Chapter No.
Properties of Pure Substances
2
Objectives
• The Ideal Gas Equation of State
• Validity of Ideal Gas Equation.
• Compressibility Factor and Chart.
• Some Other Equations of State.
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Property Tables for Phase Change Materials
For water H2O
A-6 Saturated liquid-vapor region Table A-4/A-5
Table A-4 Temperature table
Table A-5 Pressure table
A-7 Superheated region Table A-6
A-4/A-5 Compressed liquid region Table A-7
Each region has a corresponding table Similarly for R-134a
Table A-11/A-13
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The ideal gas equation of state
Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a
substance.
Ideal gas equation of state
This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of a gas quite accurately within some properly selected region.
PV = NRuT
Ru
R =
M PV = N MR T
PV = ( NM ) R T
P : Pressure (Pa)
V : volume (m3) PV = mR T
v : Specific volume (m3/kg)
Ru: Universal gas constant (8.3145 kJ/kmol-K)
R: Gas constant (kJ/kg-K)
M: Molar mass or Molecular weight (kg/kmol)
N: Number of Moles
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The ideal gas equation of state
Ideal gas equation of state: (Other Forms)
Using v =V m PV = mR T Pv = RT
Using mɺ = m / t PVɺ = mɺ RT
For two states ( with a fixed mass), we can write
P1V1 P2V2 Properties per unit mole are
= denoted with a bar on the top.
T1 T2
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Validity of Ideal Gas Equation for Water Vapor
Question:
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? PV = mRT
This question cannot be answered with a simple yes or no
The error involved in treating water vapor as an ideal gas is calculated
vtable − videal
Error % = ×100
vtable
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Validity of Ideal Gas Equation for Water Vapor
vtable − videal
Error % = × 100
vtable
At pressures below 10 kPa,
water vapor can be treated as
an ideal gas, regardless of its
temperature, with negligible
error (less than 0.1 percent).
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Validity of Ideal Gas Equation for Water Vapor
vtable − videal
Error % = × 100
vtable
At higher pressures, however, the
ideal gas assumption yields
unacceptable errors, particularly
close to the critical point and the
saturated vapor line.
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Validity of Ideal Gas Equation
Ideal gas equation of state:
Gases deviate from ideal-gas behavior significantly at states near the saturation
region and the critical point.
Gases follow the ideal-gas equation closely at low pressures and high temperatures
relative to its critical temperature or pressure.
For Water
Pcr = 22.06 MPa Table A-1
Tcr = 373.95oC = 649.7 K
vcr = 0.003106 m3/kg.
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Compressibility Factor
The deviation of real gases from ideal-gas behavior at a given temperature and
pressure can accurately be accounted for by the introduction of a correction factor
called the compressibility factor Z.
Pv This is an approximation.
Pv = RT ⇒ RT = 1
Experimentally this ratio may not be equal to 1
We define:
Pv
Z=
RT
The compressibility factor is
Also: unity for ideal gases.
vactual
Z=
videal Where videal = RT / P
The farther away Z is from unity, the more the gas deviates from ideal-gas behavior.
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Compressibility factor Z:
Gases behave differently at a given T and P,
However, they behave very much the same at T and P normalized with respect to
their Tcr and Pcr .
T P
TR = PR =
Tcr Pcr
Reduced Temperature Reduced Pressure
The Z factor for all gases is approximately the same at the same reduced pressure
and temperature. This is called the principle of corresponding states.
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Compressibility factor Z
The Z factor for
various gases is
approximately
the same at the
same reduced
pressure and
temperature.
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13
Generalized Compressibility Chart
• When P and v, or T and v, are given then use
Pseudo-Reduced specific Volume
vactual
vR =
RTcr / Pcr
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Find Z if:
PR = 4.75 TR = 1.3
Z = 0.73
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Find PR if:
TR = 1.2 vR = 0.55
PR = 1.5
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Use of Generalized Compressibility Chart
vactual
To find vactual from given P and T Z=
1) Find Tc and Pc
videal
Table A1
2) Calculate :
PR , TR
3) From the graph read:
Z at TR and PR
4) Determine vactual
ZRT
v actual = Zv ideal =
P
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Z = 0.84
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Problem: A 0.016773-m3 tank contains 1 kg of refrigerant-134a at 110oC.
Determine the pressure of the refrigerant, using:
(a) the ideal-gas equation,
(b) the generalized compressibility chart, and
(c) the refrigerant tables.
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Difficult to Read from This Chart @ :
T R = 1.023 v R = 2.24
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
T R = 1.023
v R = 2.24
PR = 0.39
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Problem: Carbon dioxide gas enters a pipe at 3 MPa and 500 K at a rate of 2 kg/s. CO2
is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe and the temperature of CO2 drops
to 450 K at the exit. Determine the volume flow rate and the density of carbon dioxide
at the inlet and the volume flow rate at the exit of the pipe using:
(a) the ideal-gas equation and
(b) The generalized compressibility chart. Also, determine
(c) The error involved in the first case.
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Z1 = 0.9791
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Generalized Compressibility Chart
Z 2 = 0.9656
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Some Other Equations of State
Van der Waals Equation of State
Van der Waals intended to
improve the ideal-gas equation of
state by including two of the effects
not considered in the ideal-gas
model:
1910
(a) the intermolecular attraction
forces and
(b) the volume occupied by the
molecules themselves.
where,
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Some Other Equations of State
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State 1928
The constants are given in Table
3–4(a) for various substances.
It is known to be reasonably
accurate for densities up to
about 0.8ρcr
5 Constants and Complex form (higher order terms)
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Some Other Equations of State
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State 1940
The constants are given in Table 3–4(b). This equation can handle substances
at densities up to about 2.5 ρcr.
8 Constants and Complex form (higher order terms)
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Some Other Equations of State
Virial Equation of State
The coefficients a(T), b(T), c(T), and so on, that are functions of temperature alone
are called virial coefficients.
These coefficients can be determined experimentally or theoretically from statistical
mechanics
as the pressure approaches zero, all the virial coefficients will vanish and the
equation will reduce to the ideal-gas equation of state
Such equations are more accurate but difficult to use.
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