Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology

1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

BCE-151/251 Engineering Graphics and Design lab

SEMESTER: I/II
Room No: D-316/D-317

Dr. Niranjan Sahoo

Associate Professor
&
Mrs. Rashmi Rani Maheshwari
Assistant Professor
 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BCE-151/251 Engineering Graphics and design lab
SEMESTER: I/II
Index
S. No. Title Page No.
1 Vision and Mission of the Institute i
2 Vision and Mission of the Department ii
3 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) iii
4 Program Outcomes (POs) iv
5 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) v
6 University Syllabus vi
7 Couse Outcome & CO-PO-PSO Mapping vii
8 List of Equipment viii
9 Lab Layout ix
10 Safety Precautions xi
11 Drawing Sheets to be prepared and Drafted xii

12 Sheet no 1: Lettering, Dimensioning and Types of Lines 1

13 Sheet no 2: Plain and Diagonal Scales 8
14 Sheet no 3: Projection of Point 16
15 Sheet no 4: Projection of Line 23
16 Sheet no 5: Projection of Planes 29
17 Sheet no 6: Projection of Solids 37
18 Sheet no 7: Sections of solids 44
19 Sheet no 8: Development of surfaces 51
20 Sheet no 9: Isometric Projections 58
21 Sheet no 10: Introduction to AUTOCAD 64
22 INTRODUCTION TO 3 – D VIEW (VALUE AIDED COURSE) 72
 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision

To be a globally recognized institution distinguished by excellence in education,

research, innovation, and entrepreneurship, producing competent & socially
responsible technocrats for sustainable growth.

Mission of Institute

• To cultivate a student-centric ecosystem that fosters experiential

learning, ethical problem-solving, and sustainability.
• To provide a conducive environment for the professional growth of
faculty and staff through research and global collaboration, which
contributes to the nation's overall development.
• To nurture a culture of active citizenship through excellence in
education, entrepreneurship, and innovation, producing socially
responsible and competent technocrats.

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

Vision and Mission of the Department

The vision of the mechanical department:
To be recognized as a centre of excellence for mechanical engineering
education.

The mission of the mechanical department:

• To impart quality education aimed at producing competent professionals
capable of applying their knowledge of science & engineering
fundamentals creatively in areas related to mechanical engineering.
• To provide necessary support to the aspirants in their goal-oriented
academic pursuits through mentoring and value added curricular and co-
curricular activities.
• To make students conscious of ethical values in pursuing their professions
and to inculcate a desire among them to contribute positively to the
development of a sustainable environment.

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Program educational objectives (PEOs) of the ME undergraduate program
are to:
• Transform and develop students into competent professionals capable of
solving technical and societal problems
• Make the students fully aware of the way the mechanical engineering
discipline is currently practised and to inculcate in them a thirst for further
knowledge
• Produce professionals with strong work ethics and high sensitivity to
environmental and sustainability issues.

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1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural

science, computing, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization
to develop to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions with
consideration for sustainable development.
PO3: Design/Development of Solutions: Design creative solutions for
complex engineering problems and design/develop
systems/components/processes to meet identified needs with consideration for
the public health and safety, whole-life cost, net zero carbon, culture, society
and environment as required.
PO4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Conduct investigations
of complex engineering problems using research-based knowledge including
design of experiments, modelling, analysis & interpretation of data to provide
valid conclusions.
PO5: Engineering Tool Usage: Create, select and apply appropriate
techniques, resources and modern engineering & IT tools, including prediction
and modelling recognizing their limitations to solve complex engineering
problems.
PO6: The Engineer and The World: Analyze and evaluate societal and
environmental aspects while solving complex engineering problems for its
impact on sustainability with reference to economy, health, safety, legal
framework, culture and environment.

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PO7: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics, human
values, diversity and inclusion; adhere to national & international laws.
PO8: Individual and Collaborative Team work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in diverse/multi-disciplinary teams.
PO9: Communication: Communicate effectively and inclusively within the
engineering community and society at large, such as being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations considering cultural, language, and learning differences
PO10: Project Management and Finance: Apply knowledge and
understanding of engineering management principles and economic decision-
making and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
and to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO11: Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation
and ability for i) independent and life-long learning ii) adaptability to new and
emerging technologies and iii) critical thinking in the broadest context of
technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

The students, within four years of graduation, will be able to:
• Conceptualize, design, make / improve physical products, processes and
systems using principles of design, manufacturing and Industrial
engineering.
• Design, develop and maintain various thermal engineering systems.

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE-151/251: Engineering Graphics & Design Lab

University Syllabus
Course Title: Engineering Graphics & Design Lab
Credits: 2
Sessional Marks: 50 Practical Marks: 50
Total Marks: 100 Duration of Exam: 1:30 hrs.

Unit-1: Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Orthographic Projections: Principles

of Engineering Graphics and their significance. Dimensioning, Lettering. Scales: Plain,
Diagonal and Engineering Scales. Orthographic Projection, Projection of Point, Projection of
Lines: Projection of straight lines; Projection of lines inclined to one plane and both planes.
Unit-2: Projection of Planes and Solids: Projection of polygonal surface and circular lamina
located in first quadrant inclined to one or both reference planes. Classification of solids,
Projection of solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, and cone when the axis is inclined to one
reference plane by change of position method.
Unit-3: Sections of Regular Solids and development of Surfaces: Sections of Solids: Right
regular solids and Auxiliary views for the true shape of the sections such as Prism, Cylinder,
Pyramid, and Cone. Development of surfaces for various regular solids such as Prism,
Cylinder, Pyramid and Cone.
Unit-4: Isometric Projection: Isometric Projection: Isometric scales, Isometric projections
of simple and combination of solids. Perspective Projection: Orthographic representation of
perspective views — Plane figures and simple solids — Visual Ray Method. Conversion of
pictorial view into orthographic Projection.
Unit-5: Introduction to Computer Aided Design: Introduction to AutoCAD: Basic
commands for 2D drawing: Line, Circle, Polyline, Rectangle, Hatch, Fillet, Chamfer, Trim,
Extend, Offset, Dim style, etc. Transformation of Projections: Conversion of Isometric Views
to Orthographic Views and Vice-Versa in AutoCAD. Geometry and topology of engineered
components: creation of engineering models and their presentation in standard 2D blueprint
form.

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE-151/251 Engineering Graphics & Design

Couse Outcome
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
BCE 151.1/251.1 Understand of engineering graphics standards and orthographic
Projections.
BCE 151.2/251.2 Understand Section of solids, Development of Surfaces and Isometric
Projections.
BCE 151.3/251.3 Apply modern engineering tools like CAD and creating working
drawings.

Mapping of Course Outcome with Program Outcome and Program Specific

Outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
CO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2
BCE 151.1/251.1 3 2 3 3 3 - - - - - - 2 -
BCE 151.2/251.2 3 2 3 3 3 - - - - - - 2 -
BCE 151.3/251.3 3 3 3 3 2 - - 3 3 - 3 2 -
Average 3 2.33 3 3 2.67 - - 3 3 - 3 2 -

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE-151/251 Engineering Graphics and design lab

List of Equipment
ROOM NO: D-316

Name of the
Equipment /
Model / Make / Major Quantity
S. No. Apparatus / Working Status
Specifications Available
Setup /
Machine etc.

HP 12th Gen Intel ®

Core ™ i5-12500
1 Desktop 3.00GHz /16 GB RAM / 48 Working
500 GB SSD/23.8” LED
/ Keyboard / Mouse
Open Source From AICTE
AUTOCAD
2 AUTOCAD-2024 48 ([Link]
Software
oducts/autocad/trial-intake)

ROOM NO: D-317

Name of the
Equipment / Quantity
Model / Make / Major
S. No. Apparatus / Availabl Working Status
Specifications
Setup / e
Machine etc.

HP 12th Gen Intel ®

Core ™ i5-12500
1 Desktop 3.00GHz /16 GB RAM / 36 Working
500 GB SSD/23.8” LED
/ Keyboard / Mouse

Open Source From AICTE

AUTOCAD
2 AUTOCAD-2024 36 ([Link]
Software
oducts/autocad/trial-intake)

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Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE 151/251 Engineering graphics and design lab

LAB LAYOUT

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Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

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Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE 151/251 Engineering graphics and design lab

Safety Precautions

• Wear Proper Attire

• Use Drawing Instruments Properly
• Maintain a Clean Workspace
• Use Equipment Carefully
• Be Cautious with Electrical Equipment
• Follow Ergonomics
• Handle Paper and Blades with Care
• Avoid Distractions
• Dispose of Waste Properly

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

BCE 151/251 Engineering graphics and design lab

Drawing Sheets to be prepared and Drafted

Prescribed in AKTU syllabus

Enlisted
Title of the Sheets (to referring to
S. Mapped with Major equipment(s)
be prepared and the AKTU
No. COx used
drafted) Syllabus/Value
added
To prepare a drawing
sheet of Letter writing, Drawing sheet, and
1 AKTU CO1
types of lines and geometrical tools
Methods of dimensions.
Drawing sheet, and
To prepare a drawing geometrical tools,
2 sheet on Plain scale and AKTU CO1
computer system with
Diagonal scales. AutoCAD software

To prepare a drawing Drawing sheet, and

sheet showing the geometrical tools,

3 AKTU CO1
orthographic projections computer system with

of the provided points. AutoCAD software

To prepare a drawing
Drawing sheet, and
sheet showing the
geometrical tools,
4 orthographic projections AKTU CO1
computer system with
of the specified straight
AutoCAD software
lines.
To prepare a drawing
Drawing sheet, and
sheet showing the
geometrical tools,
5 projections of given AKTU CO2
computer system with
plane surfaces.
AutoCAD software

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To prepare a drawing
sheet illustrating the Drawing sheet, and
projections of given geometrical tools,
6 AKTU CO2
solids as per specified computer system with
description. AutoCAD software

To prepare a drawing
sheet illustrating the Drawing sheet, and
projections of sections of geometrical tools,
7 AKTU CO2
solids as per specified computer system with
description. AutoCAD software

To prepare drawing sheet

illustrating the
Drawing sheet, and
development of lateral
geometrical tools,
8 surfaces of regular solids AKTU CO2
computer system with
as per the specified
AutoCAD software
description.

To prepare a drawing
Drawing sheet, and
sheet of isometric
geometrical tools,
9 projections of given AKTU CO2
computer system with
solid.
AutoCAD software

Drawing sheet, and

To prepare an
geometrical tools,
10 AUTOCAD drawing. AKTU CO3
computer system with
AutoCAD software

INTRODUCTION TO 3 Computer system with

11 Value added CO3
– D VIEW AutoCAD software

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida – 201 310 (UP) INDIA

Sheet No 1-Lettering, Dimensioning and Types of Lines

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet of Letter writing, types of lines and Methods of
dimensioning.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the standards of engineering lettering, types of lines, and methods of
dimensioning as per BIS/ISO guidelines.
(ii) Apply proper lettering techniques, select appropriate line types, and use correct
dimensioning practices in preparing engineering drawing sheets.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book & Geometry Box.
THEORY: Engineering drawing is a universal graphic language developed to represent and
communicate technical ideas clearly and accurately.
Key Purposes:
1. Visualization: Helps engineers and designers visualize objects before they are built.
2. Communication: Provides a universal medium to communicate technical details
among engineers, manufacturers, and clients.
3. Documentation: Serves as a legal and official record of design and production details.
4. Instruction: Guides manufacturing and construction processes.

Engineering drawings are to be prepared on standard size drawing sheets. The correct
shape and size of the object can be visualised from the understanding of not only the views
of it but also from the various types of lines used, dimensions, notes, scale, etc. To provide
the correct information about the drawings to all the
people concerned, the drawings must be prepared,
following certain standard practices, as
recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

Drawing Sheets: Engineering drawings are made

on sheets of standard sizes to save paper and ensure
easy storage. The standardization of sheet sizes is
based on two key principles:

(a) The aspect ratio X:Y=1: √2

(b) The area XY=1 m2
where X and Y are the sides of the sheet.
Figure 1.1: Size of Sheet
The reference sheet size is A0, with
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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
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dimensions 841 mm × 1189 mm and an area of 1 m². Successive sheet sizes (A1, A2, A3,
etc.) are derived by halving the length or doubling the width, maintaining an area ratio of 1:2
as shown in figure 1.1. The original drawing should be made on the smallest sheet, permitting
the necessary clarity and resolution. The preferred sizes according to ISO-A series of the
drawing sheets are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1: Preferred drawing sheet sizes ISO-A Series

Title Block: The title block should lie within the drawing space such that, the location of
it, containing the identification of the drawing, is at the bottom right-hand corner. This
must be followed, both for sheets positioned horizontally or vertically (Figure 1.2). The
direction of viewing of the title block should correspond in general with that of the
drawing. The title block can have a maximum length of 170 mm. Figure 1.2 shows a typical
title block, providing the following information: (i) Title of the drawing (ii) Sheet number
(iii) Scale (iv) Symbol, denoting the method of projection (v) Name of the firm (vi) Initials
of staff drawn, checked, and approved.

Figure 1.2: Title Block

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
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Letter Writing: The essential features of lettering on technical drawings are, legibility,
uniformity and suitability for microfilming and other photographic reproductions. In order to
meet these requirements, the characters are to be clearly distinguishable from each other in
order to avoid any confusion between them, even in the case of slight mutilations. The
reproductions require the distance between two adjacent lines or the space between letters to

be at least equal to twice the line thickness. The line thickness for lower case and capital

letters shall be the same to facilitate lettering.

Figure 1.3: Dimensioning of Lettering

Table 1.2: Lettering A (d = h/14)

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 Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
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Lines: In engineering graphics, lines are the most fundamental elements used to communicate
technical information clearly and accurately. Each type of line has a specific meaning and
application, standardized by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) or ISO. Lines of different types
and thicknesses are used for graphical representation of objects. The types of lines and their
applications are shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Different types of Lines and its applications
S. Type of
Line Appearance Application / Purpose
No. Line
Continuous Thick Visible outlines and
1
Thick Line unbroken line edges
Dimension lines,
Continuous Thin unbroken
2 extension lines, leader
Thin Line line
lines, hatching, etc.
Continuous
Thin Thin wavy line Short break lines (to
3
Freehand drawn freehand show break in a part)
Line
Dashed Thin line made Hidden outlines or
4
Thin Line of short dashes edges
Alternating
Chain Thin Center lines, symmetry
5 long and short
Line axes, paths of motion
dashes
Chain Thin Same as chain
Cutting planes for
6 Line with line but with
sectional views
Thick Ends thick ends
Long dash +
Chain Indicating surfaces to be
7 two short
Thick Line machined
dashes (thick)
Continuous Long break lines (to
Thin zig-zag
8 Thin Zig- reduce the length of
line
Zag Line long objects)

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Long dash
Double Adjacent parts, outlines
followed by
9 Dash Chain before forming,
two short
Line alternate positions
dashes

Dimensioning: Dimensions should be shown on drawings in characters of sufficient size, to

ensure complete legibility. They should be placed in such a way that they are not crossed or
separated by any other line on the drawing. Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing,
according to one of the following two methods. However, only one method should be used
on any one drawing.
METHOD–1 (Aligned System): Dimensions should be placed parallel to their dimension
lines and preferably near the middle, above and clear-off the dimension line. Dimensions may

Figure 1.4: Aligned Dimensioning System be

written so that they can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.
Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as shown in Figure 1.4.

METHOD–2 (Uni-directional System): Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be

read from the bottom of the drawing only. Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted,
preferably near the middle, for insertion of the dimension.

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Figure 1.5: Uni-directional Dimensioning System

Viva-questions with answers

1. What is engineering drawing? Why is it important?

2. What are the principles of engineering graphics?
3. What is dimensioning in engineering drawing?
4. What are the basic types of dimensioning?
5. What is lettering and why is it important in drawings?

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Sheet No. 2-Plain scale and Diagonal Scale

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet on Plain scale and Diagonal scale.

LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the concept of representative fraction (R.F.) and the principles behind
constructing plain and diagonal scales for engineering applications.
(ii) Apply the methods of constructing plain and diagonal scales to represent measurements
accurately on drawing sheets.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.
THEORY: Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented
in the drawing, to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.
Wherever possible, it is desirable to make full size drawings, to represent true shapes and
sizes. If this is not practicable, the largest possible scale should be used. While drawing very
small objects, such as watch components and other similar objects, it is advisable to use
enlarging scales.

Figure 2.1: Representative Factor

Designation: The complete designation of a scale should consist of the word Scale, followed
by the indication of its ratio as: SCALE 1: 1 for full size, SCALE ×: 1 for enlarged scales,

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SCALE 1: × for reduced scales. The designation of the scale used on the drawing should be
shown in the title block.

Types of Scales: The scales used in practice are classified as

1. Plain Scale: A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal parts
or units, the first of which is sub-divided into smaller parts. Plain scales represent either two
units or a unit and its sub-division.
2. Diagonal Scale: A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0.1 mm
etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for
example, dm, cm and mm, or yard, foot and inch.
3. Vernier Scale: Vernier scales, like diagonal scales, are used to read to a very small
unit with great accuracy. A vernier scale consists of two parts - a primary scale and a vernier.
The primary scale is a plain scale fully divided into minor divisions.
4. Comparative Scale: Scales having same representative fraction but graduated to read
different units are called comparative scales. A drawing drawn with a scale reading inch units
can be read in metric units by means of a metric comparative scale, constructed with the same
representative fraction. Comparative scales may be plain scales or diagonal scales and may
be constructed separately or one above the other.

Method of Construction a Plain Scale

Here is the step-by-step methodology to construct a plain scale in engineering graphics:

Step 1: Determine the Representative Fraction (R.F.)

R.F. = (Length on drawing) / (Actual length)
Step 2: Decide the Length of the Scale
Use the formula:
Length of scale = R.F. × Maximum length to be measured (in the same unit as numerator of
R.F.)
Step 3: Draw the Scale Line
Draw a horizontal line equal to the calculated scale length.
Divide it into equal parts representing the major unit (e.g., metres).
Step 4: Sub-divide the First Division

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Divide the first division on the left into 10 equal parts to show sub-units (e.g., decimetres if
the main unit is meter).
Step 5: Label the Scale
Start from 0 at the second division from the left.
Mark 1, 2, 3... to the right.
Mark 1, 2, 3... (sub-units) to the left of zero.
Step 6: Add Units
Write the unit of measurement below the scale (e.g., "Meters" or "Meters and Decimeters").

Sample Problem: 1 Draw a plain scale of RF=1:60 to show meter and decimeter and long
enough to measure up to 6 meter. Show length of 4.5 meter on it.

Solution: Use method of construction mentioned above to solve this problem:

R.F. 1:60

Maximum length of the scale= 6 meter =6000 mm

Length of scale on drawing= R.F. X maximum length in mm

1
= ∗ 6000
60

= 100 mm

Figure 2.2(a) Plain Scale

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Figure 2.2(b) Plain Scale (AutoCAD)

Method of Construction a Diagonal Scale

Here is the step-by-step methodology to construct a Diagonal scale in engineering graphics:

Step 1: Determine the Representative Fraction (R.F.)

R.F. = Drawing length / Actual length
Step 2: Decide the Maximum Length to be Measured
Based on the requirement (e.g., 5 metres)
Step 3: Calculate the Scale Length
Length of scale = R.F. × Maximum actual length (converted to same unit as numerator
of R.F.)
Step 4: Draw the Main Scale Line
(i) Draw a horizontal line of the calculated length
(ii) Divide it into equal divisions representing main units (e.g., metres)
Step 5. Subdivide the First Division
Divide the leftmost division into 10 equal parts for sub-units (e.g., decimetres)
Step 6: Construct a Rectangle Above the Scale
Draw a rectangle (typically about 1 cm in height) above the scale line
Step 7: Draw Vertical Divisions

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From each division and sub-division point, draw vertical lines upward to meet the top of
the rectangle
Step 8. Draw Diagonal Lines
(i) On the leftmost vertical strip, divide the height into 10 equal parts
(ii) From each division, draw diagonals to the corresponding horizontal sub-
divisions of the next column
(iii) These diagonals help to measure even smaller units (like centimeters)
Step 9: Label the Scale
(i) Mark 0 in the second division from the left.
(ii) Mark main units (e.g., 1, 2, 3...) to the right, and sub-units to the left
(iii) Write units of measurement below (e.g., “Meters, Decimeters, and Centimeters”)

Sample Problem 2: Draw a diagonal scale of RF=3:100 to show meters, decimeter and
centimeters long enough to measure up to 5 meters, Show the length of 3.69 meter on it.

Solution- Use method of construction mentioned above to solve this problem

R.F =3:100

Maximum length of the scale= 5 meter =5000 mm

Length of scale on drawing = R.F. X maximum length in mm

3
= ∗ 5000
100

= 150 mm

Figure 2.3(a) Diagonal Scale

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Figure 2.3(b) Diagonal Scale (AutoCAD)

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 3: The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is represented
by a line 5 cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum
600 km. Indicate on it following distances. 1) 222 km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km RF =
5 cm / 200 km = 1 / 40, 00, 000 Length of scale = 1 / 40, 00, 000 X 600 X 105 = 15 cm
Problem 4: Construct a diagonal scale 1/50, showing meters, decimeters and centimeters, to
measure up to 5 meters. Mark a length 4. 75 m on it. R.F = 1/50
Viva-questions with answers
1. What is a plain scale?
2. What does a plain scale consist of?
3. What is the use of a plain scale in engineering drawing?
4. What is Representative Fraction (R.F.)?
5. How do you construct a plain scale?
6. What is a diagonal scale?
7. Why is a diagonal scale more accurate than a plain scale?
8. What are the parts of a diagonal scale?

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Sheet No 3-Projection of Point

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet showing the orthographic projections of the provided points
as given in the problem.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the principles of orthographic projection and the significance of representing
points in different quadrants.
(ii) Apply the methods of projecting given points onto reference planes (HP & VP) to
construct accurate orthographic views on drawing sheets.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.

THEORY: An element which has no dimensions, is called a point. It can be situated in the
following positions with respect to principal planes of the projections.

• Point situated above H.P and in front of V.P.

• Point situated above H.P and behind V.P.

• Point situated below H.P and behind V.P.

• Point situated below H.P and in front of V.P.

• Point situated on H.P and in front of V.P.

• Point situated above H.P and on V.P.

• Point situated on H.P and behind V.P.

• Point situated below H.P and on V.P.

• Point situated on both H.P and V.P.

Conventional Representation:

Actual Position of a point designated by capitals i.e. A, B, C, D …

Front view of a point is designated by small letters with dashes i.e. a’, b’, c’, d’….

Top view of a point is designated by only small letters i.e. a, b, c, d ….

Side view of a point is designated by small letters with double dashes i.e. a”, b”, c”, d” ….

The Intersection of reference planes is a line known as reference line denoted by x-y and the
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line connecting the front and top view is known as projection line; it is always perpendicular
to the principal axis (x-y line).

Figure 3.1

Sample Problems:
Problem Problem Solution
No.
1.
Point A is 20 mm above H.P. and
30 mm in front of V.P. draw its
front view and top view.

2. Point B is 35 mm above H.P. and 45

mm behind V.P. Draw its
projections.

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3.
Point C is 20 mm below H.P. and
30 mm behind V.P. draw its front
view and top view.

4.
Point D is 35 mm below H.P. and
45 mm in front of V.P. Draw its
projections.
Solution:

5.
Point E is 20 mm above H.P. and
on the V.P. draw its front view
and top view.

6.
Point F is 20 mm below H.P. and
on the V.P. draw its front view
and top view.

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7.
Point G is on H.P. and 30 mm
in front of V.P. draw its front
view and top view.

8.
Point H is on H.P. and 30 mm
behind V.P. draw its front
view and top view.

9.
Point I lie on H.P. and V.P. both
draw its front view and top view.

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Unsolved Question:

Question 1: Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference line:
a) P, 35 mm behind the V.P. and 20 mm below the H.P.
b) Q, 40 mm in front of the V.P. and 30 mm above the H.P.
c) R, 50 mm behind the V.P. and 15 mm above the H.P.
d) S, 40 mm below the H.P. and in the V.P.
e) T, 30 mm in front of V.P. and 50 mm below the H.P.
f) U, 35 mm behind the V.P. and in the H.P.
Question 2: A point P is 15mm above HP and 20mm Infront of VP. Another point Q is 25mm
behind the VP and 40mm below the HP. Draw the projections of P & Q keeping the distance
between their projectors equal to 90mm. Draw the straight lines joining their top views and
their front views.
Viva-questions with answers
1. What is the projection of a point?
2. What are the principal planes used in projection?
3. What are the types of projection systems?
4. How is a point represented in orthographic projection?
5. How many views are needed to represent a point fully?
6. What does it mean when a point lies on the HP?
7. What does it mean when a point lies on the VP?
8. What is the significance of the XY line in projection?

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Sheet No 4-Projection of Line

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet showing the orthographic projections of the specified
straight lines.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the principles of orthographic projection of straight lines with respect to the
horizontal plane (HP) and vertical plane (VP).
(ii) Apply projection methods to represent straight lines in different positions (inclined,
parallel, or perpendicular to HP/VP) accurately on drawing sheets.

SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.
THEORY: The shortest distance between two points is called line. It has length but negligible
thickness.
Orientation of Straight Lines
• Line parallel to both H.P and V.P
• Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel to V.P
• Line perpendicular to V.P and parallel to H.P
• Line inclined to H.P and parallel to V.P
• Line inclined to V.P and parallel to H.P
• Line situated in H.P
• Line situated in V.P
• Line situated in both H.P and V.P
• Line inclined to both the reference planes.
1. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90°
2. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90°

Sample Problems:
Problem 1: A line PQ, 90 mm long, is in the H.P. and makes an angle of 30° with the V.P. Its
end P is 25 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its projections.
Solution:
As the line is in the H.P., its top view will show the true length and the true inclination with
the V.P. Its front view will be in xy.
(i) FIG. 4.1(a) q Mark a point p, the top view 25 mm below xy. Draw a line pq equal
to 90 mm and inclined at 30° to xy.

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(ii) (ii) Project p to p' and q to q' on xy. pq and p'q' are the required top view and front
view respectively.

Figure 4.1(a)

Figure 4.1(b) AutoCAD Diagram

Problem 2: A 60mm long line AB, has its end A at 20mm in front of the V.P. the line is
perpendicular to V.P and 40mm above H.P, draw the projection of the line.
Solution:

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Figure 4.2

Problem 3: An 80mm long line AB has the end A at 20mm above HP and 40mm in front of
V.P. The line is inclined at 30 deg to H.P and parallel to V.P, draw the projection of the line.
Solution:

Figure 4.3

Problem 4: A line AB 60mm long is situated in H.P and inclined to V.P at 30 deg. The end A
is 20mm in front of V.P, draw the projection of line.

Solution:

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Figure 4.4

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A line AB 60mm long is situated in H.P and inclined to V.P at 30 deg. The end A
is 20mm in front of V.P, draw the projection of line.
Solution:
Problem 2: A line AB, 70mm long, has its end A 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP.
It is inclined at 30° to HP and 45°to VP. Draw its projections and mark its traces

Viva-questions
1. What is meant by the projection of a line?
2. How many views are required to represent a line in space?
3. What is the true length of a line?
4. What are the different positions of a line with respect to HP and VP?
5. How is a line represented when it is parallel to both HP and VP?
6. What happens when a line is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP?
7. What happens when a line is inclined to HP and parallel to VP?
8. What happens when a line is inclined to both HP and VP?

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Sheet No 5-Projection of Planes

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet showing the projections of the specified plane surfaces.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the principles of projecting different plane surfaces (triangular, rectangular,
circular, etc.) on the reference planes (HP and VP).
(ii) Apply orthographic projection techniques to draw accurate views of plane surfaces in
various orientations (parallel, inclined, or perpendicular to the reference planes).
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.
THEORY: A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called plane.
TYPE OF A PLANE: Following are the two types of planes used in engineering drawing:
1. Perpendicular planes which have their surface perpendicular to anyone of the
reference planes and parallel or inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both the reference planes.
TRACE OF PLANE: The trace of a plane is the line of intersection or meeting of the plane
surface with the reference plane; if necessary, the plane surface is extended to intersect the
reference plane. The intersection line of the plane surface with HP is called the Horizontal
Trace (HT) and that of VP is called the Vertical Trace (VT).
A plane figure is positioned with reference to the reference planes by referring its surface in
the following possible position.
Projection of Different Planes position with respective to Principal planes
1) Surface of Plane Parallel to the HP (and perpendicular to VP)

Figure 5.1
2) Surface of Plane Parallel to the VP (and perpendicular to HP)

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Figure 5.2
3) Surface of Plane Inclined to the HP and perpendicular to VP

Figure 5.3
4) Surface of Plane Inclined to the VP and perpendicular to HP

Figure 5.4
5) Surface of Plane Perpendicular to Both HP and VP

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Figure 5.5
6) Surface of Plane is Inclined to Both HP and VP

Figure 5.6
Sample Problems:
Problem-1: Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of 25 mm side, having its
surface inclined at 30 deg to the HP and a side parallel to the HP and inclined at an
angle of 60 deg to the VP
Solution:
Step 1: Understand the Given Data
•Side of the regular pentagon = 25 mm
•Surface (plane) is inclined at 30° to the HP

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•One side is parallel to HP and inclined at 60° to VP

Step 2: Draw Initial Top View (True Shape)
[Link] a regular pentagon (true shape) of side 25 mm with one side horizontal
(this side will be parallel to HP and VP in this initial step).
[Link] the corners as A, B, C, D, E in a clockwise direction.
[Link] projectors (vertical lines) from all corners upward for the front view.
Step 3: Draw Initial Front View (Pentagon in HP)
[Link] the surface is parallel to HP at this stage, the front view will be a line
showing the edge view of the plane.
[Link] points lie on the same horizontal line in front view.
[Link] the projections as A’, B’, C’, D’, E’ directly above the corresponding
points from the top view.
Step 4: Tilt the Plane (Inclined at 30° to HP)
[Link] tilt the front view line such that it makes an angle of 30° with HP.
[Link] the front view at this 30° inclination.
[Link] locus lines (horizontal lines) from this new front view to project down
to get the top view.
Step 5: Project the Final Top View (After Tilting)
[Link] the inclined front view, draw vertical projectors down.
[Link] the original top view, draw horizontal locus lines.
[Link] the intersection of vertical projectors and locus lines to get the final
top viewpoints.
[Link] the points to complete the final top view (it will be a distorted pentagon).
Step 6: Rotate the Final Top View (Side at 60° to VP)
[Link] rotate the final top view such that the side (say AB) is inclined at 60°
to the XY line (which represents the VP).
[Link] the pentagon with side AB inclined at 60°, keeping the shape same
as previous step.
[Link] all points accordingly.
Step 7: Project the Final Front View
[Link] the final top view, draw vertical projectors upward.
[Link] the front view (after tilting), draw horizontal locus lines.
[Link] intersections to get the final front view.
[Link] the points to complete the final front view.

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Figure 5.7(a)

Figure 5.7(b) AutoCAD Diagram

Problem-2: A Hexagonal plane with a 30mm side has its surface parallel to and 20mm
in front of the VP. Draw its Projections, when (a) a side is perpendicular to HP (b) a
side is parallel to the HP (c) Side is inclined at 450 to the HP.

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Solution:

Figure 5.8

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 1: A Pentagonal plane with a 30mm side has an edge on the HP, the surface of the
Plane is inclined at 45° to the HP. Draw its Projections?

Problem 2: A Hexagonal plate with a 30mm side and negligible thickness has its surface
perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 450 to the VP. Draw its Projections? When one of its
sides of the Plane is Parallel to and 15 mm in front of the VP.
Viva-questions
1. What is meant by the projection of a plane?
2. What is a plane surface?
3. What are the types of plane figures used in engineering drawing?
4. What are the positions of a plane with respect to reference planes?
5. What happens when a plane is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP?
6. What happens when a plane is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP?
7. What happens when a plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP?
8. What is the true shape of a plane figure?

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Sheet No 6- Projection of Solids

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet illustrating the projections of the given solids as per the
specified problem.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the concepts of projecting different solids (prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones,
etc.) onto reference planes (HP and VP).
(ii) Apply orthographic projection techniques to represent solids in various positions such as
resting, inclined, or suspended with respect to the reference planes.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.

THEORY:

SOLIDS: An object having three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth and height is called a solid.

PROJECTIONS OF SOLID: The shadow of a solid obtained on HP and VP is known as

projection of solid.

TYPE OF SOLIDS: a) Polyhedral b) Solids of revolution

POLYHEDRAL: The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces is called a polyhedral.

For example: Tetrahedron Cube

PRISM: The polyhedral having two equal and similar ends bases, parallel to each other and
are joined by other faces which may be rectangle or parallelograms is called a prism.

a) square b) Pentagonal c) Hexagonal

PYRAMID: the polyhedral having a plane figure for its base and equal number of isosceles

triangular faces meeting at a point is called as pyramid. a) square b) Pentagonal c)

Hexagonal

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Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Sample Problems:

Problem 1: Draw the projections of a triangular prism, base 40 mm side and axis 50 mm long,
resting on one of its bases on the H.P. with a vertical face perpendicular to the V.P.

Solution:

(i) As the axis is perpendicular to the ground i.e. the H.P. begin with the top view. It

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will be an equilateral triangle of sides 40 mm long, with one of its sides

perpendicular to xy. Name the corners as shown, thus completing the top view.
The corners d, e and fare hidden and coincide with the top corners a, b and c
respectively.

(ii) Project the front view, which will be a rectangle. Name the corners. The line b'e'
coincides with a'd'.

Figure 6.3

Problem 2: A pentagonal Prism having a base with 30 mm side and 60mm long Axis, has one
of Its bases in the VP. Draw Its projections When (a)rectangular face is parallel to and 15 mm
above the HP (b) A rectangular face perpendicular to HP and (c) a rectangular face is inclined

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at 450 to the HP

Solution:

Figure 6.4

Problem 3: A pentagonal Prism having a base with a 30 mm side and 60mm long axis, is
resting on one of its rectangular faces on the HP. with axis parallel to the VP. Draw its
projections?

Solution:

Figure 6.5

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UNSOLVED QUESTIONS

Problem 1: A Hexagonal Prism having a base with a30 mm side and 75 mm long axis, has an
edge its base on the HP. Its axis is Parallel to the VP and inclined at 450 to the HP Draw its
projections?

Problem 2: A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one of its generator on HP

which makes 300 inclinations with VP. Draw its projections?
Viva-questions
1. What is meant by a solid in engineering drawing?
2. What is projection of solids?
3. What are the types of solids?
4. What is the axis of a solid?
5. What are the different positions of solids with respect to reference planes?
6. What happens when a solid rests on HP with its axis perpendicular to HP?
7. What happens when a solid rests on VP with its axis perpendicular to VP?
8. What are the views typically used in projection of solids?
9. What is a frustum of a solid?
10. What is a truncated solid?

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Sheet No 7-Sections of Solids

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet illustrating the sections of Regular Solids as per the
specified problem.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the principles of sectional views and their importance in representing the
internal details of regular solids.
(ii) Apply projection methods to draw sectional views of regular solids (such as prisms,
pyramids, cylinders, and cones) cut by different section planes.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.

THEORY:

Cutting plane or section plane: The imaginary plane which is assumed to cut the object as
required is called a cutting plane or section plane.

Section: The surface produced when a section plane cuts a solid is termed a section.

Sectional view: The drawing showing that part of the object which is between the plane of
projection and the section plane is called a sectional view.

True Shape of Section: If a solid is sectioned by a section plane and it is projected to a plane
parallel to it, the shape of the section obtained will be exactly the section exposed by the
section plane. This shape is called True Shape of Section.

Apparent Shape of Section: If the section plane is inclined to the plane of projection, the shape
obtained will not be the true shape. Such a shape is called Apparent Shape of Section.
Apparent Shape of Section: If the section plane is inclined to the plane of projection, the shape
obtained will not be the true shape. Such a shape is called Apparent Shape of Section.

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Figure 7.1

Typical Section Planes &Typical Shapes

Figure 7.2

Classification of Section Planes

• Plane Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP

• Plane Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP

• Plane Perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP

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• Plane Perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP

• Plane Perpendicular to both VP and HP

• Plane inclined both VP and HP

Sample Problems:

Problem 1: A triangular prism, base 30 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on the H.P. on
one of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 30° to the V.P. It is cut by a horizontal
section plane, at 12 mm above the ground. Draw its front view and sectional top view.

Solution: As the section plane is horizontal, i.e. parallel to the H.P., it is perpendicular to the
V.P. Hence, the section will be seen as a line in the front view, coinciding with the V. T. of
the section plane. (i) Therefore, draw a line V.T. in the front view to represent the section
plane, parallel to xy and 12 mm above it.

(ii)Name in correct sequence, points at which the edges are cut viz. a'b' at 1 ', a'c' at 2', d'f' at
3' and d'e' at 4'.

(iii)Project these points on the corresponding lines in the top view and complete the sectional
top view by joining them in proper order.

As the section plane is parallel to the H.P., the figure 1 2 3 4 (in the top view) is the true shape
of the section. As shown in Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.3

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Problem 2: A pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long has its base
horizontal and an edge of the base parallel to the V.P. A horizontal section plane cuts it at 25
mm above the base. Draw its· from view and sectional top view.

Solution:

Figure 7.4

Problem 3: A cylinder of 40 mm diameter, 60 mm height and having its axis vertical, is cut
by a section plane, perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45° to the H.P. and intersecting the
axis 32 mm above the base. Draw its front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and
true shape.

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Solution:

Figure 7.5

UNSOLVED QUESTIONS

Problem 1: A pentagonal prism, base 28 mm side and height 65 mm has an edge of its base
on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. and inclined at 60° to the H.P. A section plane,
having its H. T. perpendicular to xy, and the V. T. inclined at 60° to xy and passing through
the highest corner, cuts the prism. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.

Problem 2: A triangular pyramid, having base 40 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on
the H.P. on one of its faces, with the axis parallel to the V.P. A section parallel to the V.P.
cuts the pyramid at a distance of 6 mm from the axis. Draw its sectional front view and the
top view.
Viva-questions
1. What is meant by 'sectioning of solids'?
2. Why is sectioning of solids done in engineering drawing?
3. What is a section plane (cutting plane)?
4. What are the types of section planes?
5. What is the true shape of a section?
6. What is an apparent shape of a section?
7. What are the steps for drawing sections of solids?
8. How is the cut surface shown in sectioned drawings?
9. What is the difference between a frustum and a truncated solid?

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Sheet No 8-Development of lateral surfaces

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet illustrating the development of lateral surfaces of Regular
Solids as per the specified description.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the principles and importance of surface development in representing the
unfolded shapes of regular solids.
(ii) Apply standard graphical methods to construct the development of lateral surfaces of
regular solids such as prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.

THEORY:

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES: The complete surface of an object when laid out on a

plane is called the development of the surface or pattern of the object.

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DLS: The engineering applications of development is

generally employed in sheet metal works, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, stone
cutting, tunnels, buckets, chimney, prisms, cylinder, pyramids, cones, spheres, etc

METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT

PARALLEL-LINE DEVELOPMENT: - It is used for developing prisms and single curved

surfaces like cylinders in which all the edges/generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to each
other.

RADIAL-LINE DEVELOPMENT: -It is employed for pyramids and single curved surfaces
like cones in which the apex is taken as centre and the slant edge or generator (which are the
true lengths) as radius for its development.

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw reference line XY.

2. Draw FV and TV of a solid as per given data.

3. Draw the section plane (line) parallel to XY as per given data.

4. Draw projection line from the intersection point of the section line and object edge.

5. Draw the development of the solid.

6. Draw the projection line from the intersection point of the edges and section line to the

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corresponding edges of the developed surface.

7. Name to the corner points of the solid in front view and top view and the developed surface.
8. Show all necessary dimensions.

Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.

(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)

Figure 8.1

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Figure 8.2

Sample Problems:

Problem 1: Draw the development of the lateral surface of the part P of the pentagonal prism
shown in fig below.

Solution: Name the corners of the prism and the points at which the edges are cut.

(i) Draw the development assuming the prism to be whole It is made up of five equal
rectangles.

(ii) Draw horizontal lines through points 1 ', 2' etc. to cut the Iines for the
corresponding edges in the development at points 1, 2 etc.

(iii) Draw lines joining these points and complete the development as shown in Figure

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8.3.

Figure 8.3

Problem 2: Draw the development of the lateral surface of the part P of the cylinder shown in
fig.

Solution:

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Figure 8.4

Problem 3: Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pentagonal pyramid, the lower
part of which is removed as shown in fig.

Solution:

Figure 8.5

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UNSOLVED QUESTIONS

Problem 1: Draw the development of the lateral surface of the part P of the hexagonal prism
shown in fig.

Problem 2: Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cylinder cut by three planes as
shown in fig
Viva-questions
1. What is meant by development of surfaces?
2. What is the purpose of surface development in engineering?
3. What is meant by the lateral surface of a solid?
4. What are the methods used for surface development?
5. What solids are typically developed using the parallel line method?
6. What solids are typically developed using the radial line method?
7. What is a development of a cylinder’s lateral surface?
8. What is the development of a cone’s lateral surface?

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Sheet No 9-Isometric Projections

AIM: To prepare a drawing sheet of isometric projections of given solid.

LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to

(i) Understand the principles of isometric projection and its significance in representing three-
dimensional solids on a two-dimensional plane.

(ii) Apply isometric projection techniques to draw accurate views of given solids, maintaining
true proportions and angles.
SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED: A3 drawing book, AUTOCAD & Geometry Box.

THEORY: Isometric projection: Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in

which the three dimensions of a solid are not only shown in one view but their actual sizes
can be measured directly from it. The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and
making 120° angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes. The lines parallel to these
axes are called Isometric Lines. The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other
planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes.

Isometric scale: When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions are visible
then in the process all dimensions become proportionally inclined to observer’s eye sight and
hence appear apparent in lengths. This reduction is 0.815 or 9/11 (approx.). It forms a reducing
scale which is used to draw isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale. In practice, while
drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths for
measuring and marking the sizes. This is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale
as described on next page.

Construction of isometric scale: From point A, with line AB draw 300 and 450 inclined lines
AC & AD respective on AD. Mark divisions of true length and from each division-point draw
vertical lines up to AC line. The divisions thus obtained on AC give lengths on isometric
scale.

Note: Isometric Drawing/Isometric view true length

Isometric Projection Reduced length (isometric length)

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Figure 9.1

Isometric scale [Line AC] required for Isometric Projection:

Figure 9.2

Sample Problems:

Problem 1: The front view of a square is given in fig. 9.3 (i). Draw its isometric view.
Solution:
As the front view is a square, the surface of the square is vertical. In isometric view, vertical
lines will be drawn vertical, while horizontal lines will be drawn inclined at 30° to the
horizontal.

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(i) Through any point d, draw a vertical line da = DA [fig. 9.3(ii)].

(ii) Again, through d, draw a line de = DC inclined at 30° to the horizontal and at 60°
to da.
(iii) Complete the rhombus abed which is the required isometric view. The view can
also be drawn in direction of the other sloping axis as shown in fig. 9.3 (iii).

Figure 9.3

Problem 2: Draw the isometric view of a Hexagon with 40mm side such that its surface is
Parallel to the HP and a side Parallel to the VP?

Solution:

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Figure 9.4

Problem 3: Draw the isometric view of a Circle with a 60mm Diameter on all three Principle
Planes Using Coordinate methods?

Solution:

Figure 9.5

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 1: Draw isometric view of a hexagonal prism having a base with 30 mm side and
a 70mm long axis resting on its base on the HP. With an edge of the base parallel to the
VP when (a) using Box Methods (b) using Off-set Method?

Problem 2: Draw an isometric view of a cylinder, with a 50mm base diameter and a 70mm
long axis when (a) The base is on the HP (b) when one of the generators is on the HP?

Viva-questions
1. What is an isometric projection?
2. Why is it called "isometric"?
3. What is the purpose of isometric projection?
4. What is the angle between isometric axes?
5. What is the difference between isometric projection and isometric view (drawing)?
6. What is isometric scale?
7. What are the isometric axes?
8. Can circles be drawn directly in isometric projection?

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Sheet No 10- Introduction to AUTOCAD

AIM: To prepare an AUTOCAD drawing.

LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this lab, students will be able to
(i) Understand the fundamentals of computer-aided drafting (CAD) and the role of
AUTOCAD in producing precise engineering drawings.
(ii) Apply AUTOCAD tools and commands to create, modify, and annotate engineering
drawings accurately according to given specifications.
SOFTWARE USED: AUTOCAD.

THEORY: AUTOCAD is a tool which is widely used in engineering field. AUTOCAD can
be used for drafting purposes and modelling purposes. Many basic entities can be drawn on
this software using either command prompt or mouse. Many tutorials are available in the help
file which is user friendly, hence AUTOCAD is said to be user friendly software.

CAD uses four basic elements for preparation of any drawing:

1. Line 2. Curves 3. Text 4. Filling point.

Computer Aided Drafting is done by the operator by placing the mouse pointer by placing
the mouse pointer at the desired location and then executing the command to draw the graphic
elements using different methods.

Advanced computer aided drafting packages utilize four areas on the screen.

1. Drawing Area

2. Command Area

3. Menu Area

4. Tool boxes.

DRAW COMMANDS

LINE: A line is specified by giving its two end points or first point and the distance of line
along with its angle of inclination. A line can be drawn by using two commands. Command:
line

Specify first point: Specify a point (1)

Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify a point (2)

The second point can be indicated by @d<a

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Where d is the distance of line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees.

PLINE:

This is a poly line which allows continuous segment of the line and it is drawn similar to the
line command. The polyline allows to change the thickness of the line according to the
requirement.

From the Draw tool bar choose the Polyline flyout.

Draw pull down menu: Polyline

At the command prompt, enter pline

Syntax

Specify start point: Specify a point (1) Current line-width is MECH Specify next point or
[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2) or enter an option

LINETYPE

Creates, loads, and sets linetypes. The LINETYPE command defines line characteristics
consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces.

Format menu: Linetype or Command line: linetype

1. CURVES Following are the various types of curves used in the drawings:

i. Circle

ii. Ellipse

iii. Arc

iv. Regular or any other type.

Circle: The circle can be drawn by using two types of commands

a. Circle

b. Donut

a. CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:

Center point and radius

Two-point circle

Three-point circle

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Tangent circle

At the command prompt, enter circle

Specify center point for circle or [3P (Three Points)/2P (Two Points)/Ttr]: Specify a point or
enter an option

b. DONUT: This draws filled circles and rings. Donuts are constructed of a closed polyline
composed of wide arc segments.

At the command prompt, enter donut Specify inside diameter of donut:

Specify a distance or press ENTER

SAMPLE QUESTION

Figure 10.1

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Solutions:

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Viva-Questions with Solution

1. What is AutoCAD?
2. What are the main uses of AutoCAD?
3. What is the file extension for an AutoCAD drawing file?
4. What is the difference between model space and layout space in AutoCAD?
5. Name some common drawing commands in AutoCAD.
6. Name some common editing commands in AutoCAD.
7. What is the function of the UCS in AutoCAD?
8. What is the difference between POLYLINE and LINE?

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List of Virtual Labs / Videos / Simulations / Animations / XR Labs (AR/VR) etc

S. Title / Experiment Title / Link of Virtual Lab / Animation / Simulation

No. Objective etc.

Introduction to Engineering [Link]

1
Drawing drawing/

[Link]
2 Projections of Points
points/

3 Projections of Lines [Link]

Projection of Lines inclined to [Link]

4
both planes inclined/

[Link]
5 Projections of Planes
planes/

[Link]
6 Projection of Solids
solids/

Conversion of Isometric to [Link]

7
Orthographic View orthographic-view/

Conversion of Orthographic to [Link]

8
Isometric View isometric/

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CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

INTRODUCTION TO 3 – D VIEW: AutoCAD is widely known and utilised as a 2D
drafting tool. However, its use for 3D modelling is not as prevalent. This post introduces
AutoCAD users to some of the most common 3D tools in AutoCAD by creating the simple
shape. Before we start modelling, we need to change the workspace to “3D modelling” from
the status bar at the bottom of the application. The ribbon will update to show 3D tools.

You can start by navigating to an isometric view by clicking on a corner of the view cube on
the top right of model space. If you do not see the view cube, you can make it visible from
the ‘View’ tab of the ribbon. Launch the 3DPOLY command to draw a closed 3D polyline in
the front view (XZ plane). Starting on the origin and with ortho mode on (F8), start drawing
as you would in a 2D view, keeping in mind that if you specify coordinates, you will need to
provide them in all three axes.

Select the EXTRUDE command from the ‘Home’ tab of the AutoCAD ribbon, pick the 3D
polyline from the previous step and then type 90 as the height of extrusion to create a 3D
solid. You can control the visual style from the top left corner of model space.

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Draw a triangle using a closed 3D polyline as shown below and extrude it to the back of the
shape. You may find the ‘Extension’ object snap useful to find the vertices of the triangle.

At this point, we have two independent solids that intersect. Pick the UNION command and
then select them both to combine them into a single object.

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To finish the shape, draw a rectangle on the top face and extrude it to the base. Using the
SUBTRACT tool, select the solid to subtract from first, press , and then select the solid to
subtract.

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Some of the benefits of 3D modelling are:

• Using 3D models, users can get a more evocative design, and they can even see the virtual
images of their projects.
• An architectural 3D model is much more interesting and realistic than a 2D model.
• The experience that a 3D model gives is much more compelling and satisfying to the user
than viewing a 2D drawing. The user can see the impact of all the minor and major changes
made in a 3D model. This also aids in the better finishing of the designs without wasting time
and money.
• 3D models are an amazing advantage to interior designers as they get to create and then
modify 3D interior as well as exterior as per their need and choice.
• In a 3D design, the user gets to know the physical dimensions of the objects and their
distance in relation to other objects in the total layout. This feature helps enormously to see
and modify arrangements of objects based on their sizes.
• Some artists use a mixture of 3D modelling for best results by editing the 2D computer-
rendered images from the 3D model.
MAJOR AUTOCAD 3D COMMANDS
REVOLVE • Location: Draw > Modeling > Revolve • This AutoCAD 3D command creates
a 3D solid by revolving a 2D object around an axis.
EXTRUDE • Location: Draw > Modeling > Extrude • This AutoCAD 3D Extrude command
allows the user to create a 3D object by extruding a 2D face along a line or path. For example,
A cylinder can be created by selecting a 2D circle and extruding it along with a path.
SWEEP • Location: Draw > Modeling > Sweep • This command helps the user to extrude
the 2D objects without the 2D face being orthogonal to the beginning of the path.
COMPUTER AIDED CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING LAB 47
UNION • Location: Modify > Solids Editing > Union • This AutoCAD 3D command allows
the user to combine two objects converting them into one single object.
SUBTRACT • Location: Modify > Solids Editing > Subtract • This command is opposite to
the union command; this command works when there is a common area in both the objects.
Then this command subtracts the object A from the object B.
INTERSECT • Location: Modify > Solid Editing > Intersect • With this AutoCAD 3D
command, the user is left with the area that is common to both the objects.
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

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1. Will be able to draw and see element in three dimensions, so that visualization of the
drawing will be good we can use these 3D drawings to explain and convince the client.
2. Architectural usages

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