BASIC SCIENCE NOTE

SECOND TERM 2024/2025

Week Topic Content

WEEK The Human Digestive Overview of the digestive system, its parts (mouth,
1 System (Parts and Oesophagus , stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas) and
Functions) their functions (digestion, absorption, elimination).

WEEK Work, Energy, and Introduction to the concepts of work, energy, and
2 Power power. Definitions and mathematical formulas. Focus
on different types of energy (kinetic, potential) and
their relationships to work and power.

WEEK Work, Energy, and Continued exploration of work, energy, and power,
##3 Power focusing on practical examples and problem-solving
involving calculations of work done, energy
transformations, and power efficiency.

WEEK Types of Energy Exploration of different types of energy: kinetic,

4 potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, and
mechanical energy. Real-life applications of each type.
WEEK Types of Energy Detailed study on renewable and non-renewable
5 energy sources. Discussion on solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, and biomass energy, along with fossil
fuels.

WEEK Types of Energy Further analysis of energy conservation and

6 sustainability. Understanding energy transformation
and energy efficiency in various systems.

WEEK The Human Overview of the circulatory system (heart, blood

7 Circulatory System . vessels, blood), its parts, functions, and importance in
oxygen and nutrient transport

WEEK Measurement and Introduction to scientific measurement techniques,

8 Chemical Formulae units of measurement, and the concept of chemical
formulae. Basic understanding of stoichiometry and
balancing chemical equations.
WEEK Skeletal System Study of the human skeletal system: bones, joints, and
9 cartilage. Functions of the skeleton (protection,
support, and movement) and the types of bones (long,
short, flat, irregular).
WEEK Skeletal System Detailed study of the skeletal system’s structure and
10 function, including bone formation, bone diseases, and
disorders related to the skeleton.

WEEK 1

TOPIC: Digestive system

CONTENT: Definition of terms e. g digestion and digestive system etc.

 Parts of digestive system from mouth to anus.

Digestion process at various stages.

Absorption of food

Sub-Topic 1: Definition of terms e. g digestion and digestive system etc.

Digestion is the process by which food substances are broken down into simple
and soluble form that can be readily absorbed into the body.

Digestive system

All the parts of the body which work together to ensure digestion of food are
called the digestive system.

Ingestion: This is the taking in of food into the mouth.

Absorption: This process by which food from digestion is taken into the animal
body fluid.

Egestion: This is the process whereby undigested food is removed as faeces

through the anus from the body.

Parts of the digestive system

The digestive system consists of a long tube from the mouth to the anus with
various organs connected with it. The long tube is the alimentary canal and is
made up of the organs below:

Digestive organs Human alimentary canal

The mouth

The gullet oesophagus []

The stomach

The small intestine

The large intestine

The anus
Sub-Topic 2: Digestion process at various stages

1 The mouth: Food is mixed with saliva from the salivary [Link]
contains the enzyme ptyalin which starts the digestion of starch, and converts it
to [Link] softened food is swallowed into the oesophagus (gullet) as a
small ball or bolus.

2 The oesophagus (gullet): It is a narrow tube which connects the mouth to the
stomach. Food that has been chewed and partially digested in the mouth is
pushed down the gullet into the stomach by the process of peristalsis.
Peristalsis is the motion by which food is pushed along the gullet.

3 The stomach: The stomach is a sac-like organ. It is made up of connective

tissue which holds the organ together. The stomach secretes which contains
hydrochloric acid which stops starch digestion; enzyme pepsin acts on proteins
and converts it to peptone and enzyme rennin coagulates milk. The semi-
liquid and partly digested food in the stomach is called chyme and passes into
the first section of the small intestine-duodenum.

4 Small Intestine: Pancreas in the small intestine secretes pancreatic juice

which contains enzymes lipase, tripsin and amylase that help to digest fats and
oil, protein and carbohydrates in the duodenum which is the first section of the
small intestine. Bile from the liver is stored in the gall bladder, and enters the
duodenum through bile duct. Bile emulsifies fats .Digestion of food is
completed in the small intestine.

5 Large Intestine: The part of the food reaching the large intestine is waste
materials, and is useless to the body. The large intestine absorbs any water in
the waste materials. The hard waste (faeces) is passed out through the anus.

Absorption of food

At the end of the digestion all end products, vitamins, salts and water are
absorbed in the small intestine through special structures which appear like
small fingers on the wall of the intestine. They are called villi. They help to
increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption of food substance
into the blood stream.
ASSIGNMENT

1. Identify the major parts of the human digestive

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2. Explain the functions of each part of the digestive system and the action of enzymes
involved in
digestion._____________________________________________________________
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