Python Basics

Panchatcharam M

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 Python Environments and IDE
Panchatcharam M

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 Text Book and References

1. Martin C B, Python: The Complete Reference, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill

Education (2018).
2. Mark S, Programming in Python 3: A Complete Introduction to the Python
Language, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education (2018).
3. Robert J, Numerical Python, 2nd Edition, Apress (2018).

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 Other References

1. H. Bhasin, Python for Beginners, 2018

2. M. Lutz and D. Ascher, Learning Python, 2016
3. H. P. Langtangen, A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python, 2016
4. E. Matthes, Python Crash Course, 2015
5. A. B. Downey, Think Python: How to think like a computer scientist, 2016
6. D. Beazley and B. K. Jones, Python cookbook, 2013

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 Compiler vs Interpreter

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PYTHON: What, Why, How

6
 Python

◼ Famous programming language

◼ 1989, Guido van Rossum, a Dutch computer
programmer
Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a
◼ A back end programming language "hobby" programming project that would keep me
occupied during the week around Christmas. My office (a
◼ High level programming language government-run research lab in Amsterdam) would be
closed, but I had a home computer, and not much else
on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the
◼ Reliability, simplicity new scripting language I had been thinking about lately:
a descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C
hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project,
◼ Supports polymorphism, operator overloading, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of
Monty Python's Flying Circus).
inheritance --Guido van Rossum
Reston, VA, May 1996
◼ Call components written in C or C++ or vice versa

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 Python

>>> import this Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
Beautiful is better than ugly. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
Explicit is better than implicit. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Simple is better than complex. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Complex is better than complicated. Now is better than never.
Flat is better than nested. Although never is often better than *right* now.
Sparse is better than dense. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
Readability counts. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

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 Characteristics of Python

◼ Richer data type than any other programming language

◼ Simpler to peruse linguistic structures than any other
programming language
◼ Autonomous scripted language
◼ Full access to working framework API’s
◼ More run-time adaptability
◼ Libraries are cross-platform (works with Linux, Mac,
Windows)

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 Characteristics of Python

◼ Can build extensive applications

Easily compiled to byte-code
◼

◼ Easy to use OOP

Easy
◼ Easier to troubleshoot Popular Powerful
◼ Easier to test
◼ Clean, clear syntax
Rich Libraries
◼ Very few keyword General Purpose
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 Why Python

◼ Clean Syntax
◼ No variable declaration required
◼ Although not a type-less language
◼ Less development time
◼ Require less training

Python is a programming language that lets you work

quickly and integrate systems more effectively

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 Python Libraries
◼ Numpy: Multi-dimensional array
◼ 130K+ packages operations
◼ Scipy: scientific computing
◼ 2K packages per month
◼ Matplotlib: plotting library
◼ 181657 projects
◼ SageMath: System of Algebra and
Geometry Experimentation
◼ Symby: symbolic computation

◼ Pandas: data manipulation and

analysis

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 Python Libraries

◼ PiCloud: Supercomputing processing

◼ Many aspects Mathematics capacity on the cloud
◼ Algebra ◼ Scikit-learn: Machine Learning toolkit
◼ Combinatorics ◼ Pygame: For game development
◼ Numerical Mathematics ◼ pyQT/pyGtk: To develop GUI
◼ Calculus ◼ Nltk: natural language kit
◼ Number theory ◼ TensorFlow: machine learning library
◼ Keras: machine learning library

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 Applications for Python

Web and Internet Development

Ed
Scientific and Numeric u c at
io
n
GUIs p m e n t Gaming
e D e v e l o
Soft w a r
b a s e Business applications
D a t a
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 Applications for Python

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 Python Programs

Modules are written as text files

.py extension
Every module has its own discrete namespace
Modules and programs are differentiated only by
the way they are called

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 Python Programs

.py file executed directly are called programs

.py files reference by import statement are
called modules
.py file can be script also

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PYTHON installation

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 Requirements

Download python from [Link]

Any version:
Recommended version > 3.12
Download numpy 2.3.5
Download scipy 1.16.3
Download matplotlib 3.10.7

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 Install

Download python from [Link]

In Windows Store
In Ubuntu 16.04 or later, it is part of OS
For Mac OSX, download and install

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 Install

After installation open python shell

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 Vagitus

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PYTHON IDEs

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 Pycharm
[Link]

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 Pycharm

File Explorer Editor

Output
Terminal

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 Pycharm

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 Jupyter
[Link]

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 Jupyter
[Link]

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 Anaconda
[Link]

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 Anaconda

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 Anaconda

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 Anaconda

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 Colaboratory
[Link]

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 Colaboratory
[Link]

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 Kaggle
[Link]

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PYTHON: Simple files

36
 Python Programs

Modules are written as text files

.py extension
Every module has its own discrete namespace
Modules and programs are differentiated only by
the way they are called

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 Python Programs

.py file executed directly are called programs

.py files reference by import statement are
called modules
.py file can be script also

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PYTHON: frequently used
DATA Types

39
 Variables

◼ variable: A named piece of memory that

can store a value.
◼ Usage:
◼Compute an expression's result,
◼store that result into a variable,
◼and use that variable later in the
program

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 Variables

No variable declaration required

>>> a = 5
>>>
Variable assignment is a statement, no printing
>>> a
5
a itself is an expression, so printing the result
Warning: Variables must be created before usage
Exception error
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 Types of variable

>>> a = 5 >>> a = “ATSNPDE”

>>> type(a) >>> type (a)
<class ‘int’> <class ‘str’>

>>> a = 8.0
>>> type (a)
<class ‘float’>

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 Data Types

Strings
Can use “” or ‘’ to specify.
“abc” ‘abc’ (Same thing.)
Unmatched can occur within the string
“matt’s”
Use triple double-quotes for multi-line
strings or strings that contain both ‘and “
inside of them:
“““a‘b“c”””

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PYTHON: white space and
comments

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 White Space

Whitespace is meaningful in Python: especially

indentation and placement of newlines.
Use a newline to end a line of code.
Use \ when must go to next line prematurely

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 White Space

No braces { } to mark blocks of code in Python…

Use consistent indentation instead.
The first line with less indentation is outside of the block.
The first line with more indentation starts a nested block
Often a colon appears at the start of a new block.
(E.g. for function and class definitions.)

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 Comments

Start comments with # – the rest of line is ignored.

Can include a “documentation string” as the first line of
any new function or class that you define.
The development environment, debugger, and other tools
use
it: it’s good style to include one.
def my_function(x, y):
“““This is the docstring. This
function does blah blah blah.”””
# The code would go here...

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Data Types

48
 Numeric Types

>>> a = 5 >>> a = 8.0

>>> type(a) >>> type (a)
<class ‘int’> <class ‘float’>

>>> a = 5+4j
>>> type(a)
<class ‘complex’>

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 String Data Types
>>> a = “ATSNPDE”
Strings >>> type (a)
<class ‘str’>
Can use “” or ‘’ to specify.
“abc” ‘abc’ (Same thing.)
Unmatched can occur within the string
“matt’s”
Use triple double-quotes for multi-line
strings or strings that contain both ‘and “
inside of them:
“““a‘b“c”””

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 Boolean Datatypes

>>> is_pass = True >>> is_pass = False

>>> type (is_pass) >>> type (is_pass)
<class ‘bool’> <class ‘bool’>

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 List and Tuple Datatypes

>>> company= [“Google”,”Facebook”,”Apple”]

>>> type (company)
<class ‘list’>
company=list(("Google","Facebook","Apple"))

>>> animals= (“Lion”,”Tiger”,”Cat”)

>>> type (animals)
<class ‘tuple’>
animals= tuple((“Lion”,”Tiger”,”Cat”))

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 Set Datatypes

>>> company= {“Google”,”Facebook”,”Apple”}

>>> type (company)
<class ‘set’>
company=set(("Google","Facebook","Apple"))

>>> animals= frozenset({“Lion”,”Tiger”,”Cat”})

>>> type (animals)
<class ‘frozenset’>
animals= frozenset((“Lion”,”Tiger”,”Cat”))

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 Range and dict Datatypes

>>> x=range(10)
>>> type (x)
<class ‘range’>

>>> s= {“name”:”Raj”,”age”:20,”Marks”:94.5,”Pass”:True}
>>> type (s)
<class ‘dict’>

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 Byte Datatypes

>>> x=b”Placement”
>>> type(x) >>> x=bytearray(5)
<class ‘bytes’> >>> type(x)
<class ‘bytearray’>

>>> x=memoryview(x)
>>> type(x)
<class ‘memoryview’>

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Operators and precedence

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 Arithmetic Operators
expression: A data value or set of operations to compute a value.
Examples: 1 + 4 * 3

Arithmetic operators we will use:

+ addition
- subtraction/negation
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus, a.k.a. remainder
** exponentiation
// floor division

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 Precedence
Order in which operations are computed.
** has higher precedence than * / // %
* / // % have a higher precedence than + -

1 + 3 * 4 is 13
Parentheses can be used to force a certain order of evaluation.
(1 + 3) * 4 is 16

Multiple operators of same precedence

** right to left associativity
* / // % + -left to right associativity
Advice: Better use parentheses if you have more than one
operators of multiple precedence

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 Expressions

Python can also manipulate real numbers.

Examples: 6.022 -15.9997 42.0 2.143e17

The operators + - * / // % ** ( ) all work for real numbers.

Example for / 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5
Example for // : 15.0 / 2.0 is 7
The % produces an exact answer: 7.5 / 2.0 is 1.5

The same rules of precedence also apply to real numbers:

Evaluate ( ) before * / % before + -

When integers and reals are mixed, the result is a real number.
Example: 1 / 2.0 is 0.5

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 Math Methods
Method Description
Constant Description
abs(value) absolute value
e 2.7182818...
ceil(value) rounds up
pi 3.1415926...
cos(value) cosine, in radians
tau (2*pi) 6.2831853...
floor(value) rounds down
log(value) logarithm, base e
log10(value) logarithm, base 10
max(value1, value2) larger of two values
min(value1, value2) smaller of two values
round(value) nearest whole number
sin(value) sine, in radians
sqrt(value) square root

◼ To use many of these Methods, you must write the following

at the top of your Python program:
◼ import math

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 Reserved Words

Names are case sensitive and cannot start with a number.

They can contain letters, numbers, and underscores.

bob Bob _bob _2_bob_ bob_2 BoB

and, assert, break, class, continue,

def, del, elif, else, except, exec,
finally, for, from, global, if, import,
in, is, lambda, not, or, pass, print,
raise, return, try, while

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Assignment: What goes on
behind the scene

62
 Assignment statement

◼ Assignment Statement: Stores a value into a variable.

◼ Syntax:
name = value
◼ Examples: x = 5
gpa = 3.14
x, y = 2,3
◼ A variable that has been given a value can be used in
expressions.
x + 4 is 9
◼ Exercise: Evaluate the quadratic equation for a given a, b, and c.
2
◼ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

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 Assignment statement

◼ Assignment manipulates references.

◼ x = y does not make a copy of the object y references
◼ x = y makes x reference the object y references
name = value
◼ Examples: a = [1,2,3] # a now references the list [1,2,3]
b = a # b now references what a references
[Link](4) # this changes the list a references
print(b) # if we print b
[1,2,3,4] # SURPRISED!?

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 Assignment statement
◼ There is a lot going on when we type a = 3
◼ First, an integer 3 is created and stored in memory
◼ A name a is created
◼ A reference to the memory location storing the 3 is the assigned
to the name a
◼ So: When we say that the value of a is 3
◼ we mean that a now refers to the integer 3

Name: a Type: Integer

Ref: <address1> Data: 3

name list memory

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 Assignment statement

❖ The data 3 we created is of type integer. In Python, the datatypes integer, float,
and string (and tuple) are “immutable.”
❖ This doesn’t mean we can’t change the value of x, i.e. Change what x refers to …
❖ For example, we could increment x
>>> x = 5
>>> x = x + 1
>>> print(x)
6

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 Assignment statement
➢ If we increment x, then what’s really happening is:
➢ The reference of name x is looked up. >>> x = x + 1
➢ The value at that reference is retrieved
➢ The 3+1 calculation occurs, producing a new data element 4 which is
assigned to a fresh memory location with a new reference.
➢ The name x is changed to point to this new reference.
➢ The old data 3 is garbage collected if no name still refers to it

Type: Integer
Name: x Data: 3
Ref: <address1>
Type: Integer
Data: 4

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 Assignment statement
>>> x = 3 # Creates 3, name x refers to 3
>>> y = x # Creates name y, refers to 3.
>>> y = 4 # Creates ref for 4. Changes y.
>>> print(x) # No effect on x, still ref 3.
3

Name: x
Ref: <address1> Type: Integer
Data: 3

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 Assignment statement
>>> x = 3 # Creates 3, name x refers to 3
>>> y = x # Creates name y, refers to 3.
>>> y = 4 # Creates ref for 4. Changes y.
>>> print(x) # No effect on x, still ref 3.
3

Name: x
Ref: <address1> Type: Integer
Data: 3

Name: y
Ref: <address1>

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 Assignment statement
>>> x = 3 # Creates 3, name x refers to 3
>>> y = x # Creates name y, refers to 3.
>>> y = 4 # Creates ref for 4. Changes y.
>>> print(x) # No effect on x, still ref 3.
3

Name: x
Ref: <address1> Type: Integer
Data: 3

Name: y
Ref: <address1> Type: Integer
Data: 4

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 Assignment statement
>>> x = 3 # Creates 3, name x refers to 3
>>> y = x # Creates name y, refers to 3.
>>> y = 4 # Creates ref for 4. Changes y.
>>> print(x) # No effect on x, still ref 3.
3

Name: x Type: Integer

Ref: <address1> Data: 3

Name: y Type: Integer

Ref: <address1> Data: 4

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 Assignment statement
❑ For other data types (lists, dictionaries, user-defined types),
assignment works differently.
❑ These datatypes are “mutable.”
❑ When we change these data, we do it in place.
❑ We don’t copy them into a new memory address each time.
❑ If we type y=x and then modify y, both x and y are changed

immutable mutable
>>> x = 3
x = some mutable object
>>> y = x
y = x
>>> y = 4 make a change to y
>>> print(x) look at x
3
x will be changed as well
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 Sharing List

a = [1, 2, 3] a 1 2 3

a
b = a 1 2 3
b

a
[Link](4) 1 2 3 4
b
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Print and input

74
 print

◼ print : Produces text output on the console.

◼ Syntax:
print("Message“)
print(Expression)
◼ Prints the given text message or expression value on the

console, and moves the cursor down to the next line.

print(Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN)

◼ Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

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 print

◼ Examples:
print("Hello, world!")
age = 45
print("You have", 65 - age, "years until
retirement")

Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement

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 input
◼ input : Reads a number from user input.
◼ You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.

◼ Example:

age = input("How old are you? ")

print("Your age is", age)
print("You have", 65 – int(age), "years
until retirement")

Output:

How old are you? 53

Your age is 53
You have 12 years until retirement

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More on print

Fancy output

78
 print

◼ print : Produces text output on the console.

◼ Full Syntax:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n',
file=[Link], flush=False)
❑ objects: objects to be printed

❑ sep: object separated by sep

❑ file: with write string method

❑ flush: stream is forcibly flushed

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 print

◼ Examples:
a,b = 10,5
print("a = ", a, sep='00000', end='\n\n\n')
print(“b = ", a, sep='0', end='')
Output:
a = 0000010

a = 05

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 print

◼ Examples:
fp=open('[Link]','w')
print(“ATSNPDE Laboratory",file=fp)
[Link]()

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 Formatted string in print

◼ Examples:
import math
print(f'The value of pi is approx {[Link]:.3f}.')
print('There are {}, {}, {}, {} in chess'.format('knights',
'king','queen','horses'))
FirstName='Raja'
LastName='Kumar'
Marks=43.5
print('Student Name {1} {2}. His Mark is {0}'.format(Marks,FirstName, LastName))
print('Student Name {0} {1}. His Mark is {2}'.format(FirstName, LastName,Marks))
print('Student Name {first} {last}. His Mark is
{mark}'.format(mark=Marks,first=FirstName, last=LastName))
print('Student Name {first} {last}. His Mark is {mark}'.format(first=FirstName,
mark=Marks,last=LastName))

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 Formatted string in print

◼ Examples:
x=2
print('{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))
x=3
print('{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))
x=8
print('{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))
x=10
print('{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))

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More on lists

84
 List: Key Functions

x=[1,2,3,4,5]
print('First Element: ',x[0]) #indexing
print(‘Second Element: ',x[1])
print('Last Element: ',x[-1]) #indexing from last
print('Slicing: ',x[2:]) #slicing
print('Slicing 2: ',x[-2:]) #slicing
x=x+[2,3,4,5,6] #concatenation
print('Concatenation:',x)
[Link](7) #appending
print('Appended 7: ',x)
[Link](2) #removing
print('Removed 2: ',x)
x[2]=7 #replacing
print('Replacment: ',x)

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 List: Key Functions
y=[0,0,0] #nested list
y[0]=[1,2,3] #replacing
y[1]=[3,4,5]
y[2]=[5,6,7]
print('Nested List :',y)
#can be mixture of all data types
A=['a','b','c','d','e','f',0,0.1,"Ram",True,3+4j,[1,2,3,4]]
print('Mixtures: ',A)
print('Slicing Again: ',A[2:7]) #slicing
#Remove item
A[2:6]=[]
print('Removing again: ',A)
del A[2]
print('Deleting: ',A)
#Remove all
A[:]=[]
print('Removed Everything: ',A)

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 List: Key Functions
#Length
A=['a','b','c','d','e','f’]
print(‘A*2:’,A*2)
print('New List:',A)
print('Length of List: ',len(A))
[Link]()
x=x+[2,3,4,5,6]
print('Cleared Again: ',A)
print(x)
A=['a','b','c','d','e','f']
print('Number of occurences of 3: ',[Link](3))
[Link]('g')
#number of occurences
print('Extended',A)
print('Index of 5 in the list: ',[Link](5))
print('Maximum and Minimum: ',max(x),min(x))
#minimum and maximum
[Link]()
print('Reversed: ',x)
[Link]()
print('Sorted: ',x)
reversed(x)
print(x)

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More on Tuples

88
 Tuples: Key Functions

heros=('Arthos','Porthos','Aramis','Romeo','Juliet')
print(heros)
print(len(heros))
print(heros[1],heros[2],heros[-1],heros[-
2],heros[2:],heros[-2:],sep=' & ')
print([Link]('Porthos'))

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More on SETS

90
 Sets: Key Functions
emptyset=set()
print(emptyset)
print(x)
numbers=set(x)
print(numbers)
y=list(numbers)
print(y) programming=set(['C','C++','Python','Ruby','Java','S
cala','Swift','Perl'])
print(programming)
[Link]('Python')
print(programming)
[Link]('SQL')
print(programming)
compilers=set(['C','C++','Scala'])
interpreters=set(['Python','Java'])
[Link](compilers)

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 Sets: Key Functions

intersect=[Link](interpreters)
print(intersect)
union=[Link](interpreters)
print(union)
union=[Link](programming)
print(union)
diff=[Link](compilers)
print(diff)
print([Link](interpreters))
print([Link](programming))
print([Link](compilers))
print(programming^compilers)#symmetric difference
print(programming.symmetric_difference(compilers))

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More on Dictionaries

93
 dict: Key Functions
course={'MA6024':'PDE','MA5191':'Programming','MA5023':'DE',
'MA6204':'Numerical'}
print(course)
print(course['MA6204'])
print([Link]('MA5191'))
print([Link]())
print([Link]())
print([Link]())

course['MA1101']='Calculus'
print(course)
print(len(course))
[Link]()
print('cleared: ',course)

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 dict: Key Functions

btechcourse={'MA2021':'Linear Algebra','MA2022':'Complex
Methods','MA2023':'Probability'}
print(btechcourse)
[Link](btechcourse)
print(course)
herodictionary=[Link](heros)
print(herodictionary)
herodictionary=[Link](heros,[1,2,3,4,5])
print(herodictionary)

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branching

96
 Branching

◼ if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain condition is true.

Otherwise, the statements are skipped.

◼ Syntax:
if condition:
statements
◼ Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print("Your application is accepted.")

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 Branching
◼ if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain condition is True, and
a second block of statements if it is False.

◼ Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

◼ Example:
gpa = 8.4
if gpa > 7.0:
print("Welcome to ATSNPDE")
else:
print("Your application is denied.")

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 Branching

◼ Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):

if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements

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 Relational Operators

Operator Meaning Example Result

== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True

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 Logical Operators

Operator Example Result

and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False

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LOOPS

102
 Loops
◼ for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.

◼ Syntax:

for variableName in groupOfValues:

statements

◼ We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.

◼ variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to

it in the statements.
◼ groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the

range function.

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 Loops

◼ Example:

for x in range(1, 6):

print(x, "squared is", x * x)

Output:
1 squared is 1
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
5 squared is 25

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 range

◼ The range function specifies a range of integers:

◼ range(start, stop) - the integers between start

(inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)

◼ It can also accept a third value specifying the change between

values.
◼ range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start

(inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step

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 range

◼ Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1): sum = 0
print(x) for i in range(1, 11):
print("Blastoff!“) sum = sum + (i * i)
Output: print("sum of first 10 squares is", sum)
5
Output:
4
sum of first 10 squares is 385
3
2
1
Blastoff!

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 while
◼ while loop: Executes a group of statements as long as a condition is True.
◼ good for indefinite loops (repeat an unknown number of times)

◼ Syntax:
while condition:
statements

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 while

◼ Example:
number = 1
while number < 200:
print(number)
number = number * 2

◼ Output:
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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 Examples

◼ Check whether given number is prime or composite

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 So Far

✓ How to write Simple Python Code

✓ Python Language Mechanism
✓ Each code is sequence of instructions

 Not easy for larger problems

 Difficult to keep track of details
 How do check whether you have given correct input to
section of the code

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summary

111
 Good Programmer

✓ Introduce Functions
✓ Decompose the problem into smaller portions
✓ Introduce abstraction

 More code is not necessarily a good thing

 Keeping everything in a single file
 Writing 1000 lines of code

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functions

113
 Tirutsava at IIT Tirupati

❖ Will you ask a single person to organize everything?

1. Food Committee
2. Cultural Committee
3. Finance Committee
4. Technical Committee
5. Website Development Committee
6. …
7. ….

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 Multi TV –Single Picture

❖ Different devices work together

for a single job

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 Decomposition

❖ Divide the program or code into modules

✓ It should be self-contained
✓ Break up the codes into pieces
✓ It should be reusable
✓ Helps you to organize the code
✓ Coherence

❖ Functions/Modules/Procedures/Methods
❖ Classes

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 Abstraction

❖ Take a Bank Details or Your Mobile Phone or PC

✓ It is not necessary that everyone should know
everything about your account
✓ Manager/Administrator has a role
✓ Cashier/User has a role
✓ Think: A piece of code as black box
✓ Cannot See
✓ Do not need to see
✓ Do not want to see
✓ Hide Coding details

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 Functions

✓ Functions: Write reusable pieces of code

✓ Should not run until they are called or invoked
✓ Characteristics:
✓ Name
✓ Parameters (≥ 𝟎)
✓ Docstring (Optional)
✓ Body
✓ Return (None or something)

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functions

119
 Functions
➢def creates a function and assigns it a name
➢return sends a result back to the caller
➢Arguments are passed by assignment
➢Arguments and return types are not declared
def name(arg1, arg2, ...):
"""documentation""" # optional doc string
statements or Body
return expression # from function
def product(x,y): product(2,3)
return x*y 6

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 Functions

def gcd(a, b):

"greatest common divisor"
while a != 0:
a, b = b%a, a # parallel assignment
return b 𝑎 = 𝑞0 𝑏 + 𝑟0
𝑏 = 𝑞1 𝑟0 + 𝑟1
>>> gcd.__doc__
'greatest common divisor' 𝑏 = 𝑞0 𝑎 + 𝑟0
𝑎 = 𝑞1 𝑟0 + 𝑟1
>>> gcd(12, 20)
𝑟0 = 𝑞2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
4
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 Variable Scope

✓ Formal Parameter gets bound the value of actual

parameter when function is called
✓ New Scope/Frame/Environment created when enter a
function
✓ Scope: Mapping of names to objects

def func(a):
a = a + 1 a = 10
print(‘Value of a’,a) b = func(a)
return a
Panchatcharam M December 2025 122
 Variable Scope

def func(a):
a = a + 1
print(‘Value of a’,a)
return a Global Scope Func Scope
Func Some a 10
a = 10 Code
b = func(a) a 10
b 11

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 No Return or None Return

def func(a):
a = a + 1
print(‘Value of a’,a)

a = 10
b=func(a)
print(b)

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 Function as Arguments

def func_a(): def func_b(x):

print(‘Inside func_a’) print(‘Inside func_b’)
return x
def func_c(y):
Global Scope Func_a Scope
print(‘Inside func_c’) Func_a

return func_a() Func_b

print(func_a()) Func_c

print(7+fun_c(3))
print(func_c(func_a)

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 Functions Arguments
✓ Positional Arguments
✓ Keyword Arguments
def functionpositional(x,y,z): #Positional Arguments
print("I am inside the Positional")
print("My Name is ",x)
print("My Age is ",y)
print("My Marks is ",z)

def functionkeyword(Name=None,Age=None,Marks=None): #Keyword

Arguments
print("Another Definition")
print("My Name is ",Name) x,y,z="IITTP",6,4.8
print("My Age is ",Age) functionpositional(x,y,z)
print("My Marks is ",Marks) functionkeyword(Age=y,Name=y,Marks=z)

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 Default Arguments

def func(a, b,c=10,d=100):

print(a,b,c,d)

>>> func(1,2)
1 2 10 100
>>> func(1,2,3,4)
1 2 3 4

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 *args and **kwargs
✓ Non-keyword Arguments with variable length
✓ Keyword Arguments with variable length
def studentdetails(name,*data):
print(name)
print(data)
print(type(data))
studentdetails("placement",28,'A',True)
def studentdetailskey(**kwargs):
print(kwargs["name"])
print(type(kwargs))
for keys,vals in [Link]():
print(keys,vals)

studentdetailskey(name=x,Age=y,Grade=z)
studentdetailskey(sno="firstcolumn",name="secondcolumn",quiz="third
column")
studentdetailskey(sno="firstcolumn",quiz="thirdcolumn")

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 Lambda Function/Expression
✓ Lambda operator or lambda function or lambda
expression is a way to create small anonymous function
✓ Function without name
✓ Throw away function
✓ Major uses Filter, Map, Reduce
Lambda argument list: lambda expression

double = lambda x: x*x

double(4) def secretkey(n):
16 return lambda a: a*n
mykey=secretkey(4)
print(mykey(11))

Panchatcharam M December 2025 129

 Filter Function
✓ Filter out all elements of a list or dictionary
✓ Example find all even numbers from a list
Syntax: filter(function, list)

numbers=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7]
even=list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, numbers))
print(even)

phoneos=[‘Android’,’iOS’,’Ubuntu’,’Windows’,’Android’,’Android’,’Ubuntu’]
even=list(filter(lambda x: x==‘Android’, phoneos))
print(even)

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 Map Function
✓ It maps to a new list
✓ Applies the function to all the elements of the sequence
Syntax: map(function, seq)

numbers=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7]
even=list(map(lambda x: x*2, numbers))
print(even) def fahrenheit(T):
return ((float(9)/5)*T + 32)
def celsius(T):
temperature=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7] return (float(5)/9)*(T-32)
F=list(map(fahrenheit,temperature))
C=list(map(celsius,temperature))

temperature=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7]
F=list(map(lambda x:((float(9)/5)*x + 32), temperature))
C=list(map(lambda x: (float(5)/9)*(T-32),temperature))

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 Reduce Function
✓ sum(): This function computes the sum of an array
✓ Instead of if you want to operate on two different parameters, then func can be
used
✓ First define two elements of the list: func(s1,s2)
✓ reduce on a list = [s1,s1,…,sn] will work as follows
✓ [func(s1,s2),s3,…,sn)] Syntax: reduce(function, seq)
✓ [func(func(s1,s2),s3),s4,…,sn)]
✓ [func(func(func(s1,s2),s3),s4),s5,…,sn)]
✓ …..
numbers=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7]
mysum= reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, numbers)
print(mysum)
numbers=[0,1,3,4,6,10,39,30,28,5,7]
mysub=reduce(lambda x,y: x*y, numbers)
print(mysub)

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 Python : Import
Panchatcharam M

12/4/2025
Panchatcharam M December 2025 133
 Import Modules

◼ Modules: File containing Python definitions and Statements

◼ We can import module definition from one file to another

import <module_name>

Example:
import math
import numpy
import random

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 Access Module Function

❑ A module can contain variables

❑ A module can contain function
❑ To access the variables and functions use dot operator

[Link]
[Link]
Example:
[Link](30)
[Link]
[Link](100)

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 More on Modules

❑ Further module can contain

❑ Executable statements with Function definitions

❑ Its own private symbol table : Global symbol for all

functions of the module

❑ Module Search Path
1. Current directory
2. List of directories specified in PYTHONPATH

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 Reload Modules

❑ When we specify import <module_name>

❑ You can access each of its function as

❑ [Link]()

❑ When you have modified a few functions in module

❑ You should restart your interpreter

❑ Alternatively, you can reload the module

❑ E.g.: import importlib

❑ [Link](module_name)

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 Python Packages

❑ When a very large application is developed with multiple

submodules, you can’t import all submodules at one go.
❑ from <module_name> import *
❑ It does not import all submodules from a package

❑ E.g: from scipy import * does not import

[Link]
❑ Make sure, you have imported required packages properly

❑ E.g: from [Link] import *

❑ import [Link]

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 Import Part of Modules

❑ from <module_name> import <name(s)>

❑ You can also integrate a few specific module

❑ E.g: from [Link] import

quadrature,trapz

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 Import Module as

❑ from <module_name> import <name(s)> as <alt_name>

❑ You can import a module and given alternative name

❑ E.g: import numpy as np

❑ import matplotlib as mpl

❑ import [Link] as plt

[Link]

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 Python Numpy
Panchatcharam M

Panchatcharam M December 2025 141

 Numpy

◼ Numpy is the core library for scientific computing in python

◼ High-performance multi-dimensional array object and tools for working
with these arrays
◼ Familiar with MATLAB??

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 Arrays

◼ A numpy array is a grid of values, all of the same type

◼ indexed by a tuple of nonnegative integers
◼ number of dimensions is the rank of the array

◼ the shape of an array is a tuple of integers giving the

size of the array along each dimension.

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 Arrays

import numpy as np

a = [Link]([1, 2, 3]) # Create a rank 1 array

print(type(a)) # Prints "<class '[Link]'>"
print([Link]) # Prints "(3,)"
print(a[0], a[1], a[2]) # Prints "1 2 3"
a[0] = 5 # Change an element of the array
print(a) # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"

b = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) # Create a rank 2 array

print([Link]) # Prints "(2, 3)"
print(b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0]) # Prints "1 2 4

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 Arrays
import numpy as np

a = [Link]((2,2)) # Create an array of all zeros

print(a) # Prints "[[ 0. 0.]
# [ 0. 0.]]"
b = [Link]((1,2)) # Create an array of all ones
print(b) # Prints "[[ 1. 1.]]"
c = [Link]((2,2), 7) # Create a constant array
print(c) # Prints "[[ 7. 7.]
# [ 7. 7.]]"
d = [Link](2) # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
print(d) # Prints "[[ 1. 0.]
# [ 0. 1.]]"
e = [Link]((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values
print(e) # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941]
# [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"

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 Slicing
import numpy as np

# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)

# [[ 1 2 3 4]
# [ 5 6 7 8]
# [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = [Link]([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])

# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows
# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):
# [[2 3]
# [6 7]]
b = a[:2, 1:3]

# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it

# will modify the original array.
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "2"
b[0, 0] = 77 # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "77

Panchatcharam M December 2025 146

 Slicing

# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.
# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,
# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the
# original array:
row_r1 = a[1, :] # Rank 1 view of the second row of a
row_r2 = a[1:2, :] # Rank 2 view of the second row of a
print(row_r1, row_r1.shape) # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"
print(row_r2, row_r2.shape) # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"

# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:

col_r1 = a[:, 1]
col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]
print(col_r1, col_r1.shape) # Prints "[ 2 6 10] (3,)"
print(col_r2, col_r2.shape) # Prints "[[ 2]
# [ 6]
# [10]] (3, 1)"

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 Indexing
import numpy as np

a = [Link]([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])

# An example of integer array indexing.

# The returned array will have shape (3,) and
print(a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]]) # Prints "[1 4 5]"

# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:

print([Link]([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]])) # Prints "[1 4 5]"

# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same
# element from the source array:
print(a[[0, 0], [1, 1]]) # Prints "[2 2]"

# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing example

print([Link]([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]])) # Prints "[2 2]"

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 Indexing
import numpy as np
# Create a new array from which we will select elements
a = [Link]([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])

print(a) # prints "array([[ 1, 2, 3],

# [ 4, 5, 6],
# [ 7, 8, 9],
# [10, 11, 12]])"
# Create an array of indices
b = [Link]([0, 2, 0, 1])
# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b
print(a[[Link](4), b]) # Prints "[ 1 6 7 11]"
# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b
a[[Link](4), b] += 10

print(a) # prints "array([[11, 2, 3],

# [ 4, 5, 16],
# [17, 8, 9],
# [10, 21, 12]])

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 Indexing
import numpy as np

a = [Link]([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])

bool_idx = (a > 2) # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2;

# this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same
# shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells
# whether that element of a is > 2.

print(bool_idx) # Prints "[[False False]

# [ True True]
# [ True True]]"

# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array

# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values
# of bool_idx
print(a[bool_idx]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"

# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:

print(a[a > 2]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
Panchatcharam M December 2025 150
 Datatypes

import numpy as np

x = [Link]([1, 2]) # Let numpy choose the datatype

print([Link]) # Prints "int64"

x = [Link]([1.0, 2.0]) # Let numpy choose the datatype

print([Link]) # Prints "float64"

x = [Link]([1, 2], dtype=np.int64) # Force a particular datatype

print([Link])

Panchatcharam M December 2025 151

 Array Operations
import numpy as np

x = [Link]([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
y = [Link]([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)

# Elementwise sum; both produce the array

# [[ 6.0 8.0]
# [10.0 12.0]]
print(x + y)
print([Link](x, y))

# Elementwise difference; both produce the array

# [[-4.0 -4.0]
# [-4.0 -4.0]]
print(x - y)
print([Link](x, y))

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 Array Operations

# Elementwise product; both produce the array

# [[ 5.0 12.0]
# [21.0 32.0]]
print(x * y)
print([Link](x, y))

# Elementwise division; both produce the array

# [[ 0.2 0.33333333]
# [ 0.42857143 0.5 ]]
print(x / y)
print([Link](x, y))

# Elementwise square root; produces the array

# [[ 1. 1.41421356]
# [ 1.73205081 2. ]]
print([Link](x))

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 Array Operations
import numpy as np

x = [Link]([[1,2],[3,4]])
y = [Link]([[5,6],[7,8]])

v = [Link]([9,10])
w = [Link]([11, 12])
# Inner product of vectors; both produce 219
print([Link](w))
print([Link](v, w))
# Matrix / vector product; both produce the rank 1 array [29 67]
print([Link](v))
print([Link](x, v))

# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array

# [[19 22]
# [43 50]]
print([Link](y))
print([Link](x, y))

Panchatcharam M December 2025 154

 Array Operations

import numpy as np

x = [Link]([[1,2],[3,4]])

print([Link](x)) # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"

print([Link](x, axis=0)) # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print([Link](x, axis=1)) # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"

Panchatcharam M December 2025 155

 Array Operations

import numpy as np

x = [Link]([[1,2], [3,4]])
print(x) # Prints "[[1 2]
# [3 4]]"
print(x.T) # Prints "[[1 3]
# [2 4]]"

# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:

v = [Link]([1,2,3])
print(v) # Prints "[1 2 3]"
print(v.T) # Prints "[1 2 3]"

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 Python Scipy
Panchatcharam M

12/4/2025
Panchatcharam M December 2025 157
 SciPy

◼ NumPy/SciPy – numerical and scientific

function libraries.
◼ Collection of mathematical algorithms
◼ NumPy extension

◼ Interactive python session by providing

the user with high-level commands

◼ Manipulating and visualizing data
◼ Data processing

◼ System prototyping like MATLAB, SciLab

Panchatcharam M December 2025 158

 [Link]

Methods for Integrating Functions given a function object:

Method Explanation
quad General purpose integration
dblquad General purpose double integration
tplquad General purpose triple integration
fixed_quad Integrate function f(x) using Gaussian quadrature of order n
quadrature Integrate with given tolerance using Gaussian quadrature
romberg Integrate function using Romberg integration

Panchatcharam M December 2025 159

 [Link]

Methods for Integrating Functions given a fixed samples:

Method Explanation
trapz Use trapezoidal rule to compute integral from samples
cumtrapz Use trapezoidal rule to cumulatively compute integral
simps Use Simpson's rule to compute integral from samples
romb Use Romberg Integration to compute integral from (2**k + 1)
evenly-spaced samples

Panchatcharam M December 2025 160

 [Link]

Simple Integral example

𝑏
න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

[Link]!

Panchatcharam M December 2025 161

 [Link]

Methods for Integrating Functions given a fixed samples:

#Integration
import numpy as np
import [Link]
print([Link]([Link],0,[Link]))
print([Link]([Link],-[Link],[Link]))
#Integration Sampling
x=[Link](0,[Link],10000000)
y=[Link](x)
print([Link](x,y))

[Link]

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 Scipy contsants

from scipy import constants

print([Link])
for i,j in constants.physical_constants.items():
print(i,j)

Panchatcharam M December 2025 163

 Scipy linalg

Linear Algebra

import numpy as np
from scipy import linalg
A = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
b = [Link]([[5], [6]])
print("A: ",A)
print("b: ",b)
print("Inverse: of ",[Link](A))
print("Solution Ax=b",[Link](A,b))
print("Determinant of A: ", [Link](A))
print("Column Sum norm: ",[Link](A,1))
print("Row sum norm: ",[Link](A,[Link]))

Panchatcharam M December 2025 164

 [Link]

Linear Algebra
#1D Interpolation
from [Link] import interp1d
import numpy as np
x = [Link](0, 10, num=21, endpoint=True)
y = [Link](-x**2/9.0)
f = interp1d(x, y)
f2 = interp1d(x, y, kind='cubic')
xnew = [Link](0, 10, num=51, endpoint=True)
import [Link] as plt
[Link](x, y, 'o', xnew, f(xnew), '-', xnew, f2(xnew), '--')
[Link](['data', 'linear', 'cubic'], loc='best')
[Link]()

Panchatcharam M December 2025 165

 Other Scipy Submodules

Submodules Description
[Link] Special Functions
[Link] Fast Fourier Transforms
[Link] Signal Processing
[Link] Compressed Sparse Graph
[Link] Spatial Data structures, Delaunay, Simplices
[Link] Statistics
[Link] Multidimensional Image Processing
[Link] Input Output
[Link] Eigenvalues for large sparse matrices

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 Python Matplotlib
Panchatcharam M
Associate Professor

Department of Mathematics and Statistics,

IIT Tirupati

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 Matplotlib

◼ Plotting library
◼ Huge number of examples for tacking unique problems

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 Matplotlib-plot function

◼ import matplotlib as mpl

◼ import [Link] as plt

◼ [Link](x_values, y_values, format_string [, x, y,

format, ])

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 Matplotlib-plot function
◼ import matplotlib as mpl
◼ import [Link] as plt
◼ [Link](x_values, y_values, format_string [, x, y,

format, ])
◼ x_values and y_values: numpy arrays, if not, internal conversion to

numpy array
◼ format_string: the color and line type of the plot

◼ ‘bs’ blue squares

◼ ‘ro’: red circles
◼ Line properties: Set them via keyword arguments to the plot function.
◼ label, linewidth, animated, color, etc…

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 Matplotlib-plot function
◼ import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt

# evenly sampled time at .2 intervals

t = [Link](0., 5., 0.2)

# red dashes, blue squares and green triangles

[Link](t, t, 'r--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'g^')
[Link]([0, 6, 0, 150]) # x and y range of axis
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function
◼ import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt

# evenly sampled time at .2 intervals

t = [Link](0., 5., 0.2)

# red dashes, blue squares and green triangles [Link](t, t, 'r--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'g^')
[Link]([0, 6, 0, 150]) # x and y range of axis
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

import numpy as np
import [Link] as figure

t = [Link](0, 5, .2)

f = [Link]()
axes = f.add_subplot(111)
[Link](t, t, 'r--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'g^')
[Link]([0, 6, 0, 150])

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 Matplotlib-subplot function

◼ A script can generate multiple figures, but

typically you’ll only have one.
◼ To create multiple plots within a figure, either use the subplot()
function which manages the layout of the figure or use add_axes().

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 Matplotlib-plot function
import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt
import [Link]

def Legendre(t,n):
p=[Link](n)
return p(t)
def Bessel(t,n):
return [Link](t,n)
t1 = [Link](0.0, 5.0, 0.1) #50
t2 = [Link](0.0, 5.0, 0.02) #250
[Link](1)
n=6
[Link](211) # 2 rows, 1 column, 1st plot
[Link](t1, Legendre(t1,n), 'bo', t2, Legendre(t2,n), 'k')
[Link](212) # 2 rows, 1 column, 2nd plot
[Link](t2, Bessel(t2,4), 'r--')
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

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 Matplotlib-plot function
import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt
import [Link]

def Legendre(t,n):
p=[Link](n)
return p(t)
def Bessel(t,n):
return [Link](t,n)
t1 = [Link](-1.0, 1.0, 0.1)
t2 = [Link](-1.0, 1.0, 0.02)
[Link](1)
n=6
[Link](t1, Legendre(t1,n), 'bo', t2, Legendre(t2,n), 'k')
[Link](t2, -Bessel(t2,4), 'r--')
[Link](['$P_6(x)$','$-J_4(x)$'])
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

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 Matplotlib-plot function

• text(): to add text in an arbitrary location

• xlabel(), ylabel(), title(), axes labels and title
• clear() removes all plots from the axes.

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 Matplotlib-plot function
import numpy as np
from [Link] import norm
import [Link] as plt
mu, sigma = 100, 15
x = mu + sigma*[Link](100000)
# the histogram of the data
n, bins, patches = [Link](x, 50, density=True, facecolor='green', alpha=0.75)
# add a 'best fit' line
y = [Link]( bins, mu, sigma)
l = [Link](bins, y, 'r--', linewidth=1)
[Link]('Smarts')
[Link]('Probability')
[Link](r'$\mathrm{Histogram\ of\ IQ:}\ \mu=100,\ \sigma=15$')
[Link]([40, 160, 0, 0.03])
[Link](True)
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

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 Matplotlib-plot function
#FDM Discretization
import numpy as np
x=[Link](0,1,num=10,endpoint=True)
y=[Link](0,1,num=10,endpoint=True)
X,Y=[Link](x,y)
import [Link] as plt
[Link](X,Y,'*')
[Link]([0,1,0,1])
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

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 Exercises
Produce the following Graph using Matplotlib

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 Exercises

Produce the following Graph using Matplotlib

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 Matplotlib-plot function
import numpy as np
from [Link] import imread
import [Link] as plt

img = imread('[Link]')
img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]

[Link](1, 2, 1)
[Link](img)

[Link](1, 2, 2)
[Link](np.uint8(img_tinted))
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function
##Dog
import numpy as np
from [Link] import imread
import [Link] as plt

def rgb2gray(rgb):
r, g, b = rgb[:,:,0], rgb[:,:,1], rgb[:,:,2]
return 0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b
img = imread('[Link]')
grayscale=rgb2gray(img)
print([Link])
[Link](1, 2, 1)
[Link](img)
[Link](1, 2, 2)
[Link](grayscale)
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot Slicing
[Link](2, 2, 1)
[Link](img)

[Link](2, 2, 2)
[Link](grayscale)

[Link](2, 2, 3)
[Link](grayscale[150:600,650:1150])
[Link]()

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 Exercises

Produce the following Graph using Matplotlib

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 Matplotlib-plot function

import [Link] as plt

labels = 'BTech', 'MTech', 'MS', 'PhD'

sizes = [100, 30, 15, 10]
explode = (0.1, 0.1, 0, 0) # only "explode"

fig1, ax1 = [Link]()

[Link](sizes, explode=explode,
labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%',
shadow=True, startangle=90)
[Link]('equal')

[Link]()

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 Matplotlib-plot function

import [Link] as plt

import numpy as np
fig = [Link]()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

# Make data
u = [Link](0, 2 * [Link], 100)
v = [Link](0, [Link], 100)
x = 10 * [Link]([Link](u), [Link](v))
y = 10 * [Link]([Link](u), [Link](v))
z = 10 * [Link]([Link]([Link](u)),
[Link](v))

# Plot the surface

ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, color='b')
[Link]()

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 Matplotlib Challenge
Reproduce the following 3D Heart Equation

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 End of Python Basics

12/4/2025 193