Department of EECE

GITAM School of Core Engineering

ANALOG CIRCUITS
24EECE2071

Dr. K. Sridevi
Associate Professor
 Syllabus

• MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS AND CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUITS

9 Hrs
• Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT, MOS Current Sources, Current Mirrors
Circuits, Current Mirrors with improved performance. Differential Amplifiers: the
MOS differential pair, small-signal operation of the MOS differential pair, other non-
ideal characteristics of MOS differential amplifier, the MOS differential amplifier with
active load.
• MODULE 2 FEEDBACK 9 Hrs
• Feedback Amplifiers: The general feedback structure, properties of negative
feedback, basic feedback topologies, the series-shunt feedback amplifier, the
series-series feedback amplifier, shunt-shunt and shunt-series feedback amplifiers,
determining loop gain
 Syllabus
• MODULE 3 OSCILLATORS 9 Hrs
• Oscillators: Basic principles of sinusoidal oscillators, op amp RC oscillator circuits,
LC and crystal oscillators.
•
• MODULE 4 OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS 9 Hrs
• Output Stages and Power amplifiers: Classification of output stages, class A output
stage, class B output stage, class AB output stage, power BJTs, class C output stage,
MOS power transistor.
•
• MODULE 5 ANALOG FILTER DESIGN 9 Hrs
• Filter Transmission, Types, and Specification, The Filter Transfer Function,
Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters, First-Order and Second-Order Filter Functions,
The Second-Order LCR Resonator. Active Filter Design
 Books

Textbook(s):
• Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Arun N. Chandorkar, Microelectronic
Circuits, 7/e, Oxford University Press, 2017

Reference(s):
• Behzad Razavi, Fundamentals of Microelectronics, 3/e, Wiley Student
Edition, 2021
• Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuits
Theory, 11/e, Pearson Education, 2015
• Dharma Raj Cheruku, B T Krishna, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 2/e,
Pearson Education, 2008
 Course Outcomes
CO1: Analyze the characteristics of differential amplifier circuits.
CO2: Analyze the characteristics of different negative feedback
amplifier configurations and design the feedback amplifiers for the
given specifications.
CO3:Describe the basic principle of sinusoidal oscillators and
identify the usage of different oscillator circuits.
CO4: Analyze the characteristics of different power amplifier
circuits.
CO5: Design analog filters for the given design specifications.
 Module1

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS AND CURRENT MIRROR

CIRCUITS
 Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
• Typical Values of MOSFET Parameters:
 Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
• Typical Values of IC BJT Parameters:
Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• Biasing in integrated-circuit design is based on the use of constant-
current sources.
• On an IC chip with a number of amplifier stages, a constant dc
current (called a reference current) is generated at one location and
is then replicated at various other locations for biasing the various
amplifier stages through a process known as current steering.
• This approach has the advantage that the effort expended on
generating a predictable and stable reference current, usually
utilizing a precision resistor external to the chip or a special circuit on
the chip, need not be repeated for every amplifier stage
• These current-source circuits are also utilized as amplifier load
elements
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• The below figure shows the circuit of a simple MOS constant-current source.
• The heart of the circuit is transistor Q1, the drain of which is shorted to its gate,
thereby forcing it to operate in the saturation mode. The drain current by
neglecting the channel length modulation, is given as
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• The current through R is considered to be the reference current of the
current source and is denoted as IREF.
• Now consider transistor Q2. It has the same VGS as Q1; thus, if we
assume that it is operating in saturation, its drain current, which is
the output current I0 of the current source, will be
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• The special connection of Q1and Q2 provides an output current I0
that is related to the reference current IREF by the aspect ratios of the
transistors.
• The relationship between I0 and IREF is solely determined by the
geometries of the transistors.
• In the special case of identical transistors I0=IREF, and the circuit
simply replicates or mirrors the reference current in the output
terminal.
• This has given the circuit composed of Q1and Q2 the name current
mirror, a name that is used irrespective of the ratio of device
dimensions.
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• Effect of VO on IO:
• for the operation of the current source, we assumed Q2 to be
operating in saturation.
• To ensure that Q2 is saturated, the circuit to which the drain of Q2 is
to be connected must establish a drain voltage VO that satisfies the
relationship
•
• VO ≥ VOV
• Current source will operate properly with an output voltage Vo as low
as VOV, which is a few tenths of a volt.
 The Basic MOSFET Current Source
• Effect of VO on IO: channel-length modulation can have a significant effect on the operation of the
current source.
• Consider, for simplicity, the case of identical devices Q1 and Q2. The drain current of Q2, IO, will
equal the current in Q1, IREF, at the value of VO that causes the two devices to have the same VDS,
that is, at VO=VGS. As VO is increased above this value, IO will increase according to the
incremental output resistance r02 of Q2.
• the current source have a finite output resistance Ro
• Ro=∆Vo/ ∆Io=ro2=VA2/Io
• Early voltage of Q2 is VA2
 MOS Current-Steering Circuits
• Once a constant current has been generated, it can be replicated to
provide dc bias or load currents for the various amplifier stages in an
IC.
Here Q1 together with R determine the
reference current IREF. Transistors Q1,
Q2, and Q3 form a two-output current
mirror.
 MOS Current-Steering Circuits
VD2,VD3>=-Vss+Vov1
• Where VOV1 is the overdrive voltage at which Q1, Q2 and Q3 are operating
• We see that current I3 is fed to the input side of a current mirror
formed by PMOS transistors Q4 and Q5. This mirror provides

Where I4=I3. To keep Q5 in saturation, its drain voltage should be

Finally, an important point to note is that in the circuit current steering, while Q2 pulls its
current I2 from a circuit, Q5 pushes its current I5 into a circuit. Thus Q5 is appropriately
called a current source, whereas Q2 should more properly be called a current sink. In an
IC, both current sources and current sinks are usually needed.