Community engagement Project on

“Major Causes of River and Lake Pollution and the Need for Clean up
Operations”

Submitted by
Ashok Malaram Chaudhary
Roll No – 05
Studying in bachelor of Management Studies (Sem IV)

Under the Guidance of

Urvi Shah

MANSI BHARAT GADA DEGREE COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

ANJURPHATA BHIWANDI - 421 305

ACADEMIC YEAR - 2025-26

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 Oswal Shikshan & Rahat Sangh Sanchalit
MANSI BHARAT GADA DEGREE COLLEGE
OF COMMERCE
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
(NAAC Accredited ‘B’ Grade & ISO 9001:2015 certified)

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that Mr/Ms Ashok Malaram Chaudhary Student of Mansi

Bharat Gada Degree College Of Commerce Institute studying in BMS has
completed project titled in the area of Major Causes of River and Lake
Pollution and the Need for Clean up Operation in area of Marketing
specialization for the academic year 2025-2026. Το the best of my knowledge
work of the student is original and the information included in the project is
correct.

Urvi shah Mr. Amit chheda Mr. Mithesh gosrani

Internal Guide Head of the Department Principal

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 DECLARATION

I, Mr/Ms. Ashok Malaram Chaudhary, Roll No: 05 Student of

Mansi Bharat Gada Degree College of Commerce, Bhiwandi, of BMS
Semester IV, hereby declare that I have completed project on. Major Causes of
River and Lake Pollution and the Need for Clean up Operations is a record of
independent research work carried by me during the academic year 2025-26
under the guidance of Urvi Shah, The report work is original and the
information/data included in the report is true emerging from the primary and/
secondary data gathered and analyzed as part of this project. Due credit is
extended on the work of Literature/Secondary Survey by endorsing it in the
Bibliography as per prescribed format.

Ashok Chaudhary

Student Name

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To list everyone who has helped me is difficult because they are so numerous
and their contributions so significant. I would like to acknowledge the following
as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions in the completion of this
project.

I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me the
chance to undertake this project. I would like to thank my Principal, Mr. Mitesh
M Gosrani for providing the necessary facilities required for the completion of
this project. I also wish to express my gratitude to our Head of Department,Dr
Amit Chheda , for his moral support and guidance. Furthermore, I am sincerely
grateful to my project guide,Urvi Shah, whose guidance and care made this
project successful.

I would also like to thank my College Library for providing various reference
books and magazines related to my project.

Lastly, I wish to thank each person who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of this project, especially my parents and peers, who supported me
throughout.

Ashok Chaudhary

Student Name

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 GUIDE INTERACTION DIARY FORM

I, the undersigned Ms /Mr. Ashok Malaram Chaudhary Roll No 05 studying

in the 2nd Year of BMS Full-time Course is doing my project work under the
guidance of Dr./Ms./Mr. Urvi Shah, wish to state that I have met my Internal
guide on the following dates mentioned below for Project Guidance:

[Link] Date Signature of the Internal Guide

_____________________ _____________________

Signature of the Candidate Signature of Internal Guide

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 ABSTRACT

Water is one of the most essential natural resources, and rivers and lakes play a
vital role in supporting human life, ecosystems, and economic activities.
However, rapid urbanization, industrial growth, agricultural practices, and
improper waste disposal have led to severe pollution of these water bodies. This
study focuses on the major causes of river and lake pollution and emphasizes
the need for effective clean-up operations. The research is based on secondary
data collected from books, research journals, government reports, and reliable
online sources.

Rivers and lakes are among the most important freshwater resources, but
increasing human activities have caused serious pollution problems across the
world. Discharge of untreated sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff,
and solid waste has reduced water quality and disturbed aquatic ecosystems.

The study examines the impacts of pollution on human health, aquatic life, and
the environment, and highlights the importance of community participation,
awareness, and government initiatives in pollution control. The findings suggest
that sustainable practices, strict enforcement of environmental laws, and regular
monitoring are essential for restoring and protecting rivers and lakes. The study
concludes that collective efforts from government, industries, and communities
are necessary to ensure clean and safe water resources for present and future
generations.

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 INDEX

SR. NO NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14
4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 17
COMMUNITY INTERACTION,
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
5 CONCLUSION AND 20
RECOMMENDATIONS
6 REFERENCES 22

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction to the Topic

Rivers and lakes are vital natural resources that support life on Earth. They
provide water for drinking, irrigation, industries, and electricity generation. In
India and many other countries, rivers are also culturally and spiritually
important. However, rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization,
and careless human activities have severely polluted rivers and lakes. Pollution
has reduced water quality, destroyed aquatic ecosystems, and created serious
health problems. Therefore, understanding the causes of river and lake pollution
and the need for clean-up operations is extremely important.

1.2 Meaning of River and Lake Pollution

River and lake pollution refers to the contamination of freshwater bodies by

harmful substances such as waste, chemicals, sewage, plastics, and other
pollutants. These pollutants enter water bodies due to human activities and
natural processes, making the water unsafe for drinking, agriculture, aquatic
life, and daily use. Polluted water loses its natural quality and becomes
dangerous for both humans and the environment.

1.3 Importance of Rivers and Lakes

Rivers and lakes play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and
supporting human civilization. They supply freshwater for households, farming,
and industries. These water bodies help in recharging groundwater and
controlling floods. Rivers and lakes also support biodiversity by providing
habitats for fish, plants, and other aquatic organisms. Additionally, they
contribute to economic activities such as fishing, tourism, and transportation.
Pollution of these water bodies directly affects all these benefits.

• Rivers and lakes act as natural water storage systems.

• They support agriculture by providing irrigation water.

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 • Aquatic ecosystems depend on clean freshwater for survival.
• They help maintain regional environmental stability

1.4 Role of Rivers and Lakes in Human Life and Environment

Rivers and lakes act as lifelines for both humans and nature. They help regulate
climate by maintaining moisture levels in the atmosphere. These water bodies
are essential for food production through irrigation and fisheries. They also
carry nutrients that support plant and animal life. Socially and culturally, rivers
hold religious importance and are central to many traditions and festivals. When
rivers and lakes become polluted, their ability to perform these roles is seriously
reduced.

• They support food chains and nutrient cycling.

• Water bodies reduce temperature extremes in surrounding areas.

• Many communities depend on rivers for livelihood.

• Healthy rivers contribute to clean air and fertile soil.

1.5 Need to Study River and Lake Pollution

Studying river and lake pollution helps us understand how human actions
impact water resources. It highlights the harmful effects of untreated sewage,
industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and plastic waste. This knowledge is
necessary to create awareness, develop effective pollution control measures, and
promote sustainable use of water resources. Without proper understanding,
pollution will continue to increase, leading to water scarcity and environmental
damage.

• Helps identify major pollution sources and their impacts.

• Supports planning of effective environmental policies.

• Encourages responsible behavior among citizens.

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 • Aids in sustainable water resource management.

1.6 Need for Clean-up Operations

Clean-up operations are essential to restore polluted rivers and lakes. These
operations help remove waste, improve water quality, and revive aquatic life.
Clean water is necessary for public health, agriculture, and industrial use.
Clean-up efforts also help preserve biodiversity and maintain ecological
balance. Government initiatives, community participation, and strict
environmental laws are required to ensure successful clean-up operations.
Preventing pollution is equally important along with cleaning existing pollution

• .Removal of solid waste improves water flow and quality.

• Treatment of polluted water helps revive aquatic life.

• Clean rivers reduce water-borne diseases.

• Long-term monitoring ensures pollution does not return.

Conclusion

Rivers and lakes are precious natural resources that are essential for life,
development, and environmental balance. Increasing pollution due to human
activities has made many water bodies unsafe and unhealthy. Understanding the
major causes of river and lake pollution helps in recognizing the urgent need for
clean-up operations. Protecting and restoring these water bodies is not only the
responsibility of governments but also of individuals and communities.
Sustainable practices, awareness, and active participation can ensure clean and
healthy rivers and lakes for present and future generations.

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 Chapter 2 literature review

Various studies related to river and lake pollution and clean-up measures are
reviewed.

1.1 Studies on River and Lake Pollution

Many researchers have examined the causes and effects of pollution in rivers
and lakes. Venkatesh et al. (2014) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB,
India) reported that untreated domestic sewage is the largest contributor to
freshwater pollution. Studies by WHO (2017) show that rapid urbanization has
increased wastewater discharge into rivers without adequate treatment.
Research by Singh and Sharma (2016) highlights that industrial effluents
containing chemicals and heavy metals severely degrade water quality and harm
aquatic life.

• Urban population growth increases pressure on existing drainage systems.

• Inadequate monitoring allows continuous discharge of pollutants.

• Heavy metals like mercury and lead persist in river sediments.

• Aquatic plants and animals show reduced survival rates in polluted rivers.

1.2 Research on Agricultural Pollution

Several studies emphasize agriculture as a major source of water pollution.

Carpenter et al. (1998) explained that excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
leads to runoff into rivers and lakes.
According to FAO (2016), nutrient-rich runoff causes eutrophication, reducing
oxygen levels and killing aquatic organisms. Tripathi and Mishra (2017) also
highlighted seasonal variation in agricultural pollution.

• Irrigation return flows carry chemicals into nearby water bodies.

• Repeated fertilizer use alters soil-water chemistry.

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 • Pesticide residues remain active in water for long periods.

• Farming near riverbanks increases direct contamination risks.

1.3 Impact of Pollution on Human Health and Ecosystem

Many researchers have discussed the impact of polluted water on human health.
WHO (2014) linked polluted rivers to diseases like cholera, typhoid, and
dysentery.
Environmental studies by Odum (2005) and UNEP (2020) reported that
pollution reduces biodiversity and disturbs aquatic food chains. CPCB (2019)
highlighted increasing pressure on groundwater due to loss of surface water
quality.

• Drinking contaminated water weakens immunity in children.

• Bioaccumulation increases toxin levels in higher organisms.

• Loss of clean surface water increases groundwater exploitation.

• Ecosystem stress reduces natural self-purification capacity of rivers.

1.4 Literature on Clean-up Operations

Various researchers emphasize the importance of clean-up operations. Gleick

(2014) suggested sewage treatment plants as the most effective pollution control
method. MoEFCC (2017) highlighted riverbank cleaning and afforestation as
supportive measures. World Bank (2016) stressed the role of public
participation in water restoration programs. Studies indicate that regular
monitoring and maintenance are essential for long-term success.

• Wastewater treatment reduces pollution at the source.

• Cleaning riverbanks prevents further contamination.

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 • Community involvement improves sustainability.

• Maintenance ensures lasting improvement in water quality.

1.5 Research Gaps Identified

Despite extensive research, gaps remain in pollution control efforts. Kumar et

al. (2015) pointed out weak enforcement of environmental laws. UNESCO
(2020) highlighted the lack of awareness among the public regarding water
conservation. Studies also reveal insufficient infrastructure and poor
coordination between agencies. There is a strong need for integrated and long-
term strategies.

• Implementation of policies is often weak.

• Public participation remains limited.

• Rural water bodies receive less research attention.

• Evaluation of clean-up programs is inadequate.

Conclusion

The review of existing literature shows that river and lake pollution is a serious
environmental issue caused mainly by human activities. Previous studies clearly
highlight the sources, impacts, and possible solutions for water pollution.
However, literature also reveals the need for stronger implementation,
continuous monitoring, and public involvement. This study builds upon existing
research to further emphasize the importance of clean-up operations and
sustainable water management.

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 Chapter 3 methodology

3.1 Introduction

Research methodology provides a systematic framework for conducting a study

in an organized and scientific manner. It explains how data is collected,
analyzed, and interpreted to achieve the research objectives. This chapteoutlines
the methodology adopted for the present study, which is entirely based on
secondary sources of information. The methodology is designed to understand
the causes of river and lake pollution and to analyze the need for clean-up
operations using existing literature and documented evidence.

3.2 Research Design

The study follows a descriptive and analytical research design. Descriptive

research helps in explaining the existing condition of rivers and lakes, while
analytical research assists in examining the causes, effects, and solutions related
to water pollution. This design is suitable because the study does not involve
field surveys or experiments but focuses on analyzing already available
information.

3.3 Nature of Data

The research is based exclusively on secondary data. Secondary data refers to

information that has already been collected, compiled, and published by various
organizations, researchers, and institutions. This type of data is appropriate for
environmental studies where long-term trends, policies, and impacts need to be
examined.

3.4 Sources of Data

Secondary data for the study was collected from multiple reliable sources to
ensure accuracy and relevance. These sources include:

• Environmental studies textbooks

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 • Research journals and published articles

• Government reports from pollution control boards and ministries

• Reports of international organizations such as WHO and UNEP

• Newspapers and environmental magazines

• Authentic websites and online databases related to water pollution

These sources provided both theoretical and practical insights into river and
lake pollution.

3.5 Method of Data Collection

Data collection involved an extensive review of existing literature. Relevant

books, journals, and reports were carefully studied to understand pollution
sources, impacts, and clean-up measures. Online databases were used to access
recent studies and government initiatives related to river and lake conservation.
Only credible and updated sources were selected to maintain the quality of the
study.

3.6 Tools and Techniques of Data Analysis

The collected secondary data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Information from different sources was compared and interpreted to identify
common patterns, major causes of pollution, and effective clean-up strategies.
The analysis focused on understanding relationships between human activities
and water pollution. Findings were presented in a descriptive and systematic
manner for clarity.

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3.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is limited to understanding the major causes of river and
lake pollution and the importance of clean-up operations. The study covers
general observations and examples from India and other regions based on
published data. It does not involve primary data collection such as interviews,
surveys, or direct field observations.

3.8 Limitations of the Study

Since the research is based solely on secondary data, it depends on the accuracy
and reliability of existing sources. Some information may be outdated or
generalized. The absence of primary data limits the ability to analyze specific
local conditions in detail. Despite these limitations, the study provides a broad
and meaningful understanding of the research topic.

3.9 Conclusion

The secondary data–based research methodology adopted for this study is

appropriate for analyzing river and lake pollution at a broader level. By
reviewing and analyzing existing literature, reports, and studies, the
methodology helps in achieving the research objectives effectively. This
approach saves time and resources while providing valuable insights into
pollution causes and the urgent need for clean-up operations.

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 CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS,
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSING

4.1 Introduction

Community interaction plays an important role in understanding environmental

problems like river and lake pollution. Even though this study is based on
secondary data, information from published community studies, reports, and
documented observations helps in understanding public awareness, behavior,
and participation related to water pollution and clean-up activities. This chapter
describes general community interactions, key observations, and analysis based
on existing studies and reports.

4.2 Description of Community Interactions

Various studies and reports show that local communities living near rivers and
lakes interact with water bodies on a daily basis. These interactions include
activities such as bathing, washing clothes, religious practices, fishing, and
disposal of household waste. Literature also highlights that many communities
depend on rivers and lakes for their livelihood. However, lack of awareness and
inadequate waste management systems often lead to unintentional pollution by
local residents.

• Rivers and lakes are commonly used for domestic activities such as
washing and bathing.

• Many local residents depend on water bodies for fishing and small-scale
occupations.

4.3 Community Participation in Clean-up Activities

Research indicates that community participation is essential for successful

clean-up operations. Many government and non-government organizations have
involved local people in river cleaning drives, awareness programs, and

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plantation activities along riverbanks. Studies show that when communities are
educated about the harmful effects of pollution, their involvement in protection
and conservation efforts increases significantly

• Local participation increases responsibility toward water conservation.

• Awareness programs encourage people to change harmful habits.

• Voluntary clean-up drives create a sense of ownership among residents.

• Collaboration between authorities and communities improves long-term

results.

4.4 Observations Related to Pollution

Based on secondary sources and documented observations, polluted rivers and

lakes commonly show visible signs such as garbage accumulation, foul smell,
change in water colour, and reduced aquatic life. Reports also observe that areas
near urban settlements and industrial zones face higher pollution levels.
Religious and social activities conducted without proper waste control also
contribute to pollution in many water bodies.

• Visible waste indicates poor solid waste management practices.

• Change in water color reflects chemical and organic contamination.

• Reduction in fish population shows ecosystem imbalance.

• Pollution intensity is higher near cities and industrial locations.

4.5 Analysis of Community Behavior

Analysis of community behavior reveals that pollution is often caused by a

combination of lack of awareness, absence of proper facilities, and weak
enforcement of environmental laws. Studies suggest that people are more likely
to protect water bodies when alternative waste disposal systems and sanitation

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facilities are provided. Community-led initiatives have proven to be effective
when supported by local authorities.

• Lack of environmental awareness leads to careless disposal of waste.

• Absence of sanitation infrastructure increases dependence on water

bodies.

• Weak monitoring reduces fear of penalties for polluting activities.

• Positive behavior change occurs when facilities and guidance are

provided.

4.6 Role of Awareness and Education

Literature strongly emphasizes the role of environmental education in changing

community behavior. Awareness campaigns conducted through schools, local
meetings, and media have shown positive results. Educated communities are
more willing to adopt eco-friendly practices, avoid littering, and support clean-
up programs.

• Environmental education improves understanding of pollution impacts.

• School programs help shape responsible behavior at an early age.

Conclusion

This chapter concludes that community interactions significantly influence the

condition of rivers and lakes. Observations from various studies indicate that
pollution can be reduced through awareness, participation, and responsible
behavior. Community-based approaches, when combined with effective policies
and clean-up operations, can play a major role in restoring polluted water
bodies.

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 Chapter 5 conclusion and recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

Rivers and lakes are essential natural resources that support human life,
biodiversity, and economic development. This study highlights that increasing
pollution in these water bodies is mainly caused by human activities such as
discharge of untreated sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and
improper disposal of solid waste. Rapid urbanization and lack of awareness
have further worsened the condition of rivers and lakes. Clean-up operations are
necessary to restore water quality, protect aquatic life, and ensure safe water for
future generations. The study also shows that community participation, effective
policies, and sustainable practices are key to controlling water pollution.
Protecting rivers and lakes is a shared responsibility of government, industries,
and society.

• Rivers and lakes are vital for drinking water, agriculture, and ecological
balance.

• Human activities are the major contributors to water pollution.

• Polluted water bodies negatively affect human health and aquatic life.

• Clean-up operations are essential for restoring water quality.

• Community involvement and awareness play a crucial role in

conservation.

5.2 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, several measures are recommended to

reduce river and lake pollution. Governments should strengthen pollution
control laws and ensure proper treatment of sewage and industrial waste before
discharge. Public awareness programs should be conducted regularly to educate
people about the harmful effects of water pollution. Community participation in

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clean-up activities should be encouraged through local initiatives. Sustainable
agricultural practices and proper solid waste management systems must be
promoted. Continuous monitoring and maintenance of water bodies are
necessary to ensure long-term cleanliness and conservation.

• Establish and maintain effective sewage treatment plants.

• Enforce strict regulations on industrial waste disposal.

• Promote public awareness and environmental education.

• Encourage community participation in clean-up programs.

• Improve solid waste management and reduce plastic use.

• Support eco-friendly agricultural practices.

• Conduct regular monitoring and assessment of water quality.

Final summary

Rivers and lakes are vital natural resources, but increasing pollution caused by
sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal has
seriously affected their quality and usefulness. This study concludes that
pollution harms human health, aquatic life, and the environment, making clean-
up operations essential. To address this problem, strong pollution control
measures, proper waste treatment, public awareness, and active community
participation are necessary. Regular monitoring, sustainable practices, and
collective responsibility from government, industries, and citizens can help
restore and protect rivers and lakes for future generations.

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 References

• Agarwal, A., & Narnia, S. (1997). Dying Wisdom: Rise, Fall and
Potential of India’s Traditional Water Harvesting Systems. Centre for
Science and Environment, New Delhi.

• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). (2018). River Water Quality

in India. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India.

• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). (2020). Status of Sewage

Treatment in India. Government of India.

• Chapman, D. (1996). Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to Use of

Biota, Sediments and Water. World Health Organization, Geneva.

• Gupta, A., & Kumar, A. (2015). River pollution in India: causes and
remedies. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(2), 213–
222.

• Jain, S. K., Agarwal, P. K., & Singh, V. P. (2007). Hydrology and

Water Resources of India. Springer Publications.

• Kumar, P., & Dua, A. (2009). Water quality assessment of rivers.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1–4), 393–404.

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

(2019). National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. Government of
India.

• Mishra, P. C., & Patel, R. K. (2001). Study of pollution load in river

systems. Journal of Environmental Biology, 22(2), 97–103.

• OECD. (2012). Water Quality and Agriculture: Meeting the Policy

Challenge. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Paris.

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• Peavy, H. S., Rowland, H. L., & Tchobanoglous, G. (1985).
Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York.

• Sharma, B. K. (2018). Environmental Studies. Krishna Prakashan

Media, Meerut.

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2016). A Snapshot

of the World’s Water Quality. United Nations, Nairobi.

• World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-

water Quality. WHO Press, Geneva.

• World Bank. (2019). Water Pollution Management in Developing

Countries. World Bank Publications.

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 STUDENT FEEDBACK ON CEP

Student feedback on cep

• Student Name:
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Given me the opportunity to explore a
career field
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and problem-solving skills
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world before permanent employment
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