1.
In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are
(i) banana (ii) dog (iii) yeast (iv) Amoeba
(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
2. In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes (germ cells) are
(a) stamen and anther (b) filament and stigma (c) anther and ovary
(d) stamen and style
Soln: Answer is (c) anther and ovary
3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of sexual reproduction in a
flower?
(a) pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo
(b) seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination
(c) pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling
(d) embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilization
4. Offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction have greater similarity among
themselves because
(i) asexual reproduction involves only one parent
(ii) asexual reproduction does not involve gametes
(iii) asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction
(iv) asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (a) (i) and (ii)
5. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in
(a) cytoplasm (b) ribosome (c) Golgi bodies (d) genes
Soln: The answer is (d) genes
6. Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction show
(a) only similarities with parents (b) only variations with parents
(c) both similarities and variations with parents (d) neither similarities nor variations
Soln: Answer is (c) both similarities and variations with parents
7. A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Spirogyra and Yeast is that
(a) they reproduce asexually (b) they are all unicellular (c) they reproduce only sexually
(d) they are all multicellular
Soln: Answer is (a) they reproduce asexually
8. In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by
(a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits (b) division of a cell into two cells
(c) division of a cell into many cells (d) formation of young cells from older cells.
Soln: Answer is (a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits
9. The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in Plasmodium is
called
(a) budding (b) reduction division (c) binary fission (d) multiple fission
Soln: The answer is (d) multiple fission
10. The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is
(a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
(b) zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling
(c) seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes
(d) gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling
Soln: Answer is (a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
11. The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species
remains constant due to
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation
(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation
Soln: The answer is (b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
12. In Rhizopus, tubular thread-like structures bearing sporangia at their tips are called
(a) filaments (b) hyphae (c) rhizoids (d) roots
Soln: The answer is (b) hyphae
13. Vegetative propagation refers to the formation of new plants from
(a) stem, roots and flowers (b) stem, roots and leaves (c) stem, flowers and fruits
(d) stem, leaves and flowers
Soln: The answer is (b) stem, roots and leaves
14. Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are
(i) large number of spores (ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread
(iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae (iv) formation of round shaped sporangia
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and iv) (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (c) (i) and (ii)
15. Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between
(a) pollen grain and the upper surface of the stigma
(b) pollen grain on the upper surface of stigma and ovule
(c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma
(d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
Soln: The answer is (d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
16. Which of the following statements are true for flowers?
(i) Flowers are always bisexual (ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs
(iii) They are produced in all groups of plants (iv) After fertilisation, they give rise to
fruits
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)
17. Which among the following statements are true for unisexual flowers?
(i) They possess both stamen and pistil
(ii) They possess either stamen or pistil
(iii) They exhibit cross-pollination
(iv) Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
18. Which among the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in flowering
plants?
(i) It requires two types of gametes (ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event
(iii) It always results in the formation of zygote (iv) Offspring formed are clones
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) (c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
19. In Figure 8.1, the parts A, B and C are sequentially
(a) cotyledon, plumule and radicle (b) plumule, radicle and cotyledon
(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle (d) radicle, cotyledon and plumule
Soln: Answer is (c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle
20. Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit more variations because
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species
(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species
(d) genetic material comes from many parents
Soln: The answer is (b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species
21. Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to
(a) keep the individual organism alive (b) fulfil their energy requirement
(c) maintain growth (d) continue the species generation after generation
Soln: The answer is (d) continue the species generation after generation
22. During adolescence, several changes occur in the human body. Mark one change
associated with sexual maturation in boys
(a) loss of milk teeth (b) increase in height (c) cracking of voice (d) weight gain
Soln: Answer is (c) cracking of voice
23. In human females, an event that reflects the onset of the reproductive phase is
(a) growth of body (b) changes in hair pattern (c) change in voice (d) menstruation
Soln: The answer is (d) menstruation
24. In human males, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it helps in the
(a) process of mating (b) formation of sperm (c) easy transfer of gametes
(d) all the above
Soln: The answer is (b) formation of sperm
25. Which among the following is not the function of testes at puberty?
(i) formation of germ cells (ii) secretion of testosterone (iii) development of placenta
(iv) secretion of estrogen
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (c) (iii) and (iv)
26. The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for transport of
sperms is
(a) testis → vasdeferens → urethra (b) testis → ureter → urethra
(c) testis → urethra → ureter (d) testis → vasdeferens → ureter
Soln: Answer is (a) testis → vasdeferens → urethra
27. Which among the following diseases is not sexually transmitted?
(a) Syphillis (b) Hepatitis (c) HIV – AIDS (d) Gonorrhoea
Soln: The answer is (b) Hepatitis
ASSERTION & REASON
Question 1
Assertion (A): Amoeba reproduces by binary fission.
Reason ( R): All unicellular organisms reproduce asexually.
Question 2
Assertion: Many plants are propagated vegetatively even though they bear seeds.
Reason: Potatoes multiply by tubers, apple by cutting etc.
Question 3
Assertion (A): Characteristics of parental plants can be preserved through asexual
reproduction.
Reason ( R): Vegetative reproduction involves only mitosis.
Question 4
Assertion (A): Plasmodium reproduces by multiple fission.
Reason ( R): Multiple fission is a type of asexual reproduction.
Question 5
Assertion (A): DNA copying is necessary during reproduction.
Reason ( R): DNA copying leads to the transmission of characters from parents to
offspring.
Question 6
Assertion (A): Unisexual flowers have separate male and female flowers whereas a
typical monocot embryo comprises an embryonal axis with single cotyledon.
Reason ( R): Cucumber, pumpkin and water melon are example of unisexual flowers.
Question 7
Assertion (A): Double fertilisation is unique to angiosperms.
Reason ( R): Triple fusion occurs in asexual reproduction.
Question 8
Assertion: Fertilization results in formation of zygote.
Reason: Zygote divides several times to form an embryo.
Question 10
Assertion (A): Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversities and plays a role in origin
of new species.
Reason ( R): Sexual reproduction involves formation of gametes and fusion of gametes.
Question 11
Assertion (A): In human male, testes are extra abdominal organs which are present
inside scrotum.
Reason ( R): Scrotum has a relatively lower temperature needed for the production and
storage of sperms.
Question 12
Assertion (A): At puberty, in boys, voice begins to crack and thick hair grows on face.
Reason ( R): At puberty, there is decreased secretion of testosterone in boys.
Question 13
Assertion (A): Surgical methods are most effective methods of contraception.
Reason ( R): Surgical method blocks gametes transport and hence prevent fertilisation.
Short Answer Questions
1. In a bisexual flower in spite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the
flower produces fruit. Provide a suitable explanation for the above situation.
Soln: When stamens of a bisexual flower are removed. Cross-pollination can take place
which results in fertilization and production of fruit.
2. Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in a unicellular organism?
Give one reason.
Soln: Reproduction is the creation of a new individual. In unicellular organisms cell
division leads to the formation of new individuals. Hence cell division is a type of
reproduction in unicellular organisms.
3. What is a clone? Why do offsprings formed by asexual reproduction exhibit
remarkable similarity?
Soln: Clones are the aggregate of cells or organisms which are produced asexually.
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and there will be no exchange of gametes
hence offspring looks similar to their parent.
4. Explain how offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same
number of chromosomes?
Soln: Because of the halving of the chromosome during gamete formation, the number
of chromosomes remain the same as the somatic cell of an organism. Halving of
gametes in a chromosome is called a diploid number of chromosomes.
5. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solution. Give one
reason for this.
Soln: [Link] requires energy for its growth and cell division.
[Link] does not provide required energy whereas sugar provides energy hence yeast
multiplies in sugar solution.
6. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry
slice of bread?
Soln: Spores of bread mould needs moisture to germinate and grow. Hence mould grow
profusely on a moist slice of bread.
7. Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by
sexual reproduction.
Soln: 1. Gametes are contributed by two individuals of the same species.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis.
8. From the internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five
animals and five plants. Correlate the number with the size of the organism and
answer the following questions.
(a) Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells?
(b) Can organisms with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with
more number of chromosomes?
(c) More the number of chromosomes/cells greater is the DNA content. Justify.
Soln:
Animals Chromosome numbers Plants Chromosome numbers
Man 46 Corn 20
Cat 38 Cotton 52
Horse 64 Garden pea 14
Rabbit 44 Mango 40
Elephant 56 Onion16
Size of the organism has nothing to do with chromosomes numbers
Organisms with fewer chromosomes need not reproduce easily compared to organisms
with more chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made of DNA. Hence more number of chromosomes means more
DNA.
9. In the tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty-four chromosomes. What is the
number of chromosomes in the female gamete? What is the number of chromosomes
in the zygote?
Soln: Number of chromosomes in both the gametes are equal hence the number of
chromosomes in a female gamete of tobacco plant is 24. Combining both numbers of
chromosomes in a zygote is 48.
10. Why cannot fertilization take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Soln: Pollination is a process in which transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigma
takes place. If there is no pollination then there will be no fusion of gametes and
fertilization will not take place.
11. Is the chromosome number of the zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular
organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Soln: Meiosis is a way of cell division in which a number of chromosomes get halved.
After fertilization chromosomes become equal to that of somatic cells. After fertilization
Mitosis takes place for the rest of the stages of life. Hence chromosomes remain
constant.
12. Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilization?
Soln: After fertilization zygote will be located in the ovary.
13. How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?
Soln: General growth is all about growth of size. Sexual maturation is about achieving
the ability to reproduce. General growth begins with the growth of an organism whereas
sexual maturity is attained at a certain stage of life called adolescence.
14. What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilization does not occur?
Soln: Following changes occur in the uterus if fertilization does not occur
Extra lining of Uterus degenerates, Uterus lining fragments gets discharged through
vagina, Unfertilized egg gets discharged, Menstruation takes place
15. What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of the young
embryo?
Soln: Following changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of the
young embryo.
Uterine lining thickens to support the developing embryo. (PLACENTA)
Uterine lining is richly supplied with blood vessels so that nutrition and oxygen could be
supplied to the developing foetus.
16. What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?
Soln: Mechanical barriers prevents unwanted pregnancy
Mechanical barriers prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
17. In the given Figure 8.3 label the parts and mention their functions
(a) Production of egg (b) Site of fertilisation (c) Site of implantation
(d) Entry of the sperms
Soln: Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Vaginal passage human female reproductive system
18. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote?
How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Soln: The ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote is 1:2.
Sperm contains the genetic material from the father while the egg contains the genetic
material from the mother. Sperm can either have X chromosome or Y chromosome but
egg always have an X chromosome.
Long Answer Questions
19. Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration all considered as asexual types
of reproduction? With neat diagrams explain the process of regeneration in Planaria.
Soln: In Budding, fragmentation and regeneration only a single parent is involved and
there is no formation of gametes hence they are considered as asexual types of
reproduction.
20. Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of reproduction.
Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction.
Soln:
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
Two parents are involved Single parent is involved
Gametes are formed Gametes are not formed
In sexual reproduction, we can find more variations when compared to asexual mode of
reproduction. Following are the reasons for that.
Gene pool are contributed by two parents
Crossing over that occur during meiosis results in more variation
DNA replication also contributes to the variation
21. Distinguish between pollination and fertilisation. Mention the site and product of
fertilisation in a flower. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube
growth and its entry into the ovule.
Soln:
Pollination - It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Achieved by agents like wind, water or animals. Achieved by the growth of the pollen
tube so that the male gamete reaches the female germ cells. Pollination is an external
process. Leads to fertilization & lead to the formation of seeds.
Fertilization - It is the fusion of male gamete with female gamete. Occurs in the ovary of
the female. Ovary is the site of fertilization and pollination occurs externally germination
of pollen on stigma.
22. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual
reproduction.
Gamete - Formed after Meiosis. Gametes produce a haploid number of chromosomes
produces a diploid number of chromosomes. Gametes are required for sexual
reproduction
Zygote- Formed by the fusion of two gametes. Male and female parts produce gametes
Zygote formation takes place in a female. The zygote is the precursor for embryo
formation.
23. Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls. Write the names of
gamete producing organs in the flower.
24. What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?
Soln: [Link] is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the
embryo’s side of the tissue.
[Link] the mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large
surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo.
[Link] embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of placenta.
[Link] developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by
transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta.
25. Describe sexually transmitted diseases and mention the ways to prevent them.
Soln: Disease that gets spread from person to person through sexual means are called
sexually transmitted diseases. These include bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea and
syphilis, and viral infections such as warts and HIV-AIDS. Below are the ways to prevent
sexually transmitted diseases-
Use of condoms or other physical barriers.
Avoiding sexual contacts with unknown partners.
Avoid sharing towels or underclothing.
Get a vaccination for hepatitis B.
26. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a
dry slice of bread?
[Link] mould require moisture and nutrients for its growth. A moist slice of
bread contains both moisture and nutrients hence, it grows profusely as compared to a
dry slice of bread which contains only nutrients but no moisture.
27. Is the chromosome number of zygote,embryonal cells and the adult of a particular
organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Answer. Yes, the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a
particular organism is always constant. The constancy is maintained because the cells in
all these three structures undergo only mitotic divisions.
28. How are general growth and sexual v maturation different from each other?
Answer. General growth is the growth of different types of developmental processes in
the body like increase in height, weight gain, changes in shape and size of the body.
Sexual maturation is a set of changes in the body of an individual at puberty like cracking
of voice, new hair patterns, development of breast in females, etc.
29. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote?
How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Answer. 1. The ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote is 1: 2.
2. Sperm is genetically different from the egg in the way that it contains either X or Y
chromosome whereas an egg always contains an X chromosome.
Long Answer Questions
Question. 1 Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual
reproduction.
Answer.
Gamete Zygote
(i) It is germ cell that takes part in fertilisation. (i) It is a product of fertilisation.
(ii) There are two types of gametes – male and female.(ii) Zygote is of one type.
(iii) A gamete has haploid or In chromosome number (iii) Zygote has diploid or 2n
chromosome number.
(iv) A gamete carries characteristics of only one parent. (iv) It carries characteristics
of both the parents.
(v) Gamete is the last cell of its generation. (v) It is the first cell of new generation.
Role of Gamete in sexual reproduction — Gamete is the sex or germ cell specialised to
take part in sexual reproduction. Fusion of male gamete with a female gamete produces
a zygote. Role of Zygote in sexual reproduction — Zygote develops into embryo that later
forms the new individual.
Question. 2 What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?
Answer. Placenta is a special tissue that develops between the uterine wall and the
embryo (foetus).
The role of placenta during pregnancy is as follows:
Placenta attaches the foetus to the uterine wall.
It possesses a villi that increases the surface area for fixation and absorption.
It facilitates the passage of nutrition and oxygen to the embryo from mother through
blood.
Waste substances produced by the embryo (foetus) are removed through the placenta
into the mother's blood.
Question. 3 How does fertilisation take place? Fertilisation occurs once in a month.
Comment. Answer. Fertilisation takes place in the following ways:
The sperm enters through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse and moves
upward.
Egg released from the ovary reaches the oviduct.
Sperm encounters egg in the oviduct and fertilisation takes place. Fertilisation occurs
once in a month because egg is released by female ovary once every month in the
middle of menstrual cycle.