✅ 5A — Distancing
ترجمه:
A — ۵فاصلهگذاری زبانی (غیرمستقیم صحبت کردن)
📌 Distancingیعنی:
غیرمستقیم ،محتاطانه و مودبانه بیان کردن اطالعات به طوری که گوینده کامالً مسئول یا مطمئن به نظر نرسد.
✅ seem / appear
ترجمه عنوان
به نظر رسیدن = seem / appear
🔹 Sentence 1
✅ English
It seems / appears that when people multitask, they in fact do one thing after another in
quick succession.
✅ Persian
به نظر میرسد وقتی مردم چندکار را همزمان انجام میدهند ،در واقع کارها را یکی پس از دیگری و پشت سر هم انجام
میدهند.
✅ English
The new marketing manager seems / appears to be very friendly.
Persian
مدیر جدید بازاریابی به نظر میرسد بسیار دوستانه باشد.
✅ English
Excuse me. There seems to be a mistake with my order.
✅ Persian
. به نظر میرسد در سفارش من اشتباهی وجود دارد،ببخشید
🔹 Sentence 2
✅ English
It would seem / appear that Mr. Young had been using the company’s assets to pay off his
private debts.
✅ Persian
.به نظر میرسد آقای یانگ از داراییهای شرکت برای پرداخت بدهیهای شخصیاش استفاده کرده بوده است
✅ Rule Section – seem / appear
✅ English
We often use seem and appear to give information without stating that we definitely know
it is true, in this way distancing ourselves from the information.
✅ Persian
استفاده میکنیم تا اطالعاتی بدهیم بدون اینکه بگوییم قطعا ً درست است؛ به این شکل خودمانappear وseem ما اغلب از
.را از اطالعات فاصله میدهیم
✅ English
We can use It seems / appears + that + clause, or subject + seem / appear + infinitive.
✅ Persian
میتوانیم از ساختار
جملهIt seems / appears + that +
یا
(to …) مصدر+ seem / appear + فاعل
.استفاده کنیم
✅ English
We use It would seem / appear + that + clause to distance ourselves even further from the
information, making it sound even less sure.
✅ Persian
ما از
جملهIt would seem / appear + that +
.استفاده میکنیم تا فاصله بیشتری از اطالعات بگیریم و آن را نامطمئنتر نشان دهیم
✅ English
This is more formal than It seems / appears.
✅ Persian
این ساختار رسمیتر ازIt seems / appears است.
✅ The passive with verbs of saying and reporting
:ترجمه عنوان
حالت مجهول با افعال گفتن و گزارش دادن
🔹 Examples
✅ English
It is said that using a washing machine saves people on average 47 minutes a day.
✅ Persian
. دقیقه در وقت مردم صرفهجویی میکند۷۴ گفته میشود استفاده از ماشین لباسشویی به طور میانگین روزانه
✅ English
It has been announced by a White House spokesperson that the president has been taken to
the hospital.
✅ Persian
.توسط سخنگوی کاخ سفید اعالم شده است که رئیسجمهور به بیمارستان منتقل شده است
✅ English
The company director is expected to resign in the next few days.
✅ Persian
.انتظار میرود مدیر شرکت در چند روز آینده استعفا دهد
✅ English
The missing couple is understood to have been living in Panama for the last five years.
✅ Persian
.گمان میرود زوج گمشده پنج سال گذشته را در پاناما زندگی کرده باشند
✅ English
There are thought to be over a thousand species in danger of extinction.
✅ Persian
.تصور میشود بیش از هزار گونه در خطر انقراض باشند
✅ Rule Section – Passive distancing
✅ English
Another way of distancing ourselves from the facts, especially in formal written English, is
to use the passive form of verbs like say, think, etc., to introduce them.
✅ Persian
think وsay استفاده از شکل مجهول افعالی مثل، مخصوصا ً در نوشتار رسمی،راه دیگر فاصله گرفتن از واقعیتها
.برای معرفی اطالعات است
✅ English
We can use: It + passive verb + that + clause.
✅ Persian
:میتوانیم از ساختار
جمله+ that + فعل مجهولIt +
.استفاده کنیم
✅ English
Verbs commonly used in this pattern are: agree, announce, believe, expect, hope, say,
suggest, and think.
✅ Persian
:افعال رایج در این الگو عبارتاند از
think. ،suggest ،say ،hope ،expect ،believe ،announce ،agree
✅ English
Subject + passive verb + infinitive.
✅ Persian
(to …) مصدر+ فعل مجهول+ فاعل
✅ English
Verbs commonly used in this pattern are: believe, expect, report, say, think, and
understand.
✅ Persian
:افعال رایج در این الگو عبارتاند از
understand. ،think ،say ،report ،expect ،believe
✅ English
There can also be used + passive verb + infinitive.
✅ Persian
همچنین میتوان از
مصدر+ فعل مجهولThere +
.استفاده کرد
✅ English
It is said that there are more than five million people living in poverty in this country.
✅ Persian
.گفته میشود بیش از پنج میلیون نفر در این کشور در فقر زندگی میکنند
✅ English
There are said to be more than five million people living in poverty in this country.
✅ Persian
.گفته میشود بیش از پنج میلیون نفر در این کشور در فقر زندگی میکنند
✅ Other distancing expressions
:ترجمه عنوان
سایر عبارات فاصلهگذار
🔹 Examples
✅ English
Apparently, Jeff and Katie have separated.
✅ Persian
.ظاهرا ً جف و کیتی از هم جدا شدهاند
✅ English
According to new research, the idea that we have to drink two liters of water a day is a
myth.
✅ Persian
. این تصور که باید روزی دو لیتر آب بنوشیم یک افسانه است،طبق تحقیقات جدید
✅ English
Dinosaurs may have died out due to extremely rapid climate change.
✅ Persian
.دایناسورها ممکن است به دلیل تغییرات بسیار سریع آبوهوا منقرض شده باشند
✅ English
There are rumors that the band might be planning to reform and record a new album.
✅ Persian
.شایعاتی وجود دارد که گروه موسیقی شاید قصد داشته باشد دوباره تشکیل شود و آلبوم جدید ضبط کند
✅ Rule Section – Other expressions
✅ English
We use apparently (usually either at the beginning or the end of a phrase) to mean that we
have heard / read something, but that it may not be true.
✅ Persian
اما ممکن،(معموالً در ابتدا یا انتهای جمله) استفاده میکنیم تا بگوییم چیزی را شنیدهایم یا خواندهایمapparently ما از
.است درست نباشد
✅ English
This is very common in informal conversation.
✅ Persian
.این کاربرد در مکالمه غیررسمی بسیار رایج است
✅ English
We use according to to specify where information has come from. We use it to attribute
opinions to somebody else.
✅ Persian
.استفاده میکنیم تا مشخص کنیم اطالعات از کجا آمده است و نظر را به شخص دیگری نسبت دهیمaccording to از
✅ English
Using may / might also suggests that something is possible but not necessarily true.
✅ Persian
. اما قطعیت ندارد،نیز نشان میدهد چیزی ممکن است درست باشدmay / might استفاده از
🌟 DISTANCING — FULL ELABORATION
✅ 1. What Distancing Really Means
In grammar and pragmatics, distancing means:
using language forms to separate the speaker from the truth, responsibility, certainty, or
force of a statement.
Instead of saying something directly and strongly, we say it indirectly and cautiously.
Persian concept:
Distancing یعنی گوینده خودش را از جمله فاصله میدهد تا:
،مطمئن به نظر نرسد
،مؤدب باشد
،رسمی صحبت کند
،مسئولیت کامل نپذیرد
ادعا را نرمتر کند.
✅ 2. Distancing vs Direct Language
Compare:
Direct:
👉 He is guilty.
Distanced:
👉 He appears to be guilty.
Direct:
👉 You made a mistake.
Distanced:
👉 It seems a mistake was made.
Persian idea:
گاهی بیادب، شخصی،مستقیم = قاطع
مودب، رسمی،فاصلهدار = محتاط
✅ 3. Distancing with seem / appear
These verbs mean “to look like / to give the impression”.
Main structures:
🔹 A) It seems / appears + that + clause
👉 It seems that she is tired.
به نظر میرسد او خسته است.
Used when:
we are not 100% sure,
we rely on impressions,
we want polite tone.
🔹 B) Subject + seem / appear + to + verb
👉 She seems to be tired.
او به نظر میرسد خسته باشد.
More natural in speech and writing.
🔹 C) It would seem / appear + that …
👉 It would seem that the plan has failed.
به نظر میرسد برنامه شکست خورده باشد.
This adds:
✔ more distance
✔ more formality
✔ less certainty
📌 Often used in academic writing.
Usage Note:
Don’t confuse:
❌ It seems he is right surely.
✅ It seems he may be right.
Because distancing prefers uncertainty.
✅ 4. Distancing with Passive Reporting Verbs
We use passive voice with verbs like:
say, think, believe, expect, report, understand, announce
to avoid saying who says it.
🔹 Pattern 1
It + passive + that-clause
👉 It is said that the economy is improving.
گفته میشود اقتصاد در حال بهبود است.
👉 It is believed that he is innocent.
باور بر این است که او بیگناه است.
Function:
✔ impersonal
✔ academic
✔ objective
🔹 Pattern 2
Subject + passive + to-infinitive
👉 He is believed to be innocent.
گمان میرود او بیگناه باشد.
👉 The company is expected to grow.
انتظار میرود شرکت رشد کند.
This avoids repeating that-clauses.
🔹 Pattern 3
There + passive + to be
👉 There are thought to be problems.
تصور میشود مشکالتی وجود دارد.
Used for:
✔ existence
✔ statistics
✔ reports
Teaching Insight:
Students often write:
❌ People think that…
Better academic:
✅ It is thought that…
✅ 5. Distancing with apparently
Apparently means:
according to what we have heard / seen, but not confirmed.
👉 Apparently, she has left the company.
ظاهرا ً او شرکت را ترک کرده است.
Position:
beginning
middle
end
👉 She has apparently left.
Tone:
✔ informal
✔ conversational
✔ safe
✅ 6. Distancing with according to
According to shows the source, not your opinion.
👉 According to experts, the climate is changing.
آبوهوا در حال تغییر است،طبق نظر کارشناسان.
You use it to:
✔ give authority
✔ avoid responsibility
✔ show reference
📌 Avoid:
❌ According to me in formal writing.
Better:
✅ In my opinion.
✅ 7. Distancing with may / might
These modals express:
possibility, not certainty.
👉 She may be late.
ممکن است دیر کند.
👉 They might have misunderstood.
شاید بد فهمیده باشند.
Difference:
may = more possible
might = more distant
Used in:
✔ research
✔ prediction
✔ TOEFL essays
✅ 8. Distancing in Academic Style
Instead of student style:
👉 I think this is wrong.
Use academic:
👉 It appears that this may be problematic.
Instead of:
👉 People say…
Use:
👉 It is widely believed that…
This raises:
✔ formality
✔ score
✔ credibility
✅ 9. Common Learner Mistakes
❌ Too direct:
You are incorrect.
✅ Distanced:
You seem to be mistaken.
❌ No hedge:
This will fail.
✅ Distanced:
This may fail.
❌ Personal:
I believe strongly…
✅ Academic:
It is believed that…
✅ 10. Teaching Distancing (Methodology)
For your classes, استادZekarya:
Step 1
Show direct vs distanced.
Step 2
Teach forms:
seem / appear
passive reporting
apparently
according to
may / might
Step 3
Practice rewriting.
Step 4
Apply in TOEFL writing & speaking.
✅ 11. Practice Model for Students
Make these distanced:
1. He is wrong.
2. The plan failed.
3. People think she left.
Answers:
1. He seems to be mistaken.
2. The plan appears to have failed.
3. It is thought that she has left.
✅ Final Key Message
👉 Distancing is grammar of attitude, not time.
It controls:
politeness,
formality,
objectivity,
and safety of communication.