Software Engineering
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Introduction
§ Software
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§ Software is more than just a program code
§ A program is an executable code, which serves some computational purpose
§ Software is considered to be collection of executable programming code, associated libraries and
documentations
§ Software, when made for a specific requirement is called software product
§ Engineering
§ All about developing products using well defined principles, methods and procedures
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What is Software Engineering?
§ Software engineering is an engineering branch associated with development of software product
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using well-defined scientific principles, methods and procedures
§ The application of a systematic, disciplined , quantifiable approach to the development, operation and
maintenance of software
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§ Establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain software that is reliable and
work efficiently on real machines
§ The process of developing a software product using software engineering principles and methods
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Software Types
§ System Software
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§ Application Software
§ Engineering/Scientific Software
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§ Embedded Software
§ AI Software
§ Legacy Software
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Web/Mobile Software
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Why SE is important
§ Helps to build complex systems in timely manner
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§ Ensures high quality of software
§ Imposes discipline to work
§ Minimizes software cost
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Decreases time
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Software Evolution
§ S-type (static-type)
§ Works strictly according to the pre-defined specifications and solutions
§ Solution and method to achieve it can be understood immediately before coding starts
§ Least subjected to the changes
§ E.g. Calculator program for mathematical computation
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§ P-type (practical-type)
§ Software with a collection of different procedures
§ Is defined by exactly what procedures can do
§ The specification can be described and solutions are not obvious instantly
§ E.g. Gaming software GST
St. →
§ E-type (embedded-type) t④
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§ Works closely as the requirement of real-world environment
§ Has a high degree of evolution as there are various changes in laws, taxes etc. in the real world
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§ E.g. online trading software
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E-Type software evolution laws
§ Continuing change
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§ An E-type software system must continue to adapt to the real world changes, else it becomes progressively less useful
§ Increasing complexity
§ As software evolves, its complexity tends to increase unless work is done to maintain or reduce it
§ Conservation of familiarity
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§ The familiarity with the software or the knowledge about how it was developed, why was it developed in that particular manner etc.
must be retained at any cost, to implement the changes in the system
§ Continuing growth
§ In order for an E-type system intended to resolve some business problem, its size of implementing the changes grows according
to the lifestyle changes of the business
§ Reducing quality
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§ An E-type software system declines in quality unless rigorously maintained and adapted to a changing operational environment
§ Feedback systems
§ The E-type software systems constitute multi-loop, multi-level feedback systems and must be treated as such to be successfully
modified or improved.
§ Self-regulation
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§ E-type system evolution processes are self-regulating with the distribution of product and process measures close to normal.
§ Organizational stability
§ The average effective global activity rate in an evolving E-type system is invariant over the lifetime of the product.
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Software Paradigms
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§ Refer to the methods and steps, which are taken while designing the software
§ There are many methods proposed and are in work today, but we need to see where in the software
engineering these paradigms stand
§ These can be combined into various categories, though each of them is contained in one another
§ Consists of
§ Requirement gathering
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§ Software design Development
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§ Programming
Programming e :: ;
E-
Designing
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Characteristics of good software
§ A software product can be judged by what it offers and how well it can be used
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§ Well-engineered and crafted software is expected to have the following characteristics
§ Operational
§ Transactional
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Maintenance
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Operational
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§ This tells us how well software works in operations
§ Can be measured on:
§ Budget
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§ Usability
§ Efficiently
§ Correctness
§ Functionality
§ Dependability
§ Security
§ Safety
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Transitional
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§ This aspect is important when the software is moved from one platform to another
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§ Can be measured on
§ Portability
§ Interoperability
§ Reusability
§ Adaptability
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Maintenance
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§ Briefs about how well a software has the capabilities to maintain itself in the ever-changing
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=environment
§ Can be measured on
§ Modularity
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§ Maintainability
§ Flexibility
§ Scalability
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SDLC
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Overview
§ Also called as Software Development Process
Planning
§ Is a well-defined, structured sequence of stages in
software engineering to develop the intended
software product Defining
§ Is a framework defining tasks performed at each
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step in the software development process
Designing
§ Aims to produce a high-quality software that
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§ meets or exceeds customer expectations
§ reaches completion within times and cost estimates Building
§ Consists of detailed plan (stages) of describing
how to develop, test, deploy and maintain the
Testing
software product
Deployment
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Planning and Requirement Analysis
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§ The most important and fundamental stage in SDLC
§ It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the
sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry
§ This information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct
product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas
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§ Planning for the quality assurance requirements and identification of the risks
associated with the project is also done in the planning stage
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§ The outcome of the technical feasibility study is to define the various technical
approaches that can be followed to implement the project successfully with minimum
risks
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Defining Requirements
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§ Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and document the product
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requirements and get them approved from the customer or the market analysts
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§ This is done through an SRS (Software Requirement Specification) document which consists of all
the product requirements to be designed and developed during the project life cycle
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Designing the Product Architecture
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§ SRS is the reference for product architects to come out with the best architecture for the product to be
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developed
§ Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more than one design approach for the product
architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS - Design Document Specification
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§ This DDS is reviewed by all the important stakeholders and based on various parameters as risk
assessment, product robustness, design modularity, budget and time constraints, the best design
approach is selected for the product
§ A design approach clearly defines all the architectural modules of the product along with its
communication and data flow representation with the external and third party modules (if any)
§ The internal design of all the modules of the proposed architecture should be clearly defined with the
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minutest of the details in DDS
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Building or Developing the Product
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§ In this stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the product is built
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§ The programming code is generated as per DDS during this stage
§ If the design is performed in a detailed and organized manner, code generation can
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be accomplished without much hassle
§ Developers must follow the coding guidelines defined by their organization and
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programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers, etc. are used to generate
the code
§-Different high level programming languages such as C, C++, Java, PHP etc. are
used for coding -
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§ The programming language is chosen with respect to the type of software being
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developed -
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Testing the Product
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§ This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models
§ The testing activities are mostly involved in all the stages of SDLC
§ However, this stage refers to the testing only stage of the product where product defects are reported,
tracked, fixed and retested, until the product reaches the quality standards defined in the SRS
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Deployment in the Market and Maintenance
§ Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is released formally in the
appropriate market
§ Sometimes product deployment happens in stages as per the business strategy of
that organization
§ The product may first be released in a limited segment and tested in the real
business environment (UAT- User acceptance testing)
§ Then based on the feedback, the product may be released as it is or with suggested
enhancements in the targeting market segment
§ After the product is released in the market, its maintenance is done for the existing
customer base
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SDLC Models
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§ There are various software development life cycle models defined and designed which are followed
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during the software development process
§ Also referred as Software Development Process Models
§ Models
§ Waterfall Model
=§ Iterative Model
§ Spiral Model
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§
§
V-Model
Big Bang Model
Agile Model
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Waterfall Model
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§ Requirement
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Specification
§ Design
§ Implementation
§ Verification and Testing
§ Deployment
§ Maintenance
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Iterative Model
§ implementation of a subset of the software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving
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versions until the full system is implemented
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