Waste Management
إدارة المخلفات
Prepared by
Dr. Karim Emara
Associated Professor of Heat Engines, Combustion, Energy and
Environmental Science.
Mechanical Power Engineering Department-
Faculty of Engineering, Mataria- Cairo- Helwan University
2025
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CHAPTER (1)
1. What is meant by waste management?
2. Waste Categories.
3. Waste quantities and composition
4. Municipal Solid Waste MSW
5. Waste policy and regulation
6. Waste reduction and reuse
What is the SWM?
• Storage • Recycling
• Collection • Disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
• Transport and handling
Storage:
- Galvanized steel dust bin
- Paper sack
- Public bins
Collection
- House-to-house collection
- Collection from the public bins
- Door to door
MSW Characterization
Dr. Karim Emara
Sampling of municipal solid wastes
1. Reconnaissance of the area
Educational Commercial
level Socioeconomic Type of activities
structure housing
Usually when the characteristics of the area are uniform,
separation into subregions is not required.
2. Sampling procedure
Sampling can be classified as:
a. Sampling at source.
is used when a complete integrated solid waste
management project is in question. Furthermore, this
type of sampling is required when a study related to
recycling is going to be performed
b. Sampling at the disposal site.
is required when it is not planned to make any change in
the collection and transfer of the wastes, and when all
improvements considered are "end-of-the pipe"
MSW Characterization at Source vs. MSW at
Disposal Site
Dr. Karim Emara
[Link] at Source
Samples are taken directly from the source of solid
wastes, namely from houses and shops.
The procedure followed is given below step by step:
1. Decide whether the area will be separated in sub-regions or not
2. Number of samples
Usually, the number of samples giving a confidence level above 90% is required.
3. Points of sampling sites
The random sampling technique should be used to determine the points of
sampling
One of the most common systematic errors is to select the
first-floor apartments in a building as the sampling source,
instead of top floors which are more difficult to reach.
[Link] at Source
4. Sampling:
a) Sampling from residential areas
Two points which should be emphasized are:
i) only wastes generated within that apartment during the defined period should
be placed in the bags;
ii) before placing ashes in the bag, it should be made sure that no burning coal or
other sources of fire exist.
When collecting the bags, a questionnaire, including questions such as the
number of people living in the apartment, their income and education levels, their
ages.
[Link] at Source
4. Sampling:
b. Sampling from commercial areas:
➢ The amount and characteristics of wastes from commercial
areas depend on the type of the commercial activity and its
size.
➢ Sampling from such areas is more complicated than that
from residential districts.
[Link] at Source
5. Sampling time
Sundays should be avoided because solid wastes collected
during these days may include wastes accumulated during
the weekend.
6. Activities to be done after collecting the samples
The collected bags should be weighed one by one (kg/capita)
2.21. Sampling at the disposal Site
➢ If the amount of waste is relatively small, all the wastes
coming from different regions are stored separately.
➢ After the collection of wastes is completed, the procedure
for obtaining the necessary size of a sample should start.
➢ This is achieved by separating the collected wastes into four
groups, choosing one of these parts and repeating the
same procedure again and again until a sample of 50 to
100 kg is obtained.
Waste characterization steps
level
High
Medium
D2D collection from
level
different levels Transportation to
characterization point Characterization area
( High- Medium and
Low)
level
Low
Fractions Size Bulk density
Garbage weight
characterization characterization measurement
Lab sample 1kg per
each level
Dr. Karim Emara
MSW Characterization At Source
1. Generation Rate at Source (Kg/capita/day)
Generation Rate (7-Day Average)
1.05
Generation rate [kg/Capita/day]
Zone Average
1.00
For each
0.95
income 0.91
categoty, 30 0.90
househols 0.85
were visited 0.80
0.75
High-Income Level Medium-Income Level Low-Income Level
Families
Income Level Average Generation Rate (kg/Capita/day)
High-Income Level 0.86
Middle-Income Level 0.99
Low Income Level 0.89
Total Average 0.91
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
MSW Characterization At Source
2. Bulk Density (Kg/cu m) The bulk density
results are aligned
Waste Density (7-Day Average)
with similar studies in
200
Zone Average
developing countries
Waste Desity [kg/m3]
[1]
154
150
100
50
High-Income Level Medium-Income Level Low-Income Level
Families
Income Level Bulk Density (kg/m³)
High-Income Level 146
Middle-Income Level 168
Low Income Level 148
Total Average 154
[1] Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Project of Republic of Azerbaijan,2017, financed by the WORLD BANK
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
MSW Characterization At Source
3. Size Characterization
Size Characteristics (7-Day Average)
70
61.90
Size weight fraction [%]
60
50 High-Income Level
40 Medium-Income Level
29.70
30 Low-Income Level
20 Zone Average
8.41
10
0
> 8cm 6-8cm < 6cm
Size group [-]
Income Level > 8 cm (%) 6 – 8 cm (%) < 6 cm (%)
High-Income Level 30.7 7.2 62.0
Middle-Income Level 29.4 8.6 61.9
Low Income Level 28.9 9.3 61.7
Total Average 29.7 8.4 61.9
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
MSW Characterization At Source
4. Waste composition
100%
High-Income Level
90%
Medium-Income Level
80% 1.3% Zone 1
Low-Income Level
Waste fraction [%]
70% Average
60% 24.0%
50%
4.2%
40%
70.5%
30%
20%
10% ERF Recyclables Organics Others
0%
Significant Contents High-Income (%) Mid-Income (%) Low-Income (%) Average (%)
Organic fraction 70.54 65.61 75.29 70.48
LDPE Plastic 12.54 13.56 12.08 12.73
Diapers 6.04 11.01 5.06 7.37
Paper 4.03 4.55 3.27 3.95
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
4
MSW Characterization at Source
vs. MSW at Disposal Sites
MSW at Source vs. MSW at Disposal
4
Sites 80%
Egyptian Code
70% 1.3%
ASTM
60%
Waste fraction [%]
24.5%
50%
8.8%
40% 65.4%
30%
ERF Recyclables Organics Others
20%
10%
0%
Note:
• Egyptian code was used to characterize mixed waste obtained at the source of generation
• The ASTM standard was applied to characterize mixed waste at disposal sites
Overall Contents Zone 1 Zone 3 Average Zone 2 Zone 4 Average
Paper & Cardboard 3.95% 3.15% 3.55% 2.12% 2.48% 2.30%
Plastic (Mixed) 14.52% 24.12% 19.32% 17.22% 10.84% 14.03%
Textiles 1.20% 4.17% 2.69% 9.17% 3.90% 6.53%
Other Recyclables 2.04% 3.64% 2.84% 2.34% 2.07% 2.21%
Other Non-Recyclables 0.44% 0.01% 0.23% 0.01% 0.48% 0.25%
Diapers 7.37% 6.82% 7.09% 10.37% 8.24% 9.31%
Organic 70.48% 58.09% 64.28% 58.77% 71.99% 65.38%
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
Comparison with other findings (at disposal site)
Qalyubia / Zones 1,2,3 And4 Giza / West Cairo Site
Gharbeya / Bassyoun March 2023 October 2019
December 2021
Giza / Shabramant Sohag / Dar-El-Salam
January 2020 Giza / Kerdasa T.S
January 2021
January 2021
Management and Technical Support for Solid Waste Management Component
Dr. Karim Emara