Body Structure
باسم المظفر. أ د
8. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
It is the Study of development of human body from the fertilized egg to adult form. The study
of development of human being inside the uterus is normally called Embryology, but in fact it
is the study of development from the fertilized egg to the eighth week in utero. Rest of the
development in the uterus is the fetal development and can be given the name fetology. In fact
a sequence of studies in the changes that take place from a fertilized egg to the old age and
death of human being is developmental anatomy. The different levels of organization that
make up the body allow for the study of anatomy in various branches.
Levels of organization:
Atoms form molecules
Molecules form organelles (essential for cell function)
Organelles form cells
Group of cells with the same structure and function forms a tissue
Two or more different tissues form an organ
Two or more organs form organ systems
Multiple systems form the human body.
levels of organization
The human body consists of several structural
and functional levels of organization. The from
the least to the most complex are the;
• cellular level, the smallest structural and
functional unit of the body;
• tissue level, groups of cells that perform a
specialized function;
• organ level, groups of tissues that perform a
specific function;
• system level, groups of organs that are
interconnected or that have similar or
interrelated functions; and
• organism level, collection of body systems
that makes up the most complex level—a living
human being
Body planes and sections-
a plane is a flat sectional cut along the body .There are four planes:
Frontal (coronal)
Median (midline or sagittal)
Transverse (horizontal)
Oblique (diagonal)
Body is 3D
Can be split into three planes
Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse
Sagittal Plane
Plane splitting the body into two parts (left and right)
Sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally along the body
If it splits into two equal parts = midsagittal
Coronal Plane
Plane which splits body into anterior and posterior section
Transverse Plane
Separates body along horizontal plane ,also called a cross section
Will divide an organism into superior and inferior parts
BODY CAVITIES
Body cavities are hollow spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support
internal organs.
There are four body cavities:
two dors/al cavities, which are located in the back (posterior) part of the body,
two ventr/al cavities, which are located in the front (anterior) part of the body.
The thorac/ic and abdominal cavities are separated by a muscular wall known as the diaphragm.
Because the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a wall, they are commonly
referred together as the abdominopelvic cavity.
Body Cavities
Opening within body which protects internal organs, and allows transfer of materials/information
two division ;
Dorsal
Ventral
Dorsal Cavities
Made up of two smaller cavities
Cranial Cavity – holds and protects brain
Spinal Cavity – column which runs through vertebra
and protects spinal chord
Venteral cavities are spaces in the body that are filled with organs and these organs
are often surrounded by membranes.
BODY SYSTEMS AND FUNCTION:
There are 11 systems in the body,
Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails) Forms the external body covering and protects deeper
tissues from injury. Houses cutaneous receptors, sweat glands, oil glands, and synthesizes
vitamin D.
Skeletal system (bones, joints) Supports and protects the body’s organs. Provides a framework
muscles use (movement). Bones also store minerals and create blood cells.
Muscular system (skeletal muscles) Maintains posture and produces movement (locomotion).
Produces heat.
Lymphatic system (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph
nodes) Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Returns leaked fluid from
blood vessels to the blood and disposes debris within the lymphatic stream.
Respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung) Removes carbon
dioxide and continually supplies blood with oxygen. Gaseous exchanges occur in the respiratory
system (lungs).
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System: Carries blood and nutrients to the cells of the body, Carries
waste away from the cells, such as carbon dioxide. Main Parts:
Heart ,Blood (made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets),Veins
Arteries
Excretory System: Removes wastes from blood, Removes harmful substances from blood
Regulates body fluids . Main Parts ,Kidneys ,Urinary bladder
Reproductive System: Produce offspring ,Males- make sperm, Females- make eggs
Digestive system (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum,
anus) Breaks down food to be absorbed and eliminates indigestible waste.
Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Control system of the body, responds to internal and
external changes, activates muscles and glands.
Endocrine system (pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovary, testis) Glands from the endocrine system secrete hormones that regulate many
processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.