Unit 1 2. What is Cloud Computing?

Explain
advantages and disadvantages.
1. What is Cloud Computing? Explain its
importance. Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing
services such as storage, servers, networking,
Cloud Computing is a technology that allows
databases, and software over the internet.
users to access computing services such as
Instead of storing data on local computers,
servers, storage, databases, networking,
users can store and access data using cloud
software, and applications through the
servers.
internet instead of using a personal computer
or local server. Advantages of Cloud Computing

In cloud computing, data and applications are 1. Cost Efficient

stored on remote servers called cloud Users do not need to buy hardware or
servers, and users can access them anytime infrastructure.
using the internet.
2. Scalability
Importance of Cloud Computing Cloud resources can be expanded or
reduced according to demand.
1. Cost Reduction
Organizations do not need to buy 3. Remote Accessibility
expensive hardware or maintain Users can access data from any
servers. location using the internet.

2. Scalability 4. Automatic Software Updates

Cloud resources can easily be Cloud providers update software
increased or decreased depending on automatically.
user requirements.
5. Data Backup and Disaster Recovery
3. Accessibility Cloud services provide secure backup
Data and applications can be accessed systems.
from anywhere in the world using the
6. High Reliability
internet.
Cloud providers use multiple servers
4. Data Backup and Recovery to ensure service availability.
Cloud providers automatically
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
maintain backups which helps prevent
data loss. 1. Internet Dependency
Cloud services require a stable
5. High Performance
internet connection.
Cloud systems use powerful servers
that provide fast processing. 2. Security Risks
Data stored online may be vulnerable
6. Easy Maintenance
to cyber attacks.
Software updates and system
maintenance are handled by the cloud 3. Service Downtime
provider. Sometimes cloud services may be
temporarily unavailable.
7. Collaboration
Multiple users can work on the same 4. Limited Control
data or application at the same time. Users have less control over hardware
and infrastructure.
 5. Data Privacy Issues Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud service
Sensitive information stored in cloud model where software applications are
must be protected carefully. delivered through the internet.

Instead of installing software on local

computers, users can access the software
3. Explain the Seven-Step Model of Cloud
using a web browser.
Migration.
In SaaS, the service provider manages the
Cloud Migration is the process of moving
infrastructure, servers, and software updates,
applications, data, and services from local
while users only use the application.
systems to cloud infrastructure.
Features of SaaS
The Seven-Step Model of Cloud Migration
helps organizations move their systems to the 1. Software is hosted on cloud servers.
cloud in a systematic way.
2. Users access the software through
Steps of Cloud Migration internet browsers.

1. Conduct Cloud Migration Assessment 3. No installation or maintenance is

Analyze existing applications and required.
check if they are suitable for cloud
4. Updates are automatically provided
migration.
by the service provider.
2. Isolate Dependencies
5. Multiple users can access the same
Identify dependencies between
software.
different application components.
Examples of SaaS
3. Map Application Components
Map different application components • Google Docs
to suitable cloud services.
• Gmail
4. Re-architect the Application
Modify or redesign applications so • Microsoft Office 365
they can run efficiently in cloud • Salesforce
environment.
• Dropbox
5. Select Cloud Service Model
Choose appropriate service model Advantages
such as IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS. • Easy access from anywhere
6. Test the System • Low cost and subscription-based
Test the application in cloud model
environment to ensure proper
performance. • Automatic updates and maintenance

7. Monitor and Optimize

Continuously monitor system
5. Explain essential characteristics of Cloud
performance and optimize resources
Computing (NIST).
for better efficiency.
According to NIST (National Institute of
Standards and Technology), cloud computing
4. Explain Software as a Service (SaaS). has five essential characteristics.
1. On-Demand Self Service Feature NAS SAN
Users can automatically access computing Used for
resources such as storage or processing power Used for file
Usage enterprise
without human interaction with the provider. sharing
storage systems
2. Broad Network Access
Conclusion:
Cloud services are available over the internet NAS is suitable for small organizations and file
and can be accessed using different devices sharing, while SAN is used in large enterprises
like mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and where high performance and large storage
desktops. are required.

3. Resource Pooling

Cloud providers use shared resources to serve 7. Explain Direct Attached Storage (DAS).
multiple users. This is called multi-tenancy.
Direct Attached Storage (DAS) is a storage
4. Rapid Elasticity system where storage devices are directly
connected to a computer or server without
Resources can be quickly increased or
using a network.
decreased depending on the user’s
requirements. Examples include hard disks, solid-state
drives (SSD), and USB drives.
5. Measured Service
Characteristics of DAS
Cloud systems automatically measure
resource usage, and users pay only for the 1. Storage devices are directly connected
services they use. to the computer.

2. It does not use network

communication.
Unit 2
3. Easy to install and manage.
6. Compare NAS and SAN.
4. Suitable for single user or single
Feature NAS SAN system.
Network Advantages
Storage Area
Full Form Attached
Network • Simple and low cost
Storage
• Fast data access for local systems
Connected
Connected
through • Easy to manage
Connection through high-
normal
speed network Disadvantages
network
• Limited scalability
File level Block level
Data Access • Storage cannot be easily shared
access access
between multiple users
Moderate
Performance Very high speed • Data management becomes difficult
speed
when storage increases
Cost Less expensive Expensive
8. Write short note on Hadoop File System 4. Supports automatic data replication.
(HDFS).
Advantages
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a
• Highly scalable system
distributed storage system designed to store
and manage large volumes of data across • Reliable data storage
multiple machines.
• Handles hardware failures efficiently
It is widely used in big data processing
• Fast data access for large applications
systems.

Components of HDFS

1. NameNode 10. Write short note on MapReduce.

It is the master node that manages MapReduce is a programming model used for
metadata and file system structure. processing large data sets in distributed
2. DataNode computing environments such as Hadoop.
These nodes store actual data blocks It divides large tasks into smaller tasks and
in the system. processes them in parallel.
Features of HDFS Phases of MapReduce
• High fault tolerance 1. Map Phase
• Distributed data storage In this phase, input data is divided into smaller
• High reliability pieces and processed separately.

• Can handle large data sets 2. Reduce Phase

HDFS stores data in blocks and distributes The results from the map phase are combined
them across multiple machines, which to produce the final output.
improves performance and reliability. Advantages

• Efficient processing of large data sets

9. Explain Dynamo Distributed Storage • Supports parallel processing
System.
• Provides fault tolerance
Dynamo is a distributed storage system
developed by Amazon to handle large • Improves performance of big data
amounts of data in distributed applications. systems

It is designed to provide high availability,

scalability, and fault tolerance. 11. List and explain Cloud Data Storage
Features of Dynamo Challenges.

1. Uses key-value storage model. Cloud data storage provides many benefits but
also has some challenges.
2. Data is distributed across multiple
nodes. 1. Data Security

3. Provides high availability even during Data stored in cloud may be vulnerable to
system failures. cyber attacks.
2. Data Privacy 4. Community Cloud
Community cloud is shared by multiple
Sensitive information must be protected from
organizations that have similar requirements,
unauthorized access.
such as government departments or research
3. Data Loss institutions.

Hardware failures or system errors may cause

data loss.
13. Cloud Service Models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)
4. Bandwidth Limitations
Cloud service models define different types of
Large data transfer requires high internet services provided by cloud providers.
bandwidth.
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
5. Data Management
IaaS provides basic computing resources such
Managing and organizing large volumes of as servers, storage and networking through
data can be difficult. the internet. Users can install their own
operating systems and applications.
6. Service Availability
Example: Amazon EC2.
Cloud services may sometimes experience
downtime.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

12. Cloud Deployment Models PaaS provides a platform where developers

can build, test and deploy applications
Cloud deployment models describe how cloud without managing hardware or infrastructure.
infrastructure is set up and who can access it.
They define the environment where cloud Example: Google App Engine.
services are used.

Types of Cloud Deployment Models

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
1. Public Cloud
SaaS provides ready-to-use software
In public cloud, services are provided over the
applications through the internet. Users can
public internet and can be used by anyone.
access these applications through web
The infrastructure is owned and managed by a
browsers.
cloud provider.
Examples: AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Examples: Gmail, Google Docs, Microsoft
Azure. Office 365.

2. Private Cloud
Private cloud is used by only one
Comparison
organization. It provides more security and
control over data and resources. Model Service Provided
3. Hybrid Cloud
IaaS Infrastructure
Hybrid cloud is a combination of public cloud
and private cloud. Organizations store PaaS Development Platform
sensitive data in private cloud and use public
cloud for other services. SaaS Ready-to-use Software
 4. Re-architect Applications – Modify
applications for cloud environment.
14. Cloud System Architecture
5. Select Service Model – Choose IaaS,
Cloud system architecture refers to the
PaaS or SaaS.
structure of components used to deliver
cloud computing services. 6. Test Applications – Test applications
after migration.
It mainly consists of two parts: Front End and
Back End. 7. Monitor and Optimize – Monitor
performance and improve efficiency.
Front End

Front end includes client devices and

applications used by users. Examples include 16. Trends in Cloud Computing
computers, smartphones, and web browsers.
Cloud computing is continuously evolving with
Back End new technologies.

Back end includes servers, storage systems, Major Trends

databases and cloud management software.
1. Hybrid Cloud
These components store and manage data in
Combination of public cloud and private cloud
the cloud.
for better flexibility and security.
Network
2. Multi-Cloud
The internet connects the front end and back Using services from multiple cloud providers.
end, allowing users to access cloud services.
3. Serverless Computing
Cloud architecture helps provide efficient, Applications run without managing servers.
scalable and reliable cloud services. Cloud provider manages infrastructure.

4. Edge Computing
Data processing is done closer to the data
15. Seven-Step Model of Cloud Migration
source to reduce delay.
Cloud migration means moving applications
5. AI and Machine Learning Integration
and data from local systems to cloud
Cloud providers offer AI and machine learning
infrastructure.
services to analyze large data.
The seven-step model helps organizations
migrate systems to the cloud in a structured
way.

Steps

1. Migration Assessment – Analyze

applications and check if they can be
moved to cloud.

2. Identify Dependencies – Identify

relationships between applications.

3. Map Application Components – Map

components to cloud services.