● Computer's Classification

● 3 Types of Computers
○ Analog Computers
○ Digital Computers
○ Hybrid Computers
● Analog Computers Numerical magnitudes are represented by physical
quantities such as electric current, voltage, resistance, mechanical movements,
etc. Designed to perform arithmetical functions upon numbers represented by
physical quantity. Used in manufacturing units for monitoring temperature,
pressure, or liquid flow; petrol pumps use analog processors to convert fuel flow
into quantity and price. Drawbacks:
○ Limited data storage
○ No logical facilities
○ Only performs arithmetic functions
○ Costly
● Digital Computers Operate on data in the form of digits; input must be discrete
(numbers, characters, symbols).
● Types:
○ General Purpose Digital Computers: Used for payroll, graphs, analysis,
etc.
○ Special Purpose Digital Computers: Designed for specific tasks, e.g.,
washing machines.
●
● Hybrid Computers
● Use or produce analog and digital data. Created by interconnecting analog and
digital computers or integrating analog units into digital processors. Used in
scientific applications and industrial control, combining discrete and continuous
data processing.
●
● Classification by Size
● 1. Super Computers Contain multiple processing units operating in parallel.
Used for large applications like weather forecasting.
● 2. Mainframe Computers Large computers connected to multiple terminals.
Used in research, banks, airlines, and railway reservations. Example: Airline
reservation systems with centralized data banks.
● Mainframe Configuration Includes:
○ Data communication equipment
○ Interface for I/O devices
○ Primary and secondary storage
○ Central processors with multiprogramming
● Characteristics:
○ General-purpose
○ High-speed data transfer
○ Supports high-level languages
○ Up to 100 terminals
○ Flexible instruction sets
○ Large online storage
○ High-speed cache memory
● Limitations:
○ High cost
○ Large size
○ High power consumption
○ Skilled labor required
○ Expensive peripherals
○ Air-conditioning needed
●
● Super Mini Computers
● Cross between mini and supercomputers. Used for dedicated single-function
processing.
● Mini Computers Slower and less capable than mainframes. Support up to 100
terminals. Use microprocessors for data storage/manipulation. Multitasking and
network-capable OS. Sub-classified as mini, midi mini, and maxi mini. Used in
education, government, business (invoicing, payroll, etc.). Advantages:
○ Cheaper
○ Smaller
○ Rugged and reliable
○ No air-conditioning needed
●
● Microcomputers and Personal Computers
● Microcomputers Digital computers with microprocessors, I/O units, and
memory. Desktop or portable with display, keyboard, and storage. Primarily
stand-alone but can act as workstations. Advantages:
○ Low power usage
○ Cost-effective
○ Portable
○ Stable and reliable
● Personal Computers (PCs) Type of microcomputer for individual use.
Introduced by IBM on 12/02/1981.
●
● Types of Microcomputers
○ Desktop microcomputers
○ Notebook/laptop microcomputers
○ Tablet and smartphone microcomputers
○ Personal digital assistant (PDA) and palmtop microcomputers
○ Workstation and server microcomputers
○ Mini tower and full tower microcomputers
● Desktop Microcomputers Perform complex tasks quickly. Connected via wires
to keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit. Internet via Wi-Fi or LAN. Drawbacks:
○ Larger size
○ Not portable
● Laptop (Notebook) Stylish briefcase design. Runs on battery or wall outlet. In-
built components (keyboard, touchpad, LCD, motherboard, etc.). Advantage:
Portability
● Tablet Microcomputers Handheld with touchscreen. Smaller than notebooks,
larger than smartphones. Wi-Fi and cellular enabled. Run apps like word
processing, spreadsheets. Drawback: No built-in keyboard (external optional)
Examples: iPad, Surface, Kindle Fire
● PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) Handheld, portable, small LCD screen.
Communicates via LAN, IR, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, radio waves. Used for calendars, to-
do lists, address books, notes.
● Palmtop Microcomputers Also called “Pocket computer.” Smaller than PDA,
uses stylus pen. No disk drives; uses PCMCIA slots. Runs Windows CE.
● Workstation Microcomputers Powerful single-user computers with multiple
CPUs. Used for power-intensive applications.
● Server Microcomputers Provide data to other terminals over LAN/WAN.
Types:
○ Web server (Apache HTTP)
○ Mail server (email handling)
●
● Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
○ Data: Symbols
○ Information: Processed data; answers “who,” “what,” “where,” “when”
○ Knowledge: Application of data/information; answers “how”
○ Wisdom: Evaluated understanding
● Process Flow: Data → Information ↔ Knowledge ↔ Wisdom
●
● Characteristics of Computers
○ Speed: Millions of instructions per second
 ○ Accuracy: Precise results (e.g., division to 10 decimal places)
○ Diligence: No fatigue; consistent performance
○ Storage Capability: Large data storage and retrieval
■ Primary (temporary)
■ Secondary (floppy, CD – permanent)
● Versatility Performs varied tasks (document editing, music, printing).
Limitation: Only executes programmed instructions; no independent decision-
making.
●
● Computer Viruses
● Virus Software that attaches to programs and replicates or causes damage.
● Email Virus Spreads via email attachments; may auto-send to contacts.
● Trojan Horse Program that appears useful but causes harm when run.
● Worm Uses networks/security holes to replicate across machines.
●
● Virus Prevention Tips
○ Use reputable antivirus software
○ Update and scan regularly
○ Use “on access” scanners
○ Scan all new programs/files
○ Be cautious with downloads and online communities
○ Back up important data
●
● Key IT Terms & Abbreviations
○ IT: Information Technology
○ ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning
○ CRM: Customer Relationship Management
○ OS: Operating System
○ Network: Interconnected computing devices
○ System: Interrelated elements forming a unified whole
○ UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer
○ ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
○ ACM: Association of Computing Machinery
○ IDI: ICT Development Index
○ ITU: International Telecommunication Union
○ USB: Universal Serial Bus
○ AI: Artificial Intelligence
○ AUTOMATION - Is the technique of making an apparatus, a process or a
system to operate automatically.
○ BIG DATA - Is a term that describes large and complex volumes of data
analyzed for insights to help in making better decisions and more effective
strategic planning.
○ BLOG - Is a combination of two words web and log. It works the same way
as pen and paper would, but the privacy becomes irrelevant given that a
blog can be seen by anyone online.
○ BLOGGER - Is the person who writes blogs.
○ COMMUNICATION - Is a process in which information is exchanged between
individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
○ COMMUNICATION DEVICE - Is a hardware component that aids a computer
to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions and information to and
from one or more computers.
○ COMPAC DISC - Is a flat, round, portable metal disc.
○ COMPUTER - Is an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate
the data according to specified rules, produce results and store the results
for the future use.
○ DESKTOP COMPUTER - Is designed to be placed on a desk, and is typically
made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor
keyboard, and mouse.
 ○ EXPLOITATION - Refers to an action making use of and benefiting from
digital resources such as changing grades by hacking the system.
○ HARD DISK - Is a data storage hardware device that offers a greater
storage capacity than a floppy disk, zip disk, or USB flash drive.
○ INFORMATION - Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading.
○ INFORMATION AGE - Is a period in human history characterized by the shift
from traditional industry to an information technology-based economy
brought by industrialization.
○ INPUT DEVICE - Is any hardware component that allows one to enter data
or instructions into a computer.
○ INTELEGENT SYSTEM - Is a far more complex machine capable of learning.
○ LAPTOP COMPUTER - Is a battery-powered computer that is more portable
than a desktop, allowing one to use it almost anywhere.
○ LIBEL - Refers to publication of a false statement that damage one's
business or personal reputation.
○ MAINFRAME - Is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting of
hundreds of thousands of users simultaneously.
○ MEDIA - Refers to communication devices use for interaction and/or
communication.
○ MINICOMPUTER - Is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10
to hundreds of users simultaneous.
○ MODEM - Is a device or a program that enables a computer to transmit
data over, for example telephone or cable lines.
○ MOTHERBOARD -Is a circuitry of the system unit which is commonly a part
of associated with or linked to a circuit board.
○ OUTPUT DEVICE -Is any hardware component that transmits information to
one or more hardware components.
○ PERSONAL COMPUTER -Is a small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor.
○ PLAGIARISM -Is the act of using someone's intellectual property example
ideas and written works by claiming it as one's own.
○ PORT -Is an endpoint of communication in an operating system.
○ SMART PHONE -Is a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of
computer, especially having a touchscreen interface, internet access and
an operating system capable of running downloaded applications.
○ SOFTWARE PIRACY -Refers to an act of installing a copy of software into
one's computer without permission and/or producing a copy disregarding
the copyrights.
○ STORAGE -Holds data, instructions and information for future use.
○ SUPERCOMPUTER -Is an extremely fast computer that can perform millions
of instructions per second.
○ SYSTEM UNIT -Is a box-like case that contains the electronic components of
the computer which are used to process data.
○ TECHNOLOGY -Has made communication much easier and faster through
computers, computers, and mobile devices.
○ TREND -Refers to a particular style in fashion, devices or entertainment.
There could always be a new trend coming along to replace the old.
○ USB FLASH DRIVE -Is a portable storage device that has more storage
capacity than a floppy disk or Zip Disk. It is small and lightweight enough
to be transported on a keychain or put in one's pocket.
○ USER -Is anyone who communicates and interacts with a computer or
makes use of the information it generates.
○ WORKSTATION -Is similar to a personal computer but has a more powerful
microprocessor and a high-quality monitor.
● How computer understand computer machine
○ Research focused on how technology facilitates and transforms human
communication is interdisciplinary in nature. The computer science and
engineering are key to the development of hardware and programs that
facilitate social communication the sociology and anthropology contribute
 to our understanding of the influence of technological adoption on
societies and cultures. Psychology helps us to understand how cognitive
processes effect our engagement with social technologies and vice versa,
the field of human communication is uniquely situated to understand how
technology and human communication processes are deeply intertwined.
○ Computer is an electronic device, that can be programmed to process,
store, and retrieve data. And carry out arithmetic or logical operations
automatically, however, it does not understand the human’s language.
Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider
sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking
logarithms.
○ A logical operation is a special symbol or word that connects two or more
phrases of information. It is used to test whether a certain relationship
between the phrases is true or false. Computer constitute of many
electronic circuits, those circuits can either pass the electricity or don’t
passing, apart from that it can do nothing. So here, theoretically passing of
electricity is 1 and not is 0. So, computer only understand the language in
0 and 1. Therefore every order is converted into binary code to get
executed. The computer hardware identify the 0 and 1 with the help of the
voltage that passes through the components.
○ Computer software translates between binary code (machine code), and
the data that you work on computer, such as text, photos, color, sound,
and video.
○ 01100001 = represents the letter “a” 01100010 = letter “b” 01100011 =
letter “c” 01100100 = letter “d” 01100101 = letter “e” 01100110 = letter
“f” 01100111 = letter “g”
○ RGB color represented by: Red = 10001110 Green = 10010110 Blue =
01111011
○ In the past before, the instructions were then, by hand, translated into the
binary values. As computers technology progressed, the methods of code
entry became more advanced. So, Programmers have no need to manual
translation step any more, to reach into a binary code.
○ Keyboard Display typed characters Change data to binary
○ CPU Central Processing Unit
○ Monitor Display binary as characters Change binary to ASCII
○ Data 10101010
○ Information 10000001
● Memory
○ A programming language is constituted of a series of symbols and
alphabets that serves as a bridge that allow humans to translate our
thoughts into information computers can understand. The programming
language requires a compiler to translate the program into machine
language (binary code) to execute the program. Compiler is a computer
program, that translates high-level programming language, to a lower-
level language (machine language)
○ Decimal - Binary - Octal - Hex - ASCII Conversion Chart
○ Decimal: 0 Binary: 00000000 Octal: 000 Hex: 00 ASCII: NUL ... Decimal:
65 Binary: 01000001 Octal: 101 Hex: 41 ASCII: A ... Decimal: 97 Binary:
01100001 Octal: 141 Hex: 61 ASCII: a (Chart contains values 0 to 127 with
corresponding Binary, Octal, Hex, ASCII representations.)
● Impacts of computer in different industry
○ EDUCATION a. Learning Process - Technology provides dynamic and
interactive tools that engage students in ways traditional methods cannot.
Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and multimedia resources cater
to various learning styles, making lessons more accessible, engaging, and
effective. b. Computer Components - computer systems are the primary
elements which make the functioning of an electronic device smooth and
faster. c. Online Learning - Online learning, also known as distance
 education or eLearning, refers to the delivery of educational content and
instruction through the internet. It allows students to take courses and
earn degrees remotely, without the need to be physically present on
campus. d. Online Library - a website that makes books and other reading
material available to users. The health e-library offers journals, books,
guidelines, and patient information online. e. Grading System - Online
Grading System provides an efficient way for the professors to create
courses, register students to the “Online Grading System”; post
assignments for the courses, and grade assignments submitted by the
students. f. Enrollment System - An enrollment system is a technology-
based system used by academic institutions to streamline and facilitate
the enrollment process. It helps handle large amounts of data, assign
schedules and sections, and monitor enrollment requirements.
○ Government a. Online System means any method or collection of
processes used to distribute digital content or products, regardless of the
mode of transmission, whether over telephone lines, cable systems, optical
fiber, cell phones, satellites, wireless or other mode of transmission now
known or subsequently developed. b. Pag-Ibig Online Services - This
service allows existing borrowers to view their payments and check their
balance online or for fast inquiry. c. SSS Online Services - an online service
portal that allows SSS members exclusive access to their contributions and
membership records, make online transactions, set appointments with
their SSS servicing branch, and request copies of their records, as needed.
○ Hospitalization a. Something that represents information by using digits.
Each digit represents a small amount of information because each digit
comes from a small set of choices. A digit can be decimal (one of the ten
choices from 0 through 9), as in the display of a digital clock.
○ b. Online Information System - A health information system (HIS) refers to
a system designed to manage healthcare data. This includes systems that
collect, store, manage and transmit a patient's electronic medical record
(EMR), a hospital's operational management or a system supporting
healthcare policy decisions.
○ c. Website Information System - A health information system (HIS) refers
to a system designed to manage healthcare data. This includes systems
that collect, store, manage and transmit a patient's electronic medical
record (EMR), a hospital's operational management or a system supporting
healthcare policy decisions.
○ d. Online Booking - An online booking system is a software solution that
allows potential guests to self-book and pay through your website, and
other channels, while giving you the best tools to run and scale your
operation, all in one place.
○ e. Online Update of medical records - A medical record is a history of
someone's health. Most hospitals and doctor's offices use electronic health
records (EHRs, also called electronic medical records or EMRs). An EHR is a
computerized collection of a patient's health records.
○ f. Inventory Online System - An online inventory management system is an
organized and systematic process for controlling the inflow and outflow of
our product in the organization. The maintenance and upkeep of our
inventory are important to ensure that the right amount of inventory is
available at the right time and in the right quantity.
○ Effect of Technology Advancement to the hospital
■ Work Place a. Finish the report quickly b. Manual System to
Automatic c. Save Time d. More Productive e. Automation for
Complex Task f. Data Analysis for Laboratory g. Computation &
Interpretation h. Communication Via Email i. Instant Messages j.
Video Conference
■ Medical Advancement a. Medical Advancement b. Better Diagnosis
& Treatment c. Improve Research Outcome d. Discovery of New
 Treatment e. Telemedicine f. Video consultant d. Remote Access to
different Areas e. Online Application
■ Global Communication a. Remote work collaboration – Real time
conversation b. More learning opportunities – Gain Knowledge at
home c. Better Social Communication – Connect new friends &
Community
■ Workforce Industry a. Robots Worker - Robot workers are machines
designed to perform specific tasks that humans usually do. They
can be programmed to do repetitive, dangerous, or hard jobs that
humans don’t want to do. They’re being used in various industries,
such as manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and hospitality.
b. Online Inventory - An online inventory management system is an
organized and systematic process for controlling the inflow and
outflow of our product in the organization. The maintenance and
upkeep of our inventory are important to ensure that the right
amount of inventory is available at the right time and in the right
quantity. c. AI Worker - Fully digital members of your team who
work alongside their real-world colleagues to reduce manual work,
enhance quality, increase speed, save money, support regulatory
compliance, and expand the overall capacity of your team. d.
Unman - Not carrying, staffed, or performed by people or not
manned. e. Submarine - Through Ocean exploration, we collect data
and information needed to address both current and emerging
science and management needs. Exploration helps to ensure that
ocean resources are not just managed, but managed in a
sustainable way, so those resources are around for future
generations to enjoy. f. AI Camera - An artificial intelligence (AI)
camera is a camera that makes use of artificial intelligence
software to help you take better photos by identifying objects
intelligently and optimizing the color and output based on the
scene.
■ Electronic Commerce a. Online Payment - Online payment allows
you to pay money via the internet. Buyers will use this type of
payment when they purchase goods online or offline. They can use
different types of online payment methods, including debit/credit
cards, wire transfers, net banking, and digital wallets. b. Online
Shopping - Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which
allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller
over the Internet using a web browser. c. Online Order Tracking -
Order tracking is a process of monitoring and tracking orders placed
online and delivering real-time order status updates to customers.
It helps customers learn where exactly their
■ Banking a. ATM - An automated teller machine (ATM) is an
electronic banking outlet that allows customers to complete basic
transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. b.
Fund Transfer - means the series of transactions, beginning with
the originator's payment order, made for the purpose of making
payment to the beneficiary of the order. c. Online Payment - allows
you to pay money via the internet. Buyers will use this type of
payment when they purchase goods online or offline. They can use
different types of online payment methods, including debit/credit
cards, wire transfers, net banking, and digital wallets.
● Common Key Terms Used in Computer:
○ a. ANSI - American National Standards Institute
○ b. CPU - Central Processing Unit
○ c. DNS - Domain Name System
○ d. GUI - Graphical User Interface
○ e. HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
○ f. ISO - International Organization for Standardization
 ○ g. OOP - Object-oriented Programming
○ h. OS - Operating System
○ i. PERL - Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
○ j. PHP - Hypertext Processor k. SQL - Structured Query Language
○ l. WISP - Wireless Internet Service Provider m. WMA - Windows Media Audio
○ n. WWW - World Wide Web
○ o. XML - Extensible Markup Language
● Important features of system software
○ Computer manufacturers usually develop the system software as an
integral part of the computer.
○ System software generally includes the following features
■ High speed - System software must be as efficient as possible to
provide an effective platform for higher-level software in the
computer system.
■ Hard to manipulate - It often requires the use of a programming
language, which is more difficult to use than a more intuitive user
interface (UI).
■ Written in a low-level computer language - System software must
be written in a computer language the central processing unit (CPU)
and other computer hardware can read.
■ Close to the system - It connects directly to the hardware that
enables the computer to run.
■ Versatile - System software must communicate with both the
hardware it runs on and the higher-level application software that is
usually hardware-agnostic and often has no direct connection to the
hardware that it runs on. System software also must support other
programs that depend on it as they evolve and change.
● Types of Application Software
○ Application software can also be categorized based on its charge ability
and accessibility. Here is some application software:
○ ➢ Freeware: It is offered for free, as the name implies. You can utilize
freeware application software that you can obtain from the Internet. This
software, on the other hand, does not allow you to change it or charge a
fee for sharing it. Examples include Adobe PDF, Mozilla Firefox, and Google
Chrome. ➢ Shareware: This is given away to users for free as a trial,
usually with a limited-time offer. If consumers want to keep using this
application software, they will have to pay. WinZip, Anti-virus, and Adobe
Reader are instances of shareware. ➢ Open-source: This type of
application software comes with the source code, allowing you to edit and
even add features to it. These could be offered for free or for a fee. Open-
source application software includes Moodle and Apache Web Server. ➢
Closed source: This category includes the majority of the application
software programs used nowadays. These are normally charged, and the
source code is usually protected by intellectual property rights or patents.
It usually comes with a set of restrictions. Microsoft Windows, Adobe Flash
Player, WinRAR, macOS, and other operating systems are examples.
○ Word Processing Software: Word Processing Software can be explained as
software that has the functionalities of editing, saving, and creating
documents with Word Processor Software like Microsoft Word.
○ Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet Software is a kind of software that
deals with the worksheet where it works on some automated version to
perform numeric functions. For Example, Microsoft Excel.
○ Presentation Software: It is a type of application software that is used to
present some applications like newly launched functions, products, etc. For
Example, Microsoft Powerpoint.
○ Multimedia Software: Multimedia refers to the mixture of audio, video,
image, text, etc., and can be displayed or used with the help of multimedia
software. There are so many media players that do this kind of work.
 ○ Web Browsers: Web Browser is one of the most used applications
worldwide, it takes you to the internet. You can use your desktop, mobile,
etc for using this.
○ Educational Software: Due to the enhancement of the internet, there are
so many educational software runs in the market. It consists of Language
learning Software, Classroom Management Software, etc.
○ Graphics Software: Graphics Software is used in large amounts. There are
so many applications where it is used. Some of the applications include
Canva, Adobe, Photoshop, etc.
○ Simulation Software: Simulation Software is a kind of Software that is used
to compare two different kinds of products and also it helps in evaluating
them.
■ Examples of Application Software
■ Some examples of application software are:
■ ➢ System for Hotel Management: It relates to the hotel industry’s
management strategies. Hotel administration, accounting, billing,
marketing, housekeeping, and front office or front desk.
■ ➢ System for Payroll Management: It is a term used by all modern
businesses to refer to every employee who receives a regular
salary or another form of payment. The payroll software calculates
all different payment options and generates the relevant
paychecks. Employee salary slips can also be printed or sent using
this software.
■ ➢ System for Human Resources Management: It describes the
systems and activities that exist at the nexus of Human Resource
Management (HRM) and Information Technology (IT). The HR
department’s role is primarily administrative and is found in all
businesses.
■ ➢ Attendance Recording System: It’s a piece of software that tracks
and optimizes a person’s or student’s presence in an organization
or school. Nowadays, customers’ existing time/attendance
recording devices, such as biometrics/access cards, can be
connected with attendance systems. Attendance management can
be accomplished in two ways: Integration of biometrics &
integration of manual attendance. System of Billing: It is the billing
software that is utilized to complete the billing process. It keeps
track of marked products and services given to a single consumer
or a group of customers.
■ Business Application Software Customer Relationship Management
(CRM): CRM is a type of technology that can manage the customer,
transactions of customers, future transactions, etc. It is very
important nowadays. It helps in expanding business to the next
level as it stays connected with customers, keeping more revenues,
and less tension.
● Computer's classification
● 3 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
○ Analog Computers
○ Digital Computers
○ Hybrid Computers
● ❖ ANALOG COMPUTERS
○ This type of computers, numerical magnitudes are represented by physical
quantities such as electric current, voltage, or resistance, mechanical
movements, etc. These are machines which are designed to perform
arithmetical functions upon numbers where the numbers are represented
by physical quantity.
○ Analog computers are widely used in manufacturing units where
temperatures, pressure or flow of liquids are to be monitored continuously.
It is also used at petrol pump where petrol pump contains an analog
processor that connects fuel flow measurements into quantity and price
 values. Among the various drawbacks of using Analog computers are: They
do not have the ability to store data in large quantities; They do not have
the logical facilities; They can perform only arithmetical functions but are
costlier.
● ❖ DIGITAL COMPUTERS
○ A digital computer operates on data in the form of digits, rather than the
physical quantities used in analog computers. That is, its input must be
discrete rather than continuous and may consist of combinations of
numbers, characters and special symbols, written in appropriate
programming language.
○ Digital computers can be classified into two parts
■ General Purpose Digital Computers They are also known as all-
purpose digital computers. Theoretically they can be used for any
type of applications, e.g., computers that are used for payroll,
graphs, analysis, etc.
■ Special Purpose Digital Computers A digital computer is 'designed
to solve problems of a restricted type. That is, special purpose
digital computer is designed to be especially efficient in a certain
class of applications, e.g., computers installed in washing machines.
● ✧ HYBRID COMPUTERS
○ A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It can
be obtained either by interconnecting a digital and analog computer via a
hybrid interface or the analog unit is integrated as a part of central
processor of a digital computer which ultimately helps in getting
input/output directly.
○ Hybrid computers are generally used in scientific applications or in
controlling industrial processes, in both situations the user is able to
exploit the machine's ability to process both discrete and continuous data
using accurate digital subroutines where necessary and the analog
machines for fast integration functions.
● Classification by Size
● Classifying the computers by their sizes
○ Super Computers
○ Mainframe Computers
○ Super Mini Computers
○ Mini Computers
○ Micro Computers or Personal Computer
■ ✓ Super Computers
■ A supercomputer contains a number of processing units which
operate in parallel to make it faster. They are in fact, very large
computers and are thus used for bigger applications. In India, there
are many super computers, in which one such computer which is
used by the Meteorological department weather forecasting.
■ ✓ Mainframe Computer
■ It is again a large computer but where it differs from super
computer is that it can be connected to various computers to share
facilities. For example, a System/370 can be attached to several
personal computers so that they can share programs and data.
Mainframe computers are used in research organizations, large
industrial banks, airlines, and railway reservations where large data
base is required.
■ A typical application is the airline reservation system. The airlines
have a main frame computer at their head office where information
of all the flights is stored. Small computers installed at booking
offices, are attached to the central data bank so that up-to-date
information of all the flights is available.
● The structural configuration of the main frame consists of:
○ Data communication equipment.
 ○ Interface equipment for a variety of high speed and low speed input/output
devices.
○ Primary storage.
○ Secondary storage.
○ Central processors with multiprogramming facilities.
● The main frame computers have following characteristics:
○ ✓ They are big general-purpose computers capable of handling all kinds of
problems whether scientific or commercial.
○ ✓ They can accept and transfer data from I/O devices at the rate of
millions of bytes per second. ✓ They can accept all types of high-level
languages.
○ ✓ They can support a large number of terminals say up to 100 or more.
○ ✓ They usually have instruction sets that give them the flexibility to
operate automatically on 2 bytes (half-word) or 8 bytes (double word).
○ ✓ They have large on-line storage capacities and can support a number
and variety of peripheral devices like magnetic tape drives, hard disk
drives, visual display units, printers, and telecommunication terminals.
○ ✓ They routinely have high speed cache memory, which enables them to
process applications faster than mini or microcomputers.
○ The limitations of main frame computers are due to their high cost, large in
size, high power consumption, requirement of skilled workers and
expensive peripherals like requirement of air-conditioning etc.
○ ✓ Super Mini Computers These are cross between minicomputers and
super computers. They are commonly used as dedicated computers, for
one processing function at a time.
○ ✓ Mini Computers They are inferior to mainframe computers both in speed
and storage. They can also support various terminals. In fact, they can
support up to 100 terminals. Minicomputers have operating systems with
multitasking and network capabilities enabling them to serve more than
one user. They find applications in organizations having a heavy work load
but finding the main-frame expensive to buy.
○ The most important advantage of a mini computer over the main-frame is
that it is cheaper in cost, smaller in size, very rugged and reliable. It does
not require air-conditioning and can be operated at room temperatures.
The main use
● "... of these systems in education, in local government bodies, and also as a front-
end processor to a main-frame computer. It is also being used in word processing.
In business, they are being used for invoicing, stock control, pay roll, sales
analysis etc.
● The mini computers have following characteristics ○ They can accept and transfer
data from I/O devices at the maximum speed of 4 MB per second. ○ They can
support up to a maximum of 100 terminals. ○ They usually employ micro-
processors in the CPU, both for data storage as well as data manipulation. ○ They
have operating systems with multitasking and network capabilities enabling them
to serve more than one user. ○ As per size, price and capabilities to support the
number and variety of peripherals and terminals, they are further sub classified as
(a) mini computers, (b) midi mini computers, and (c) maxi mini computers.
● Compared to main-frame computers, mini computers are comparatively slow and
their capabilities are limited.
● ✓ MICRO COMPUTERS AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS
○ Microcomputers are digital computers whose processing unit consist of one
or more microprocessors, one or more input/output units and sufficient
memory to execute instructions. They are usually desktop or portable
devices with a display, a keyboard and tape disk and diskette storage.
They are designed primarily for stand-alone operation but can be used as
workstation in terminal emulation mode.
○ The advantages of micro-computers are ○ They use very little power ○
They are less costly ○ They are portable ○ They are stable and reliable
○ Personal computer is a type of microcomputer primarily intended for
stand-alone use by an individual. PCs are designed primarily to give
independent computing power to a single user and are inexpensively
priced for purchase by individuals or small business. IBM introduced the
first personal computer called IBM-PC on 12/02/1981.
○ Types of Micro Computers
■ Desktop microcomputers.
■ Notebook or laptop micro computers
■ Tablet and Smartphone micro computers
■ Personal digital assistant and Palmtop micro computers
■ Workstation and Server micro computers
■ Mini Tower and Full Tower micro computers
○ Desktop microcomputer plays the major role in the user's life because
users can perform several complicated tasks in few times without getting
any hindrance. This computer is placed on the table, and it is connected to
various components through wires such as keyboard, mouse, and monitor
and system unit. With the help of these components, users can insert their
commands, and get output according to given input instructions.
○ These computers are capable to link internet through Wi-Fi or LAN cable.
But it has some drawbacks such as bigger size compare to other Desktop
Microcomputers (Laptops, PDA, Smartphone, and Notebook). It is not
portable because it needs fixed area. Laptop is also known as “Notebook”,
and it is designed like as stylish briefcase. They can also perform various
complex functions like as Desktop Computer, and they able to run on their
in-built battery as well as wall outlet supply. These micro computers are
more expensive to desktop computers because in which various small size
components are in built such as keyboard, touchpad LCD display, and
other internal parts (Motherboard, CPU, Hard disk, and more). Its best
advantage is portability.
○ Tablet microcomputers are handheld portable devices along with touch
screen interface, and they are small size than notebooks devices but
bigger to Smartphone. In which, users can perform both activities
(Input/output) on its LCD screen. They are enabled to Wi-Fi and other
cellular network for using the internet. On the Tablet, several applications
such as word processing and spreadsheets can be run. Sometimes, users
can get problems due to lack of its keyboard, but they can use external
keyboard if more needed. Some types of Tablets are available in the
market such as Apple’s iPad, Microsoft’s Surface or Amazon’s Kindle Fire.
○ PDA stands for “Personal Digital Assistant”, and it is handheld device with
great portability as well as smaller in size similar to tablet, palmtop and
Smartphone. It has small LCD screen for performing both tasks
input/output. PDA is able to make communication with other computers
like as laptops, desktops, and other through LAN cable, infrared (IR),
Bluetooth, radio beams, Wi-Fi, and radio waves. Users mostly use PDA for
maintaining the record to appointment calendars, to-do lists, address
books, and for taking notes.
○ Palmtop microcomputer is known as “Pocket computer”. It is smaller
computer than PDA, and it consumes less power due to small size as well
as great portable device. Palmtop computers use stylus pen stick instead
of keyboard for inserting the input. Due to their smaller size, mostly
palmtops do not contain the disk drives, but they use PCMCIA slots for
enabling disk drives, several modems, memory management, and another
terminal. Mostly, Windows CE operating systems are used in the palmtop
computer and other handheld computers.
○ Workstation microcomputer is also known as powerful one-side computer,
and it consist the multiple microprocessors CPUs. Mostly, this
microcomputer is designed by one user to operate for particular
applications, which is needed the more power compare to ordinary PC.
 ○ Server microcomputer likes as computer but it contains the different
powerful functionalities, which help to render data to another terminal over
the several networks such as local area network (LAN) and wide area
network (WAN). Every type of servers is designed for specific objectives
such as Web server run Apache HTTP server for operating the all-web
pages on the internet, and Mail server is used for sending and receiving
emails.
○ Data, Information and Knowledge
○ Data Facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not
organized in any way and which provide no further information regarding
patterns, context, etc. So data means “unstructured facts and figures that
have the least impact on the typical manager.”
○ Information For data to become information, it must be contextualized,
categorized, calculated and condensed. Information thus paints a bigger
picture; it is data with relevance and purpose. It may convey a trend in the
environment, or perhaps indicate a pattern of sales for a given period of
time. Essentially information is found “in answers to questions that begin
with such words as who, what, where, when, and how many”.
○ The content of the human mind can be classified into four categories:
○ ➤ Data: symbols ➤ Information: data that are processed to be useful;
provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions ➤
Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions
➤ Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
○ We need to understand that processing data produced Information and
process information produces Knowledge and so on.
● Characteristics of Computer
○ Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some of
the key characteristics of a computer.
■ Speed The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of
millions of instructions per second. Some calculations that would
have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be
completed in a few seconds using the computer. For example,
calculation and generation of salary slips of thousands of
employees of an organization, weather forecasting that requires
analysis of a large amount of data related to temperature, pressure
and humidity of various places.
○ Accuracy Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For example, the
computer can accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up
to 10 decimal places.
■ Diligence When used for a longer period of time, the computer does
not get tired or fatigued. It can perform long and complex
calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till
the end.
● Storage Capability Large volumes of data and information
can be stored in the computer and also retrieved whenever
required. A limited amount of data can be stored,
temporarily, in the primary memory. Secondary storage
devices like floppy disk and compact disk can store a large
amount of data permanently.
○ Versatility
■ Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of
tasks with the same ease. At one moment you can use the
computer to prepare a letter document and in the next moment you
may play music or print a document. Computers have several
limitations too. Computer can only perform tasks that it has been
programmed to do.
■ Computer cannot do any work without instructions from the user. It
executes instructions as specified by the user and does not take its
own decisions.
● Computer Viruses
○ Viruses
■ A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real
programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a program
such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet
program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to
reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc.
○ E-mail viruses
■ An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and
usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of
people in the victim's e-mail address book. Some e-mail viruses
don't even require a double-click -- they launch when you view the
infected message in the preview pane of your e-mail software
[source: Johnson].
○ Trojan horses
■ A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims
to do one thing (it may claim to be a game) but instead does
damage when you run it (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan
horses have no way to replicate automatically.
○ Worms:
■ A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks
and security holes to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the
network for another machine that has a specific security hole. It
copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then
starts replicating from there, as well.
● What are some tips to avoid viruses and lessen their impact?
○ Install anti-virus software from a reputable vendor. Update it and use it
regularly. In addition to scanning for viruses on a regular basis, install an
"on access" scanner (included in most anti-virus software packages) and
configure it to start each time you start up your computer. This will protect
your system by checking for viruses each time your run an executable file.
Use a virus scan before you open any new programs or files that may
contain executable code. This includes packaged software that you buy
from the store as well as any program you might download from the
Internet. If you are a member of an online community or chat room, be
very careful about accepting files or clicking links that you find or that
people send you within the community. Make sure you back up your data
(documents, bookmark files, important email messages, etc.) on disc so
that in the event of a virus infection, you do not lose valuable work.
● Key Terms Used & Other Abbreviation
○ IT - Information Technology - a broad professional category covering
functions including building communications networks, safeguarding data
and information, and troubleshooting computer problems.
○ ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning - A complete ERP suite also includes
enterprise performance management, software that helps plan, budget,
predict, and report on an organization's financial results.
○ CRM - Customer Relationship Management - Is a technology for managing
all your company's relationships and interactions with customers and
potential customers.
○ OS - Operating System - Is the program that, after being initially loaded
into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application
programs in a computer.
○ NETWORK - A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or
computing devices that exchange data and resources with each other.
○ SYSTEM - A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that
act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.
○ UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer it was designed as a commercial
data-processing computer, intended to replace the punched-card
accounting machines of the day.
 ○ ARPANET - Advance Research Projects Agency Network it is the first public
packet-switched computer network. It was first used in 1969 and finally
decommissioned in 1989.
○ ACM - Association of Computing Machine.
○ IDI - ICT Development Index.
○ ITU - International Telecommunication Union.
○ USB - Universal Serial Bus.
○ AI - Artificial Intelligence is defined as the science of making computers or
machines in general to do things that require intelligence when done by
humans.
●
● Impacts of computer in different industry
○ Education
■ Learning Process - Technology provides dynamic and interactive
tools that engage students in ways traditional methods cannot.
■ Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and multimedia
resources cater to various learning styles, making lessons more
accessible, engaging, and effective.
■ Computer Components - computer systems are the primary
elements which make the functioning of an electronic device
smooth and faster.
■ Online Learning - Online learning, also known as distance education
or eLearning, refers to the delivery of educational content and
instruction through the internet.
■ It allows students to take courses and earn degrees remotely,
without the need to be physically present on campus.
■ Online Library - a website that makes books and other reading
material available to users.
■ The health e-library offers journals, books, guidelines, and patient
information online.
■ Grading System - Online Grading System provides an efficient way
for the professors to create courses, register students to the
“Online Grading System”; post assignments for the courses, and
grade assignments submitted by the students.
■ Enrollment System - An enrollment system is a technology-based
system used by academic institutions to streamline and facilitate
the enrollment process.
■ It helps handle large amounts of data, assign schedules and
sections, and monitor enrollment requirements.
○ Government
■ Online System means any method or collection of processes used
to distribute digital content or products, regardless of the mode of
transmission.
■ Pag-Ibig Online Services - This service allows existing borrowers to
view their payments and check their balance online or for fast
inquiry.
■ SSS Online Services - an online service portal that allows SSS
members exclusive access to their contributions and membership
records.
■ Make online transactions, set appointments with their SSS servicing
branch, and request copies of their records, as needed.
○ Hospitalization
■ Something that represents information by using digits.
■ Each digit represents a small amount of information because each
digit comes from a small set of choices.
■ A digit can be decimal (one of the ten choices from 0 through 9), as
in the display of a digital clock.
●
● Impact of Technology Advancement in Hospitals
 ○ Online Information System - A health information system (HIS) refers to a
system designed to manage healthcare data.
○ Website Information System - A health information system (HIS) refers to a
system designed to manage healthcare data.
○ Online Booking - An online booking system is a software solution that
allows potential guests to self-book and pay through your website.
○ Online Update of medical records - A medical record is a history of
someone’s health.
○ Inventory Online System - An online inventory management system is an
organized and systematic process for controlling the inflow and outflow of
product in the organization.
● Effect of Technology Advancement to the hospital
○ Work Place
■ Finish the report quickly
■ Manual System to Automatic
■ Save Time
■ More Productive
■ Automation for Complex Task
■ Data Analysis for Laboratory
■ Computation & Interpretation
■ Communication Via Email
■ Instant Messages
■ Video Conference
○ Medical Advancement
■ Medical Advancement
■ Better Diagnosis & Treatment
■ Improve Research Outcome
■ Discovery of New Treatment
■ Telemedicine
■ Video consultant
■ Remote Access to different Areas
■ Online Application
●
● Banking
○ ATM - An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic banking outlet
that allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a
branch representative or teller.
○ Fund Transfer - means the series of transactions, beginning with the
originator's payment order, made for the purpose of making payment to
the beneficiary of the order.
○ Online Payment - allows you to pay money via the internet.
● Common Key Terms Used in Computer
○ ANSI - American National Standards Institute
○ CPU - Central Processing Unit
○ DNS - Domain Name System
○ GUI - Graphical User Interface
○ HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
○ ISO - International Organization for Standardization
○ OOP - Object-oriented Programming
○ OS - Operating System
○ PERL - Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
○ PHP - Hypertext Processor
○ SQL - Structured Query Language
○ WISP - Wireless Internet Service Provider
○ WMA - Windows Media Audio
○ WWW - World Wide Web
○ XML - Extensible Markup Language
●
● System Software Features
 ○ High speed - System software must be as efficient as possible to provide
an effective platform for higher-level software in the computer system.
○ Hard to manipulate - It often requires the use of a programming language,
which is more difficult to use than a more intuitive user interface (UI).
○ Written in a low-level computer language - System software must be
written in a computer language the CPU and other computer hardware can
read.
○ Close to the system - It connects directly to the hardware that enables the
computer to run.
○ Versatile - System software must communicate with both the hardware it
runs on and the higher-level application software.
● Types of Application Software
○ Freeware - Offered for free, cannot be modified or sold. Examples: Adobe
PDF, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome.
○ Shareware - Free trial, limited-time use. Examples: WinZip, Anti-virus,
Adobe Reader.
○ Open-source - Source code available, editable. Examples: Moodle, Apache
Web Server.
○ Closed source - Proprietary, restricted. Examples: Microsoft Windows,
Adobe Flash Player, WinRAR, macOS.
●
● Business Application Software
○ System of Billing - Billing software utilized to complete the billing process.
○ Keeps track of marked products and services given to a single consumer or
a group of customers.
○ Customer Relationship Management (CRM) - CRM is a type of technology
that can manage the customer, transactions of customers, future
transactions, etc.
○ It helps in expanding business to the next level as it stays connected with
customers, keeping more revenues, and less tension.