Chapter 2: Solutions of Linear Equations

 2.2 Solution of System of Linear Equations

1. Solve the following set of linear equations by Gauss-Seidel method starting with an initial guess
of [1, 2, 3]:

2. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss-Seidel iteration method. [4] (2076 Bhadra,
Q5b, Group B)

3. Consider the system

Solve the above system by using Gauss-Seidel iteration starting with x (0)=(0,0,0)T. [4] (2073
Magh, Q6, Group B)
4. Solve the following set of linear equations using Gauss-Seidel iteration or conjugate gradient
method. [5] (2072 Magh, Q2b, Group B)

 2.4 Conjugate Gradient Method

1. Solve the following set of linear equations using Conjugate Gradient Method. [Three Iterations]
[5] (2080 Chaitra, Q6, Group B)
2. Solve the given system of equations using conjugate gradient method. [5] (2078 Chaitra, Q2b,
Group B)

3. For the given linear system

Using the starting vector x(0)=(4,4,0)T, carry out two iterations of conjugate gradient method and
show the result. [5] (2075 Bhadra, Q6, Group B)
4. Carry out the three iterations of conjugate gradient method for the following system of linear

equations: [4] (2074 Bhadra, Q6, Group B)

5. Solve the given system of equations using conjugate gradient method. [5] (2071 Bhadra, Q5b,
Group B)

6. Solve the following equation by using conjugate gradient method (max. 5 iterations). [8] (2070
Bhadra, Q4b, Group B)
 Chapter 4: Finite Element Method

 4.4 Bar Element

1. Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses and support reactions for the bar as shown
in figure below. Take E = 200 GPa. [10] (2075 Bhadra, Q8, Group B)

2. Determine the nodal displacements, reaction forces, and member forces of the given truss
structure, loaded as shown in figure. Given that for each member, sectional area, A = 2 × 10⁻³ m²
and modulus of elasticity, E = 2 × 10⁵ MPa. [10] (2073 Magh, Q8, Group B)

3. For the given stepped bar obtain nodal displacements at nodes 2, 3, and 4. Also obtain forces
developed at the supports. [8] (2071 Bhadra, Q4a, Group B)
 Take E = constant and cross-sectional areas as indicated in the figure.
4. Formulate stiffness matrix for a bar element. Rotate the same bar element and formulate stiffness
matrix for 2D truss element. [10] (2070 Magh, Q4a, Group A)
5. Determine the stiffness matrices for the element as shown in Fig. 1. A = 300 mm² and E = 2.1 ×
10⁵ MPa. [10] (2070 Magh, Q4b, Group A)

 4.5 Beam Element

1. A propped cantilever beam is loaded as shown in figure. Discretize the beam into two elements
and find deflection at point B and rotations at point B & C. Also check the result using single
element model. Use E = 20 × 10⁵ MPa, I = 5 × 10⁶ mm⁴. [10] (2080 Chaitra, Q8, Group B)
2. Using direct stiffness matrix method, analyze the given beam. Calculate the deflection and
rotation at mid span of the beam. Flexural rigidity of span AB is three fourth to that of BC. [12]
(2079 Chaitra, Q8, Group B)

3. For the given beam, determine deflection at point B and stresses at the same point. [8] (2079
Jestha, Q9, Group B)

4. Determine the deflection and slope under the point load of the given beam using FEM. Also
draw BMD. Take E=210 GPa and I=6×106. [10] (2079 Shrawan, Q8, Group B)

5. Draw Bending Moment and Shear force diagrams of the concrete beam shown in the following
figure using finite element method. Take the beam section 500 mm × 1000 mm. Also determine
the deflections at the mid span. [10] (2078 Chaitra, Q5, Group B)

6. Determine support reactions and deflections at mid-span for the given structure.
 E=2×105 MPa
I = 5×106mm4
[10] (2078 Kartik, Q5, Group B)

7. Determine rotation and deflection at free end of the given beam and hence draw BMD. Take EI
to be constant. [10] (2077 Chaitra, Q5, Group B)

8. Analyze the beam shown in figure by finite element method. Also determine the deflections
under point load. Given, E = 2 × 10⁵ N/mm² and I = 5 × 10⁶ mm⁴. [10] (2076 Bhadra, Q7, Group
B)

9. A propped cantilever beam is loaded as shown in figure below. Discretize the beam into two
elements and find deflection at point B and rotations at point B and C. Also check the result
using single element model. Take EI as constant throughout the beam. [6+4] (2074 Bhadra, Q8,
Group B)
10. Determine the deflections at the middle of both the spans of the beam as shown in figure below.
Determine the support reactions and draw "BM diagram" also. [12] (2074 Magh, Q8, Group B)

11. Determine the nodal displacements and reaction forces of the beam loaded as shown in figure
below. Given that, L1 = L2 = 3 m, P = 15 KN, MO = 40 KN-m, E1 = E2 = 2 × 10⁵ MPa, I₁ = I₂ =
5 × 10⁶ mm⁴. [10] (2073 Bhadra, Q8, Group B)

12. Determine the support reactions and deflections at mid-span for the given structure. Also draw
bending moment diagram. [10] (2072 Ashwin, Q7a, Group B)
13. For the beam shown in figure below, Calculate displacement and slope 1 m from the simply
supported end. Neglect the self wt. of the beam. [8] (2072 Magh, Q4b, Group B)

14. For the given beam find deflection at point B and rotations at points B and C. Take EI as
constant throughout the beam. Discretize the beam into two elements. [10] (2071 Bhadra, Q4b,
Group B)

15. Draw bending moment diagram of the concrete beam given in the Figure 1. For simplicity,
neglect weight. Calculate displacement at 0.5 m from the fixed end. [10+3] (2071 Magh, Q4,
Group B)
 4.6 Stiffness Matrix for Plate Elements
1. Find the stiffness matrix using two elements for the following plate, loaded as shown in figure.
Take γ = 78.5 KN/m³. [8] (2077 Chaitra, Q6, Group B)

 4.7 Interpolation Functions

1. Obtain the shape function for eight noded rectangular element in natural coordinate system. [4]
(2079 Chaitra, Q10, Group B)
2. Derive shape functions for a quadrilateral element. [Not specified, assumed 6] (2079 Shrawan,
Q7, Group B)
3. Derive the shape function for the element as shown in figure below. [6] (2078 Chaitra, Q4,
Group B)
4. Derive the shape functions for the given eight-noded rectangular element. [6] (2078 Kartik, Q4,
Group B)

5. Obtain the shape function for the element shown in figure. [6] (2076 Bhadra, Q9, Group B)

6. Derive the shape functions for the eight noded 2-D rectangular element given in figure. [8] (2075
Bhadra, Q10, Group B)
7. Obtain shape functions Ni for the eight-noded rectangular element as shown in figure below. [5]
(2074 Bhadra, Q9, Group B)

8. Derive shape functions of a three nodded iso-parameter triangular element. [2] (2074 Magh, Q8,
Group B)
9. Derive the shape functions Ni for the six-noded triangular 2D element shown in the figure below.
[6] (2073 Bhadra, Q9, Group B)
10. Derive shape function for the element as shown in figure below. [Not specified, assumed 8]
(2072 Ashwin, Q7b, Group B)

11. Derive the shape functions for the element as shown in figure below. [6] (2072 Magh, Q4a,
Group B)

12. Draw shape functions of a three-noded isoparametric element with equations. [3] (2071 Magh,
Q5, Group B)
13. Derive the shape function for the element as shown in the Fig. 1. [8] (2070 Bhadra, Q3a, Group
A)
 4.8 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
1. Considering plane stress conditions, find out the nodal displacements and stresses of the given
CST element. Take E = 210 × 10³ MPa, v = 0.3, t = 1 cm, γ = 78.5 kN/m³, length of each side =
100 mm. [10] (2080 Chaitra, Q10, Group B)

2. A plate of thickness 15 mm is being loaded as shown in figure. Considering the plane stress
condition, determine the stresses and strains at the centroid of CST element. Take E = 2 × 10⁵
N/mm², v = 0.25 and unit weight of 80 kN/m³. [10] (2079 Chaitra, Q9, Group B)
3. A plate of thickness 8 mm is being loaded as shown in the figure. Determine the deflection at the
point of load application. Also calculate the stresses at the centroid of the plate. Take
E=69900 MPa and ν =0.3. [10] (2079 Jestha, Q11, Group B).

4. A plate of thickness 20 mm is being loaded as shown in the figure. Considering the plane stress
condition, determine the stresses and strains at the centroid of the CST element. Take
E=2.1×105 N/mm2, ν=0.3. Ignore the weight of the plate. [10] (2079 Shrawan, Q9, Group B)
5. A steel plate of uniform thickness 10 mm is being loaded as shown in figure below. Considering
the plane stress condition, determine the stiffness matrix, load vector and nodal displacements of
the given CST element. Take, modulus of elasticity = 200 × 10³ MPa, Poisson's ratio = 0.3 and
unit weight of steel = 78.5 kN/m³. [4+2+4] (2078 Chaitra, Q6, Group B)

6. Using plane stress condition, determine the stiffness matrix, nodal load vector, and nodal
displacement of the given CST element. Take thickness of plate = 10 mm, unit weight = 78.5
kN/m³, E=2×105 MPa and G = 105×103 MPa. [4+2+4] (2078 Kartik, Q6, Group B)
7. Using plane stress condition, calculate the displacement and stress in CST elements shown in
figure below. Take E = 210 GPa, thickness = 15 mm, unit weight of material = 80 KN/m³ and γ
= 0.3. [8] (2076 Bhadra, Q8, Group B)

8. A steel plate of uniform thickness 10 mm is being loaded as shown in the figure below.
Considering the plane stress condition for this CST element, determine (a) element stiffness
matrix, (b) nodal displacements, and (c) strains and stresses at the centroid of the element. Take
E = 210 × 10³ MPa, and G = 105 × 10³ MPa. The unit weight of steel is 78.5 KN/m³. [10] (2075
Bhadra, Q9, Group B)
9. A steel plate of thickness 10 mm is being loaded as shown in figure below. Considering the plane
stress condition, determine the stresses and strains at the centroid of the CST element. Take E =
210 × 10³ MPa, V = 0.30 and unit weight of steel is 78.50 KN/m³, length of each side = 100 mm.
[10] (2074 Bhadra, Q10, Group B)
10. A steel plate of thickness 10 mm is being loaded in the structural system as shown in figure
below. Calculate stresses at centroid of the element using constant strain triangle. Take E = 200
× 10³ MPa, v = 0.3 and unit weight of steel is 78.5 KN/m³. [10] (2074 Magh, Q8, Group B)

11. A steel plate of thickness 8 mm is being loaded as shown in the figure below. Considering the
plane stress condition, determine the nodal displacements and stresses of the CST element. Take
E = 210 × 10³ MPa, G = 105 × 10³ MPa, and unit weight of the steel is 78.5 KN/m³. [Not
specified, assumed 8] (2073 Bhadra, Q10, Group B)

12. A steel plate of 10 mm thick is loaded as shown in figure below. For the plane stress problem,
obtain the nodal deformations and the stresses in the CST element. Take E = 2 × 10⁵ MPa, G =
105 × 10³ MPa and unit weight of steel is 78.5 KN/m³. [10] (2073 Magh, Q10, Group B)
13. A steel plate of thickness 10 mm is being loaded in the structural system as shown in figure
below. Calculate stresses at the centroid of the plate. [10] (2072 Ashwin, Q8, Group B)

14. Using plane stress condition, calculate displacements and stresses of the CST element as shown
in figure below. Given E = 200 GPa, t = 10 mm, γ = 78.5 KN/m³, ν = 0.3, q = 5 KN/m². [10]
(2072 Magh, Q5, Group B)
15. A thin plate is subjected to the loads as shown in figure below. The plate thickness is 0.3 in and
the other dimensions are shown in figure. Given that the Poisson's ratio = 0.3 and the modulus of
elasticity E = 30 × 10⁶ psi. Determine nodal load displacements and the elemental stresses. [8]
(2071 Bhadra, Q4c, Group B)

16. A steel plate of thickness 10 mm is being loaded in the structural system as shown in Figure 2.
Calculate stresses at the centroid of the element using constant strain triangle. Use plane stress
condition. [10] (2071 Magh, Q5b, Group B)
17. Considering plane stress condition, find out the nodal displacements and stresses of the CST
element as shown in Fig. 2. E = 30 × 10⁶ psi, t = 0.3 in, γ = 460 lb/in³, v = 0.3, T₃ = 360 psi with
usual notations. [12] (2070 Bhadra, Q3b, Group A)

 4.9 Isoparametric Formulation

1. [Covered under 4.7 and 4.8 as questions on isoparametric elements are often tied to shape
functions or CST elements]

Chapter 5: Finite Difference Method

5.4 Numerical Scheme (FDM) for Kinematic Wave Model

5.4.1 Linear Scheme

1. Following are data pertaining to a rectangular channel:
Width of channel = 200 ft
Length of Channel = 15000 ft
 Bed Slope, S0 – 1%
Manning’s n = 0.035
At the t =0, there is a uniform flow of 2000 cfs along the channel. The discharge value at the
upstream boundary from inflow hydrograph at time t = 3min is obtained at 2250 cfs. Determine
the discharge at a distance of 3000 ft downstream along the chanel. Use the linear kinematics
wave modal. Take Δx = 3000ft and Δt = 3 min. There is no lateral inflow (q = 0) [6] (2078
Chaitra, Q2, Group A)
2. For a 30 m wide and 0.015 bed slope rectangular channel following flow rates are given:
Qi n = 20 m3/s. Qi n+1 = 28 m3/s and Qi+1 n = 18 m3/s. Taking Manning’s n = 0.025, Δx = 1200 m
and Δt = 10 min, determine Qi+1 n+1 using finite difference scheme for linear kinematic wave
model. Assume lateral inflow to be zero. Take wetted perimeter is approximately equal to the
width of the channel. [6] (2077 Chaitra, Q2, Group A)
3. A river which is generalized as trapezoidal channel is 300 m wide with side slope 5:1, has bed
slope 1% and Manning's n 0.04. Initially discharge through the river is 100 m 3/s. Due to a flood
the discharge observed at the upstream section of the river is 300m 3/s, compute discharge at
2650m downstream from upstream section. Take Δx = 2650m and Δt = 1hr. Use linear kinematic
wave solution. [6] (2073 Bhadra, Q2, Group A)
4. Water flows through a rectangular channel 25 m wide, having bed slope 0.015 and Manning's n
0.035. The following flow rates are given: Qi n+1 = 30 m3/s. Qi n = 22 m3/s and Qi+1 n = 20 m3/s,
where I = index for space and n = index for time. Taking Δx = 1500m and Δt = 10 min,
determine Qi+1 n+1 using first order accurate linear kinematic wave model. Assume lateral follow
to be zero and wetted perimeter is equal to width of the channel. [6] (2072 Magh, Q1b, Group A)
5. Using the Finite Difference equation developed in question (a) (First order accurate implicit
equation for kinematic wave model), compute the discharge at 1 km d/s of location X at time
14:00 hrs, for the following data: [6] (2071 Bhadra, Q1b, Group A)
Rectangular channel, width = 20 m, Bed slope = 0.001, Manning’s n = 0.03
Discharge at location X at time 14:00 hrs = 14 m3/s
Discharge at location X at time 13:45 hrs = 12 m3/s
Discharge at 1 km d/s of location X at time 13:45 hrs = 11 m 3/s
No lateral flow, wetted perimeter approximately equal to width of channel.
6. A flood of 150 m³/s peak discharges passed a gaging station at 12:00 noon on a river. There is a
community adjacent to the river 7.2 km downstream. What will be the value of peak discharge at
that community at 12:00 noon of the velocity of flow is 1.2m/s and peak discharge at that
community at 9:00 A.M is 100m3/s. Assume width of river as inside and use first order accurate
numerical scheme of kinematic wave equation, Take Δx = 7.2km and Δt = 1 hrs. [6] (2070
Magh, Q1b, Group B)

5.4.2 Non-Linear Scheme

1. A river which can be generalized as a trapezoidal channel is 350 m wide with side slope 6:1, has
a bed slope 1.5%, and Manning’s n=0.0359. The initial discharge through the river is 420
cumecs. Due to a flood observed at upstream, the value of discharge rises to 580 cumecs.
Calculate the discharge that will occur at 4.65 km downstream. Take Δx=4650 and Δt=1.5 hours.
Use non-linear kinematic wave solution. [6] (2079 Shrawan, Q1b, Group A)

5.4.3 Stability of Numerical Solution of Kinematic Wave Model

1. A channel having a width of 30 m carries a discharge of 110 m³/s through a section. The bed
slope and the Manning's "n" value are 3% and 0.035 respectively and the hydraulic radius is
equal to flow depth. Recommend the maximum time step required for stable solution of
kinematic wave routing in this condition, if the value of Δx is considered as 1400 meters. [5]
(2074 Magh, Q1c, Group A)
2. A channel with a width of 40 m, bed slope 2% and Manning’s n = 0.03 carries a discharge of 100
m³/s through a section. If Δx is taken as 1500 meters, recommend the maximum time step for
stable solution of kinematic wave routing in this condition. Assume hydraulic radius equal to
flow depth. [6] (2072 Ashwin, Q1b, Group A)

5.5 Numerical Scheme (FDM) for Dynamic Wave Model

5.5.2 Solution by Explicit Scheme

1. Using any explicit finite difference scheme for full saint venant equations, compute discharge
and flow depth at grid (i,n+1) for the following data:
Rectangular channel, width = 50m, Bed slope = 0.0002, Manning’s n = 0.035, No lateral flow,
Δx = 1.0km and Δt = 10min Discharge: Q = 38m3/s, Q = 36m3/s, Q = 35m3/s. Flow depth:
y = 1.87m, y = 1.82m, y = 1.97m [6] (2078 Kartik, Q2, Group A)
2. Water flows in a rectangular channel of width 25m having bed slope 0.015. Assume no lateral
inflow. Consider wetted perimeter is equal to width of the channel. Taking ΔX = 1500m, Δt = 10
min & take manning’s n = 0.035. Given that
Q = 30m3/s, Q = 22m3/s, Q = 20m3/s
y = 1.25m, y = 1.45m, y = 1.65m
Using an explicit method, determine the depth and discharge at the grid point (i, n+1) for full
Saint-Venant equation (i.e., Dynamic wave model). [7] (2076 Bhadra, Q1b, Group A)

3. A finite difference grid of points constructed to solve for the unsteady flow problems in a wide
rectangular channel is shown in the figure below.

Using an appropriate finite difference scheme for two governing equations of fluid flow
(continuity and momentum), compute the velocity and flow depth at grid point (i, j+1) for the
following given data: [6] (2075 Bhadra, Q2, Group A)
 Velocity: v = 2.2 m/sec, v = 1.8 m/sec, v = 1.5 m/sec

Flow depth: y = 1.6m, y = 2.0m, y = 2.4m

Bed slope = 1%, Manning’s n = 0.032m Δx = 1000m, Δt = 4 minutes, No lateral inflow.
4. Using any explicit finite difference scheme for full Saint Venant equations, compute discharge
and flow depth at grid (i,n+1) for the following data:
Rectangular channel, width = 10m, Bed slope = 0.0002, Manning’s n = 0.04, No lateral flow, Δx
= 1km and Δt = 5min
Q = 40m3/s, Q = 38m3/s, Q = 37.5m3/s
y = 1.9m, y = 1.85m, y = 2.0m [6] (2073 Magh, Q1b, Group A)

5.5.3 Solution by Implicit Scheme

1. Determine the values of first order partial derivative of discharge with respect to time and space
using four-point implicit method. [2+2] (2080 Chaitra, Q2, Group A)
 Take Δt = 1hour, Δx = 500 m,  = 0.55,  = 0.45.
2. The value of flow rate Q at four points in the space time grid are shown in the figure below.
Determine the value of first-order derivatives ∂Q/∂t and ∂Q/∂x by using four-point implicit
method. Given: dt = 1 hr, dx = 500 m and θ = 0.47. [6] (2079 Chaitra, Q2, Group A)

3. The value of flow rate Q at four points in the space-time grid is shown below. Determine the
value of first-order derivatives ∂Q/∂t and ∂Q/∂x by using the four-point implicit method. Given:
Δt=1 hour, Δx=500 m and θ m=0.55. [4] (2079 Jestha, Q2b, Group A)

4. The value of flow rate Q at four points in the space time grid are shown in figure below.
Determine the value of first-order derivations δQ/δt and δQ/δx by using four- point implicit
method. Given: Δt = 1 hour, Δx = 600m, θ = 0.55 [4] (2074 Bhadra, Q2, Group A)
5. In the space-time grid as shown in figure below Q represents the value of flow rate at the four
points. Determine the values of δQ/δt and δQ/δx by four point implicit method, considering Δt =
1.5 h, Δx = 800 m, θ = 0.58. Here θ is weighting factor. [4] (2074 Magh, Q1d, Group A)

6. The value of flow rate Q at four points in the space-time grid are shown in figure below, Δt = 1
h, Δx = 1000 m and θ = 0.55, calculate the values of ∂Q/∂t and ∂Q/∂x by four point implicit
method. θ = weighting factor. [6] (2070 Magh, Q1a, Group B)
 Chapter 6: Method of Characteristics

 6.5 Application of Method of Characteristics in Unsteady Pipe Flow Problems

1. A pipe conveys water from a reservoir as shown in the figure below. Take f=0.02, C=1200 m/s.
The HGL at the reservoir is given as H PA = 120 + 3sin(πt).The discharge at the downstream end
is zero at all times. By using only one reach, compute discharge from A and elevation of
hydraulic grad line at B at 3 sec using a discretized equation of the method of characteristics in
the form of HGL and discharge. [8] (2079 Chaitra, Q3, Group A)

2. The figure below shows a pipe conveying water from a reservoir. The HGL at the reservoir is
given as HPA = 100 + 2sin(πt).The discharge at the downstream end is zero at all times. By using
only one reach, compute discharge from A and elevation of HGL at B at 2 seconds using the
discretized equation of the MOC in the form of head and discharge. Take f = 0.02 and c = 1250
m/s. [6] (2077 Chaitra, Q3b, Group A)

3. A pipe conveys water from a reservoir as shown in the figure. Take f=0.02, C = 1200 m/s. The
hydraulic grad line (HGL) at the reservoir s given as H PA=100+3sin(πt). The discharge at the
downstream end is zero at all times. By using only one reach, compute discharge from A and
elevation of hydraulic grad line at B at 3 sec using discretized equation of the method of
characteristics in the form of HGL and discharge. [8] (2070 Magh, Q2, Group B)
4. If the MOC is applied for t1= 1 sec and t2 =2 sec, time levels for a pipe with diameter 25 cm
carrying water. If QA = 0.6 m3/s, QB = 0.65 m3/s and QC = 0.64 m3/s, HA=20 m, HB =20.6 and
HC=20.4 m are the values at grid points. Find the values of Q and H at t 1= 1 sec that will be
required for finding Q and H at P when characteristics do not lie on diagonal. Here, Δx=1000 m,
Δt=1 sec, f=0.02 and c=850 m/s. [4] (2079 Jestha, Q2b, Group A)
5. Following data are given at two points A and B along a pipe of diameter 30cm carrying as shown
in figure below. QA=0.4 m3/sec, QB =0.45 m3/s, HA=26.5m, HB=27.5m, Δx=500m, Δt=0.4sec,
f=0.02, a (or c) =1200m/sec, elevation difference between A and P = 1 m. Using the finite
difference form of characteristic equations, compute discharge and head at point P. [6] (2078
Kartik, Q3b, Group A)

6. Following data are given at two points "A" and "B" along a pipe of diameter 40 cm carrying
water. QA=0.5 m3/sec, QB =0.55 m3/s,
HA=25m,HB=26m,Δx=600m,Δt=0.50sec,f=0.02,a=1200m/sec, elevation difference between A
and P = 1 m; using the finite difference form of characteristic equations, compute discharge and
head at point P. [5] (2076 Bhadra, Q2b, Group A)
7. If the MOC is applied for t1= 1 sec and t2 =2 sec, time levels for a pipe with diameter 30 cm
carrying water. If QA = 0.7 m3/s, QB = 0.76 m3/s and QC = 0.74 m3/s, HA=20 m, HB =20.6 and
HC=20.4 m are the values at grid points. Find the values of Q and H at t 1= 1 sec that will be
 required for finding Q and H at P when characteristics do not lie on diagonal. Here, Δx=1000 m,
Δt=1 sec, f=0.02 and c=800 m/s. [4] (2072 Ashwin, Q2b, Group A)

8. A pipe of diameter 35 cm carrying water has the following data at two points A and B: V A = 6
m/sec, VB = 6.25 m/sec, pA = 102 KN/m2, pB = 124 KN /m2, Δx = 500m, Δt =0.5 sec, f = 0.02, a

=1000m/sec ( = ±𝑎), elevation difference between A to P = 2.50 m. By the use of finite

difference form of characteristics equation, compute the velocity and pressure at point P. [6]
(2074 Bhadra, Q3, Group A)

9. Following are the data given at two points M and N along a pipe of diameter 15 cm carrying
water. The discharges are 0.25 m³/s and 0.28 m³/s respectively at M and N; the heads are 18.5 m
and 18 m at M and N respectively. Compute the discharge and head at point P using finite
difference form of characteristics equations if Δx=100, Δt=10sec, f=0.02, c=1200 m/s, elevation
difference for 100 m distance = 1.5 m. [8] (2072 Magh, Q2, Group A)
 Chapter 7: Simulation of Groundwater Flow

 7.2 Numerical Scheme for Groundwater Flow

1. The final values of hydraulic head at four point are: h i+1 j = 50m, hi j-1 = 10m, hi j+1 = 95m, hi-1 j =
75m. The hydraulic conductivities are: kxx = 0.95 × 10-5 m/s and kyy = 0.99 × 10-5 m/s. Assuming
steady flow with no withdrawal, determine the hydraulic head at h ij and discharges in it from
other four grids. Take Δx = 100m and Δy =80m. [5+1] (2078 Kartik, Q4, Group A)
2.

[6] (2073 Magh, Q2, Group A)

 7.3 Simulation of Seepage Under a Dam

1. Table below shows the 2D grid with values of a potential head in m for simulating groundwater
seepage. Determine the vertical and horizontal seepage into and out of the highlighted grid.
Transmissivity in the x-direction and y-direction are 2700 m²/day and 3200 m²/day, respectively,
for all grids. Use Δx=85 m and Δy=75 m. [6] (2080 Chaitra, Q4b, Group A)

2. The figure shows a 2 dimensional grid with the values of potential function (ϕ) for simulating
seepage. Calculate vertical and horizontal seepage into and out of grid A i.e. Q A, QB, QC, QD.
 Transmissivity in x-direction and y-direction are 2200 m²/day and 2400 m²/day respectively, for
all grids; ΔX=80 m and ΔY=90m. [8] (2073 Bhadra, Q4, Group A)

3. The figure below shows the 2 dimensional grid for simulating seepage under a dam. The values
of potential function (ϕ) are shown in the grid. Compute vertical and horizontal seepage to grid
A. Take Transmissivity in X-direction = 2900 m²/day for all grids, Transmissivity in Y-direction
= 2400 m²/day for all grids, ΔX=100m and ΔY=75m. [8] (2072 Magh, Q3, Group A)
 7.4 River Stage Water Table Interaction
1. A schematic for simulating river stage water table fluctuation is shown in figure.

The following data are given for the simulation of homogenous and isotropic aquifer, river stage
(hL) = 365m, length of aquifer = 1200 m, Δt = 1 day, Δx=400m, transmissivity of aquifer = 600
m²/day, storage coefficient = 0.15. The initial value of water table at 3 grids as 349.13, 347.97,
339.36 respectively. Calculate water table elevation in each grid. [5] (2078 Chaitra, Q4a, Group
A)
2. Compute coefficients of 1-D implicit finite difference model and display the matrix for the
schematic diagram for simulating river stage water table fluctuation which is as shown in figure
below. Consider the data for the simulation as: Homogeneous and isotropic aquifer, river stage
hL = 195m, aquifer length = 500 m, Δx=100m and Δt=1day, transmissivity of aquifer = 0.024
m/s, storage coefficient = 0.015, initial value of water table at 5 grids are 190.10, 190.20, 190.30,
190.40, 190.50 m respectively. [6] (2077 Chaitra, Q4, Group A)

3. Compute coefficients of the 1-D implicit finite difference model and display the matrix for the
schematic diagram for simulating river stage water table fluctuation which is as shown in figure
below. Consider the data for the simulation as:
 Homogeneous and isotropic aquifer, river stage h L = 196m, aquifer length = 400 m, Δx=80m and
Δt=1day, transmissivity of aquifer = 0.025 m/s, storage coefficient = 0.015, initial value of water
table at 5 grids are 190.08, 190.15, 190.21, 190.3, 190.4 m respectively. [7] (2074 Magh, Q3,
Group A)

4. A schematic for simulating river stage-water table fluctuation is shown in figure below.

The following data are given for the simulation: homogenous and isotropic aquifer, river stage
(hL) = 205m, length of aquifer = 500 m, Δt = 1 day, Δx=100m, transmissivity of aquifer = 0.03
m/s, storage coefficient = 0.01. The initial value of water table at 5 grids is 200.1, 200.11, 200.2,
200.3, 200.4m respectively. Compute coefficients of 1D implicit finite difference model and
display the matrix. [8] (2071 Magh, Q3, Group A)