Environmental Health and sanitation

ESDM 3213
Fahmida Alam Bintu
 Zoonosis
Zoonosis is an infection that is transmissible under natural conditions
from vertebrate animals to man, e.g. rabies, plague etc.
Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve
unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or
through food, water or the environment.
Zoonoses comprise a large percentage of all newly identified infectious
diseases as well as many existing ones. Some diseases, such as HIV, begin
as a zoonosis but later mutate into human-only strains. Other zoonoses can
cause recurring disease outbreaks, such as Ebola virus disease
• An Epizootic is an outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population, e.g. rift
valley fever.

• An Enzootic is an endemic occurring in animals, e.g. bovine TB.

 Classification of zoonoses by main direction of infection
Zoonoses occur both in humans and in
animals and are transmissible from
animals to humans and/ or from
humans to animals.
A distinction is made
between zooanthroponoses, whose
pathogens are mainly transmitted
from the animal kingdom to humans,
and anthropozoonoses, in which
transmission occurs mainly from
humans to animals. In the case of
facultative zoonoses (amphixenoses),
transmission is reciprocal
 Who is at risk?
Zoonotic pathogens can spread to humans through any contact point with
domestic, agricultural or wild animals. Markets selling the meat or by-
products of wild animals are particularly high risk due to the large number
of new or undocumented pathogens known to exist in some wild animal
populations. Agricultural workers in areas with a high use of antibiotics for
farm animals may be at increased risk of pathogens resistant to current
antimicrobial drugs. People living adjacent to wilderness areas or in semi-
urban areas with higher numbers of wild animals are at risk of disease from
animals such as rats, foxes or raccoons. Urbanization and the destruction of
natural habitats increase the risk of zoonotic diseases by increasing contact
between humans and wild animals.
International Agencies for
Health care services
 World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of
the United Nations responsible for international public
health. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices
and 150 field offices worldwide.
The WHO's mandate seeks and includes: working worldwide to promote
health, keeping the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. It advocates that
a billion more people should have: universal health care coverage,
engagement with the monitoring of public health risks, coordinating
responses to health emergencies, and promoting health and well-being. It
provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health
standards, and collects data on global health issues. A publication,
the World Health Report, provides assessments of worldwide health
topics. The WHO also serves as a forum for discussions of health issues.
 Achievements
The WHO has played a leading role in several public health
achievements, most notably
❑the eradication of smallpox,
❑the near-eradication of polio,
❑and the development of an Ebola vaccine.
 UNICEF
UNICEF, originally called the United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund in full, now officially United Nations
Children's Fund, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for
providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.
The agency is among the most widespread and recognizable
social welfare organizations in the world, with a presence in 192 countries
and territories.
UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease
prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV,
enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation,
promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to
disasters
ILO
 The Purpose of ILO are as follows

• To contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting social

justice
• To improve through international action, labour conditions and living
standards
• To improve economic and social stability

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the lead UN-agency

on HIV workplace policies and programmes and private sector
mobilization. ILOAIDS is the branch of the ILO dedicated to this issue.
The ILO Constitution sets forth the principle that workers must be
protected from sickness, disease and injury arising from their employment.
Yet for millions of workers the reality is very different. According to the
most recent ILO global estimates, 2.78 million work-related deaths are
recorded every year, of which 2.4 million are related to occupational dis-
eases. In addition to the immense suffering caused for workers and their
families, the associated economic costs are colossal for enterprises,
countries and the world. The losses in terms of compensation, lost work
days, interrupted production, training and reconversion, as well as health-
care expenditure, represent around 3.94 per cent of the world’s annual GDP
(See the website of the World Day for Safety and Health at Work 2018 ).
Employers face costly early retirements, loss of skilled staff, absenteeism
and high insurance premiums. Yet, many of these tragedies are preventable
through the implementation of sound prevention, reporting and inspection
practices. ILO standards on occupational safety and health provide
essential tools for governments, employers and workers to establish such
practices and provide for maximum safety at work.
World Bank
UNFPA
 Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS)
According to Fundamental Principles of Red Cross Red Crescent
Movement and the constitutional mandates of the Society,
Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) has been performing
comprehensive role in terms of public health development activity as
auxiliary to the public authority of Bangladesh through providing
health care services.
Providing emergency health care services, reduction of mother and
child mortality rate, providing treatment and prevention of different
diseases are the main goal of health programs and services of the
Society. Through 56 Mother and Child Health Centers (MCH centers), 2
Eye Hospitals, 5 Mother and Child Care hospitals, 1 General hospital,
and various health care centers, the Society has been providing
health care services to the people from different remote and
peripheral locations. As of 30th November 2019, including 433,001
women, 117,827 men and 145,340 children the Society provided
different health care services to a total of 696,168 persons for free or
at less cost.
Components of Health Department:

•Psychosocial Support
•Health Institutions
•Urban Empowerment Project
•Blood Program
•Cox’s Bazar Health Care Project