SQL
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souravmazumder.art21SQL
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souravmazumder.art21📘 SQL REVISION
🔹 SQL = Structured Query Language
🔹 Works on tables (row s + columns)
🔹 COMMAND TYPES
DDL → CREATE , ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE
DML → INSERT, UPDATE , DELETE
DQL → SELECT
CREATE TABLE Student (RollNo INT, Name VARCHAR(20),
Marks INT);
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1 ,'A',90);
UPDATE Student SET Marks=95 WHERE RollNo=1;
DELETE FROM Student WHERE RollNo=1;
SELECT * FROM Student;
SELECT Name,Marks FROM Student WHERE Marks>80;
🔹 CL AUSES
WHERE → SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Marks>80
ORDER BY → SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY Marks DESC
DISTINCT → SELECT DISTINCT Marks FROM Student
🔹 OPERATORS
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>
AND, OR, NOT
SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE Marks>80 AND Name='A';
🔹 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
COUNT() → row s
SUM() → total
AVG() → average
MAX() → highest
MIN() → lowest
SELECT AVG(Marks) FROM Student;
🔹 GROUPING
GROUP BY → grouping
HAVING → group condition
SELECT Marks,COUNT() FROM Student GROUP BY Marks;
SELECT Marks,COUNT() FROM Student GROUP BY Marks
HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
🔹 DATA TYPES
INT, FLOAT, DATE
VARCHAR(n) → variable
CHAR(n) → fixed
🔹 CONSTRAINT S
PRIMARY KEY → unique + not null
NOT NULL → cannot be empty
UNIQUE → no duplicates
DEFAULT → auto value
CHECK → condition
Example: Marks INT CHECK(Marks>=0)
🔹 LIKE (pattern)
'A%' → starts with A
'%A' → ends with A
'%A%' → contains A
'_' → single character
🔹 BETWEEN
Marks BETWEEN 50 AND 80
🔹 IN
Marks IN (50,60,70)
🔹 NULL
IS NULL / IS NOT NULL
(NULL ≠ 0)
🔹 ALTER
ADD → ALTER TABLE Student ADD Age INT
DROP → ALTER TABLE Student DROP Age
MODIFY → ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY Name
VARCHAR(50)
🔹 DIFFERENCES
DELETE → selected row s
TRUNCATE → full table
WHERE → before grouping
HAVING → af ter grouping
🔹 EXECUTION ORDER
FROM → WHERE → GROUP BY → HAVING → SELECT → ORDER
BY
🔹 QUICK REVISION
SELECT → fetch
WHERE → filter
GROUP BY → group
HAVING → group condition
INSERT → add
UPDATE → modif y
DELETE → remove
🔹 FOCUS
✔ SELECT queries
✔ Conditions
✔ Functions
✔ Errors
✔ Dif ferences
🔹 COMMON ERRORS
❌ INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1 ,'A')
✔ Missing values
❌ UPDATE Student SET Marks=100
✔ Updates all row s
❌ WHERE Marks = NULL
✔ Use IS NULL
❌ SELECT Name Marks FROM Student
✔ Missing comma