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Scientific Method Mod

The Scientific Method is a systematic and empirical process for acquiring knowledge, involving steps such as observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and replication. Key contributors include Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, and Ibn al-Haytham, who laid the groundwork for empirical research. The document also distinguishes between hypotheses and theories, explains types of data, and highlights the importance of replication in ensuring reliability.

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6 views4 pages

Scientific Method Mod

The Scientific Method is a systematic and empirical process for acquiring knowledge, involving steps such as observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and replication. Key contributors include Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, and Ibn al-Haytham, who laid the groundwork for empirical research. The document also distinguishes between hypotheses and theories, explains types of data, and highlights the importance of replication in ensuring reliability.

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amna areej
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes By: Miss Kashaf Malik (CSS

2022, PMS 2020, AD MOD 2019)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Definition
The Scientific Method is:

A systematic, empirical process of acquiring knowledge

Historical Contributors
Francis Bacon

 Father of empiricism
 Introduced inductive reasoning

Galileo Galilei

 Experimental verification

Ibn al-Haytham

 Early experimental method

Correct Order of Scientific Method


Correct Sequence:

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Data Collection
6. Analysis
7. Conclusion
8. Replication

Variables
Independent Variable

 The variable that is changed

Dependent Variable

 The variable that is measured

Control Variable

 Variables kept constant

Types of Data
Qualitative Data

 Descriptive
 Non-numerical

Quantitative Data

 Numerical
 Measurable

Hypothesis vs Theory (Very Common Confusion)


Hypothesis:
 Testable prediction

Theory:

 Well-supported explanation

Example Theory:

 Theory of Evolution
 Germ Theory of Disease

Characteristics (Objective Style)


Scientific Method is:

✔ Empirical
✔ Logical
✔ Systematic
✔ Replicable
✔ Objective

Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning


Inductive Reasoning:
Specific → General

Deductive Reasoning:
General → Specific

Replication
Replication means:
Repeating experiment to verify results.

Why important?

 Ensures reliability
 Reduces fraud
 Confirms validity

Replication increases reliability


Limitations
Scientific Method cannot:

 Solve moral issues


 Answer metaphysical questions
 Explain supernatural phenomena

High-Yield Quick Revision Table


Term Key Point
Observation First step
Hypothesis Testable prediction
Independent Variable Changed variable
Dependent Variable Measured variable
Theory Well-supported explanation
Replication Repetition for reliability

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