Procedure

Once the motion passes:
 No more debate is allowed
 No chits, speeches, or bloc meetings
 The committee room becomes silent and formal
 Delegates must remain in their seats
 Only the Chair, Vice-Chair, and runners may move

Step 3: Roll Call Vote (if used)

Chair calls each country alphabetically.
Your responses:
 “Yes” – You fully support the resolution
 “No” – You oppose it
 “Abstain” – You choose not to vote (only if you said “Present” during roll
call)
 “Yes with rights” – You agree but want to explain your vote afterward
 “No with rights” – You disagree and want to justify your vote afterward
After the vote is complete, countries voting “with rights” are allowed a short
speech (usually 30–60 seconds) to explain.

Step 4: Result Announcement

The Chair announces whether the resolution has:
 Passed (becomes official committee policy)
  Failed (discarded — the committee may return to discussion or move to
another draft)
Only one resolution per agenda usually passes — unless multiple drafts are
merged earlier.

Frequently Asked Voting Questions

Q: Can multiple resolutions pass?

Only one per agenda is passed unless the committee explicitly allows merging
or parallel frameworks.

Q: Can I change my vote after I say it?

No. Once you respond during roll call, your vote is final.

Q: What happens if a resolution passes but I opposed it?

It still becomes the official decision of the committee. You may raise a
motion to reopen debate only if allowed.

Q: Can a country abstain in procedural votes?

No. All delegates must vote on procedural motions — abstaining is only allowed
in substantive votes and only if you said “Present” during roll call.

Sample Voting Phrases

“Motion to close debate and move into voting procedure on Draft Resolution
1.2.”
“The delegation of India votes yes with rights.”
“The delegation of Brazil votes no.”
Section 11: Researching Effectively for MUN

Why Is Research Important?

MUN is not just about talking — it’s about talking with facts, clarity, and
policy alignment. Research gives you:
 Confidence to speak in front of others
 Realistic foreign policy positions
 Knowledge to respond in debates, crises, and resolution drafting
  The ability to win allies and arguments

What You Should Research (Per Agenda)

1. Your Country’s General Profile

 Government type
 Key political alliances
 Geography and borders
 Economy, military, major exports/imports
 Role in the UN and major regional bodies (e.g., ASEAN, OIC, NATO, BRICS)
Sources:
 CIA World Factbook
 BBC Country Profiles

2. Your Country’s Position on the Agenda Topic

 Official statements by your Foreign Ministry or UN Ambassador
 Recent actions or votes in the UN
 History of involvement in related treaties or interventions
 Any public policies, white papers, or speeches
Sources:
 Your country's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
 United Nations Digital Library (search past resolutions)
 ReliefWeb – For humanitarian policy positions

3. Treaties, Resolutions, and International Laws

 Is your country a signatory to any major treaties on the issue?
 Has your country supported or opposed specific UN resolutions?
 What international laws (e.g., NPT, UNCLOS, Geneva Conventions) are
relevant?

4. Statistics and Data

 Use reliable data to strengthen your speeches and clauses:
 o Refugee counts

o Climate indicators

o Trade volumes

o Defense spending

o Nuclear inventory estimates (for disarmament)

Sources:
 World Bank
 [UNICEF / UNHCR / WHO / IAEA websites]
 SIPRI (military & arms-related data)

5. Country’s Allies and Enemies

 What blocs does your country belong to?
o NATO, EU, AU, ASEAN, Arab League, BRICS, etc.

 Which nations are your historical or ideological rivals?

 Who can you realistically ally with in committee?
This helps you form realistic blocs and avoid contradictory alliances.

Research Pro-Tips

Do Don’t

Use real policy sources Use Wikipedia as your main source

Check recent news (last 1 year) Use outdated or irrelevant positions

Believe everything from one biased

Cross-verify with multiple sources
source

Build a one-page cheat sheet Memorize entire documents

Understand your role (P5 vs small Forget your country's global

state) standing

Your Research Notes Should Include:

1. Country profile (basic facts)
2. Summary of position on the agenda topic
3. 3–5 quotes or statements from real government sources
4. 1–2 treaties or resolutions your country supports
 5. List of potential allies and rival countries
6. 2–3 solution ideas your country would realistically support
7. Vocabulary or phrases your country uses in official speeches

Bonus: Example Research Summary (USA – Climate Change Agenda)

 Country: United States of America
 Position: Rejoined the Paris Agreement in 2021; supports global emission
cuts but insists on national sovereignty in enforcement.
 Key Allies: EU, Canada, Japan
 Red Lines: No mandatory compliance mechanisms enforced by UN bodies
 Recent Action: $370 billion climate package under Inflation Reduction
Act
 Preferred Solutions: Tech-based climate innovation, carbon trading
markets
 Key Quote: “The United States will lead not just by the example of our
power, but by the power of our example.” – President Biden at COP27
 Other Sources: Al jazeera, Reuters, UN websites, Gov websites, Amnesty
International, Human Rights watch, COP28 resolutions

NOTE: DO NOT use Wikipedia to justify your research or topics. Wikipedia can be
used to gather background knowledge on the topic. It is NOT an accepted source
of information by any committee, citing Wikipedia as your source will
immediately nullify your argument and cause you to lose a lot of marks. Use it
ONLY for gathering background information.

Section 12: Maintaining Foreign Policy and Character

Why Is Staying in Character So Important?

In Model UN, you are your country. Every speech, every vote, every alliance
you make must reflect your assigned nation’s real-world foreign policy.
This isn’t just about realism — it’s about:
 Respecting international context
 Making committee decisions believable
 Showing the Executive Board you’ve done your homework
The difference between a decent delegate and an award-winning one is staying
100% true to your country’s behaviour.
What Does “Staying in Character” Mean?
It means:
 You speak as your country’s diplomat, not as yourself
 You defend and promote your government’s views, even if you
personally disagree
 You act within your country’s alliances, traditions, and strategic
goals

Example: Staying in Character

Country Wrong Right

“We should abolish nuclear “We support disarmament, but only

USA
weapons entirely.” through phased, verifiable steps.”

“We call for democracy in “China supports peaceful regional

China
North Korea.” stability and non-interference.”

“We respect national cultures and

Saudi “We advocate for LGBTQ+
values within human rights
Arabia rights globally.”
frameworks.”

“We support NATO “We condemn foreign military

Russia peacekeeping in Eastern interference near our sovereign
Europe.” borders.”

How to Stay in Character

Use realistic language
“We reaffirm our commitment to..."
“Our nation maintains a principled stance against...”
Think strategically
Would your country really support that clause or bloc?
Align all your votes
Don’t vote for something your country has always opposed.
Check your treaties and red lines
E.g., Iran won’t support UN military deployment inside its borders.

Use Your Bloc to Stay Grounded

If you're unsure, ask bloc members:
“Would our countries support a sanctions clause here?”
You can also write resolutions that include conditions or exceptions to help
stay in character.

The “Foreign Policy Filter” Test

Before you speak, ask yourself:
 “Would my country say this in a real UN session?”
 “Would this alliance, phrase, or solution pass through my government?”
 “Am I prioritizing my country’s interests or my personal views?”
If the answer is “no” — rethink your position.

How the EB Evaluates This

Staying in character is a top criterion for awards. The best delegates:
 Never contradict real-world policy
 Make intelligent compromises without betraying their country’s interests
 Quote leaders, treaties, or real documents to support their stance

Final Words: You Are the Delegate

When you walk into the committee room, you are:
 The voice of a sovereign nation
 A voting member of a global body
 A symbol of discipline, strategy, and diplomacy
Stay sharp. Stay focused. Stay in character.