Nodule3 IREFERENCES:

Electsical TechnologY
By,

SREENATH. YADAGSERY
AST. PROFES5OR
EEE DEPT
VEC
PH:9037o2815
PHASOR REPRESENTATLON Taenometaical Fotm:
A Phasos i5 Gvertot Yotating ith
a constant ongulaa velocity. ivsin
A Sinusoidal quantity can Be Yepoes
ented by a PhasodAototing ith N[cos¢+jsin d,J
an angulot velouty. the
Onticlockwise diection.

UVasine
hsose
Vm
Lm wt

V2Vm Sinuwt
i: IgSin(ut-¢)
) Exponentiat Foam:
COMPLEX REPREGENTATLON ExpOnentia| Fotm is based on
OF VECTORG Eules's aelation.
QRectanqulaa Foxm; cos9 1jGin9
jb

42-ba
2) Polaa foams
42

0 0
Ve
9,: tan()
 mSinwtdt dwt to52ut l- Ymm 25-2
2K
sinwt
dt Vm Vnmsiwt
dwt
dt 26
dut RKYoytm
ytsin
dt
"2
induced
em 6e) (Pdwt 2K
P=
instant, any At $ 2K oves powe8 Avetage $
sinwt. ImVm =
POWER
() sinwt Vm
n9: O =di4eten
@, Phase
by, given phase. in rustent andvotage
oitage sinv[oida!
Henay nductarnce
Lputely
iAvui tînducive (onsideta anuith
DIAGRAM: PHASOR
ÔNL9 THROUGH AC2)
R
binwt Vm
wt
WAVEFORMS;
R
WW
Vamg-Iam5 P Vmsinwt’) 9:
by, oiven
Vm voltage Ginusoidát toNneted
ohms Rot. ance 8eG1st aith
4R iRuît vesistive putely Conside
a
o ONLY: HROUGH
R' AC O
Sin2ut 2 wt- Vymf 45 CIRCUITS AC
 WAVEFORM5:
Lu
Lu oin(-ta0-wti)
Vm sin (ut-90)
Lu 900
2K

Vm sin (ut -90) wt

Zm sis (wt-96) ’ )
uhete Zm
XL (AC THROUGH C° ONL9:
XL= Inductive (ohm)onsidex a pusely capacitive ciuit
With a capacitan@ 'c Fotad
CONnected 4cYos5 a snusoid al
voItage 9iven by
V: Vm Sinwt ’ i )
PHASOR DIGRAM:

suent lags voltage by 9o

ie, Phase iteteno, 90° $ t any instant, vBent throug4
POWER:
the cápacitoð,
c dv
nst antaneous
POwe, P dt
Voosínwtmosut
sinwt (o5wt dt
25INwt .cUswt
Cas Vm Coswt
sin2wt. Vm sin(ut t9o)
Avexage poues Vm sin(ut t9ß)
oves a cyele 2K
P= pdwt Im sin Cwt t9o)’ ca)
26
2ris Gin2wtdwt whese Im = m

X¢= Reactarn@
apucitive (ohm)
Sin2wt dwt
Cag
 pHAGOR DIA1RAM: (4) AC THROUG H RC CIRCUIT:
RC ciauit having a
Gevies vesistonce ohms
apaitance 0% 'C' FQxads
onnected artos5 a Ginusoidal volra ge
V
Goutce gíver, by
$ cu8tent leads voltage by
Phase dit4erante, = 90° R

POWER k

POwes, P=
Vgsinwtmtoswt
[Link]
Vy nn. [Link] VR= ZR
z by 9o°)
VmImsn2wt
PHASOR DIAGRAMS

Average
POwex ovY a cycle
P= Pdwt
2K

2rmsinawtdut
2 : Imsin(wt +¢)
sin2wt dwt (w88ent leads voltage by
46 an angle )
Resultant

WAVEFORM9; NIR+(I¥)°

Lm whexe z= tmpedan e (ohm)

IMPEDANCE RIAN G1LE:
R
-90°
POuJER:
Jnstanton e04s
PHAGOR DIARAM:
>i= Im Sin(ut-)
powed, P
Sinwt.
A
sin (wt+4)
Vmm 2 Sinwt Sin (wt+0)
= mm tos(
2yt+¢)
-ros(-)|
Resultànt
voltage, =N+2
J(zR) +(ZXL)2
-Mym
2
o5 (2 wt t)
+

Vmm co5 whete 7: tmpedane (ohm)

IMPEDANCE TRIANGHE:
$ Avexage powe
oveY ycle
xPdawt
R

P
VmIm ro54 POW ER
nstantaneous
6 Ac THROUGtt RL CIRCUIT: Vmsinut . msin (wt- )
Constdex an RL ciAcuit having Geies YnIm Sinut sín(ut-¢)
esistance 0 R' ohms and A
Induetonte 0 ' Henys onhected "25inwtsin(wt-)
Sinysoi dal voltage
ven by. 05(wt t wt-)
N= Vm sin wt ’ti)
tos (wt-(ut-))
R Vnimcos (2wt- 4)

VR IR - Vm Zrn coS (24Jt-)

2
(n phase ith ( leads tuzxet I
(uxtent Z)
by 9o')
 Average powex
ovex'a ycle
P= pdut

VnIm cos

6 AC 1HROUGH RLC CIROIT:

(onsídea an RLC seoles cigeut R
having vesistonte 'R' ohms, inductance
't tenty& apacitana 'c! Fogad
(onnected Qrx095 a sinusoidal voltage
Gousce given by
V: Vm Sirnwt ’ )

(ase-1 (V =Ye o*X=Xe)

k
VR

VRFV
V IX,
(tn phase (leads I
uith Z) by 9o) by Do) N
case Ii(V>Ve
AVERAGE POWER
Avetage powex in
One comptete
yclet P= Vamsamng os
iMPEDANCE
Impedanco
i: Imsin (wt - ) (z) = R2+CX-J?
whee XL Lu

Xe=
 (4)
POWER IN AN AC CIRC UIT: PoWER FAC10R
l. ACTINE POWER Poue 1acto i5 degined as.
t5o called () (osine og the angte between
)Real pUes
2) Tsue Powet voltage utrent ( o54)
AtiVe power is he POwex dissipate 2) Ratio 0 tve powe to
in the ciguit Yesistance ppatent Powe
(05 Tue poweX
Act?ve pove, Appotent powed
P= VItos
(3) Ratio 0 Resist once to
unít = watts(w) tmpedonce o the iruit.
2. REACTIVE P oJER:
Tt i5 the pOwex de Veloped in the
nductive o capacitive 8eactance
03 the iait.
Reactfve
POwex, Q: vIsin
VA8
3. APPARENT POWERA
Tt is the p&uduct RMS alyes ot
pplied voltage ruttent

POCweo, S= VI

PoWER fRIANGLE

(Reactive)
Powed

VIcos
(Acive
S R E E N AVTAHD A 5 5 E R Y

Powes) A G SPTR.O F E S 5 O R

PH:40340281
 30 AC GYGTEM
Advantages of 3¢ System
ovet systemi
I. Fod electic pOwet tronsis9ion S

disttbutíon
Powes, he
o30} same amount,
conducting
t
ducting mateaial
9equived is less in syste m a5
ompaded to i system . when these coils ate Yototed )
2. 34 sy[tary inysoidal em
each co.
9enexated n
che apes han i system ot the
Same capacity. The magnitude and 2regveniy 9 these
ems utl be some.
3. Dt aecti3ied 18om 3 Suppty
having a tPple actox ot 4lo the equations og these induad engs
Byt the de ecti ied 380m
Supply is having a vfpple
48-2% Vy= Vm sincwt-i20)
YB = Vm Sin (ut +120°)
4. A 3 Syste m can te used to = Vm Sin
feed a t load, but vice vexsa (ut-240°)
i5 not Þussible .

5. Powet to ceight otio o 3

9enesotod is igh compoted Nm
I genexotox.
6. Powes to we ight atio o
induction moto is high compoded 420
to i induction motod. 60 2o 360 480 wt
4. Powes to we ight oto 0
tanstoxmet is high compaed to
I trans toxme

8. 3 induction motot is
8taat1ng. but induetion notod
is not Gelg stas tinG PHAGE GEQUENCE:
he Phase seluenQ } a34 System
9. 34 motoss have berte8 effiueny iG the oxde in uhict the voltages
in the thxte phases o8 coïls deQch
tompaxed to
moto8. heis max*munn positive value.
GENERA1ION OF 30
AC VOLTAGE RYB
r20 120 Phase
onside% thtee îdentical coils RR'. Gequene
vr'ond pg' placed qt angles 120
in q untodm mag netíc Yeld.
INTERCONNECTLON OF THREE PHA5ES Phase cU8Aent
JR the thyee cols 0 a 3 phase $ Ph a5e cyotent i5 the tytent
Qltexnotos ate not iNte& conected, earh phase qyinoYng.
eQch phase wil eed two tonduetodS. benoted by PA
Hence Qtotal o~ SX tonductoxs y Fod a ba<anced system,
awillbe aAequized. Theretode the
Qmount 0% coppex Reçuiaed
be more. ine cuaaenti
s tine utYent is the ytent Howing
So inogdex to educo the amount
+he thXee phases
genesally intexconnected.
Foy e baloned system
The two woys o3 intesconnectfon ote:
)star o wyec Y) connection
2) Delta (4) connetion
)6TAR Oo WYE (Y) cONNECTION:
$ In stox ronnection, the similax Phase volt aqe:
ends o3 the thee coil s ate
OnneCted to the Point N' The voltage induced n
of| i5 called 9 Phase voltage
colled tox o8 neutxol pobt. OR)
The thxee conductots meeting
Point N 08e eplated by
qt
The voltage, between a tine and
phase
Gingte conductoy olled neutal
cOnducto%. voItage
Denoted by Yph
$ This type o coNnection t9 al50
catled 3 4 ite systerm. |Vph =VRN=VYN

$13 his 3¢ votage is qppied artoss ine voltage

Qbalonced symmetaital load, he volrage beree two Ute
the neutta) ite il CoxTY thÝee tegminals 08 ines called
(988y thoee line voltage.
equal in mghiude byt l2ß out o% benotRd by
Phase with each othex. tence the
vetoy Gum is 3ea0

120 20*
2 1200

12
13
 4 Fox a balancad System Phase vatage
The,votaje Induced each
* phase voltoge
De noted by Vph.
Fox a balonco d stam,

* By pGT alle lo qxam Pae,

the votage:
$ he voitage betueon two
oute teaminal8 called
tiñe voltage.
De oted by VL
Fox a balanced thxee phage
System,

Tavph
fe, V aVph.
Phase cuagents
2) DELTA CONNECTION: 7t ig the cugert each
s an deita cohhection. the
Phase ainding
distmila ends of +he Denoted by Tph
+hxee cofls 0xe tohhec ted Fox a bolaned 39 8ystam,
t0gethes
the systom is balancod, the
Sum o} voltages qxUUnd the tne (uAlent
UAlent 8 he ruAent
closed Line Iine.
* Te type of cohheetion
also called 3 thoee wixe
tlouyg thaough each

Fos Q balanced 3 Systorm,

systorn
 I20

120

(20

Iy

9y paalelogxaus louo,

J3 Tph
I;= J3ph
 PAOblems (1- Ac ciacuits)
O 1n an ac ciaeuit, the volt mete8 325-265in 314t
ammeret axe onnected ¬ Shos 220V
and r2A Aespectively" caltulqte the
maximum and ovevage value
voltege and rynt. = 325-26
I000
Ans
Voitmete& & ommetex shouog
RMS values
032526 Sin 314t
Yms= 220V

= S2y 220
4 5ot3, e30 v voltage is pptied
to Q capaci tos o valse o636NF.
= 31|.12V waite the ?nstantoneous voItage
cUaRRnt equation§.
Voy = 2Vm
An6: Vams= 30V
2x-12
= 2x230
32526V

Lgms = 12A

Zay 2Zm
= RXI6-97

l08A
325. 26Xo*636xI0x 2x50
A So#3, 230v voltage i5 applied 0-06495A
to
1000-9 vesistod. uaite the
equations voltage and rurrent. ie Im sin (at t )
= o-06495 5in (3144t +2)
An: l000
NOTE
$ Fo nduetos,
5ot,230V
, rsruits, ?, nothing
mentioned, Vm
Lus

feVsms
rex230 = 32526V
 A 220V, Sott3 ' Ginusotdal vonage
BEE TUNE 2016
PuAely nductfve oi. Detegmine
) tnductfve Reacton e 400 MF
2) tnduCton (a
2) PoweX Qb50bed
4) Expres% ion to applied Voltage
ukgent.
BEE DEC 2018( 5 madks)
Ans: = SA

482
e20, Sott z=48
Vanmg= 220V
r2x22O
31|.13V = 3-1|A
Re0n
Im.
= 0:208
48
>haseangle, = ros'(D-208)
'00

J4g2 l02
22044
46-946

9) Poya
abs0dbed
4) = hmainut
31.196in314t
i: Im fin(wt- )
84 3

ecistod 400NF
in seies to tapacitod qde
(Ohnected a 240v
Gupplt The cisuit
(alalate the supply
cådtent is
fsequeny f
angle b/w volt age ond tydtent. phase
 (+)
6) 4 S0 Aesistod in Geiès with i20NF (6) A Gexies R iuit takes
apacitot i5 (onnecte to 230y S03 *000W uhen tohnected to
Supply. Fin 200V; s0 Supply Ahe voltge
) Impedance atto55 +he eçfstod ig 130v.
3) PoweX Facto cqleulole:
) Resistano
voltage arYOS5 ae515to (uxent
5) Moitage arduss eoparítod. Powed Factos
DEE DEC 20r (6 mak) 4) capaciton to
tmpedonQ
Ans: equatiön s to8 instantoneous
R values o urent Motage
BEE 7UNE 2016(10 maaks)
Ans:
R
R=S0
C= I20NF Va: 130Y
X¢ =

200V, 5012
P= 40OO W
R VAms = 200y=V
= 2653 2

Z = N R2+X2
So+ 26.532
S6-602

230
56-60
4.06A 151-98V
Pocwed Fattoa, cos R Powe8 40cto
50
56-60 130 = 065
0-883 200

ven P= too0w
voltage qrdoG5 deGistog = -R i, Vams Zame05 =o0o
4.06X50 200x IgmsX0 65=7000
R03V

voItage arsOsS (apacitog= Igmec R

4-06x R6-S3 ’Re Y R = 130
53-84
 Vc

= 151.98
O22.83
53-844 R
2 822
pow0 facto ros
(oç'22.83
0 92
Cu
Puwex (onsumed Vam ams o59
(P)
S0X4 123x 0-92
190W

?82x2x50 (8) A Ne Gistance ot i02, n inductonco

0oNF 0ye connected in seies
I.128 mF
ardos5 4 230y,50H3 Gupply. colrulate
) tmpedano
= 2yROo (ugRent
= [2x53-84
= 282.844V Voltage rdOSS R,L C
Powex in watts
Reactive puye d
6) ApPGtent Powed
= 292-84 Gin 314t 7) Pow8 tacto8.

i Im sin(wt+)
R
6 4 Gin (314t + 49-46°)
A
Ginusuidal voltage (40+30)
volts iG applied to sesies RL J230V, 50H3
cigruit aeSulting in Sinusofda! Ans: R= 105n
Alent (4t)A. (alrulate
) 3mpedan@ DEE TUNE 2013
2) Poue consumed
3) PoweY Facto.
03x 2AX 60
An6: = 40+30
Vams = 50L36964 v 44-2
X=

tmpedanco 100X166x2kx50
1ams XL- Xc
40+20|L phase)
44j angle
12-126ZR83 R
 1mped Qna
3n
WI02+ (944-2-31-85) 3
63-15n

3
Z3
Vams
eooV,
(I) 230 = 364A
63-15
ANS:
= 3-64 Xl0 2g* 3-4j
36-4 V
Total
Inpedano
(Z)

3+4 t(3t4j)(3-4j)
3-644X 944-2
8-207/29-19 A
y Powex Facto 8 Total uRent
tos4=
= 0158 200 = 24.369A
63-15 8-207

Total qdittancO
(Atve power) 230x3-644 X0158 CY)
132.57W
8:20+L29-(9

PUve vzsing3'644XSinB0-9)
230x
o-122-29-1) mho
826.68 VAA
Pocve Tactog = (os
-083
POwex
230X3-64
837-2 VA Active powR vIc05
200X 24.369x 0873
calulte 42540 w
) Total Impedanco
TOta)
3) Adnittan co total
4) Pouez factoT
5) Act?Ve poued
10) Fin the total vorage Qt0S5 the
texminals A and B the cgruit
( )A seNes etAuit ronsisting ot
Shown. bea the Qavetoms 500 An Ac swXte is (onnected
320° 4 AB K+U, APRIL 2018 to the cAruit ahich dvaws
ruAtent og 5020 mA he angulo
tequeniy & Ac Souxe
320 42I9 )Daw the 4uit 6 fnd the
GouNe voltage
2) Fin) the vorta9e arX055 the
A "apacitog eS19tox
) oxaas the phasod diagyam
VAD= KTU APRIL 2018( matks)

WVEFORN5:
|Ang:
S00n
) 3L0 Vams 3V
=3(2V

mA

B60 ut Given 9= 400K

R=6002
C:2NF
Xc=
2) 42186
re\&ms
496-19n
360
J50024 96-182 Xe
940.16n
R
cos'( Soo/44o16)
3) YapzlLI90
IZ 3
= 50x 940 16 XI0
47-008V
\360

ILt6 RNS valyeg.

vottage qts055
the e5isto,= VR
5oxQx 500
= 2S V

voltage Qr80ss Ve
the capaitox
SoxI6 x 96-18
39.8|V

oS-8o

1 leads uottage
by S-8° »
 ((8)
Problerns (Y6 Aconnectfon) CaseTT
A, balanced 3 load congists 0 thxee Delto connection:
co?ls earh having 9esi5tance B R
Gnd nductonce D02 H. Jt i5 cOhnecte
to G 41SV, Sott, Qc Sypply. DeteZmineP 4n f0000)
Rph
the phahe oltage, phase cu8ent, POUe8 heo-o2+
factos 6 actfve poyet he the Lus
loads qxe onnected in,
) stqo BEE DEC 2010 (1omgdks) = 2RXSOx0-02
2) Delta BEE JAN 2013 (10 m8ks)
Ans: cage I;
$tog (onnection:
J424 6 282
Rph= 4n 7445
ph = 0-02+ 42=RpA.
Lph = 2K4 bph Le0-02+ Xuph
Ph
= 2X50
X0 02
= 628n

Zph
415
7-445
S5-74A
Zph
J4et6292
7.445
Ve
Rph 6-548A
45 = 234-6 V
" Powex tartoð, tos¢ Rph
Nph 4
Zph = 32. (8A 4445
= 239-6 0S34
7445
32.18A
" Ative powet

(3%415 x 96-S48 X0534

q-445 34264 .22
063

. Active powed
P 3x 415x 3?.18 x0-637
= 12423.64 W
 5ta connectec lbad
an identfcal tecistods t
ate connected in Sto to
inductante ot 0 1S tt. The load 1545y supply. (altulote the to ta)
ConFerted Q8o55 4o0V, 50 3, 34 powes conGumed uhen connected in
Supply beteamine the line
Powes foctos and powes consumed. )sto8
2) Delta DEE SEPT 2016 (O maðk5)
BEE J0NE 2013(5 m98k5) Cage 1
Ang: 5toz cohhec tion: Gtos consection;
R

L: o15H
Ph

R25n

<phe 05+
VL
VPh
= 2AX50x 015 415 = 239-6V
47-1
<Ph= Rph =R0
"I1=Zp7 (:stoz)
252+4-° Zph
239.6
53-32
20
VL= 400y
Total pouex
(:" stor) ohsumed = Attve poauex
400
3X 415 Xn98x cos 0°
f3
= 23094V 8611.25 W
Case TI:
betta conneetion:
= Zph
23094 433A Ro
5332
= 433A RPh =20n

Poye8 fattod, cos4=

=
25 * 0 469
53-32
Poues
Acttve,
Powex(P):
= 3x 400X 433 Rph= 20n
= 406-s6469
 (4)
(4)
Zph
Zph
Rph
= 20 2.9|
= 08

Zph
=20*SA
20
= 230-94
ph
12-81
=
3x20S
35-q4A 18-03A

" Total Powed Active powes = 18-03A

Consummed
11
3%45x35-944
25833·|W
Powex
absotbed Acttve poyed

A 3 pha5e 4 ute oov5y5tem Feeds < 3X400 X19-03x08

(4 th~ee loads 9443.4H W
(o-j) eact connected
In sto caltulate the ine tu88ents
Powex absodbed. %8ee impedantes Ciotji5)
tOnDected deltQ q¢0S5
BEE DEc 2014(5 mak5) 4o0V supplt FÉnd the hne
Ans stad connection): (uXteNt, p-& at?ve powed
R
Ang Deita connectton:
80cph
RPh= l0.

" V= 400V " V = 400 y

Yph= VL
400 = 23094V Aoov (: stax)

RPh= 10e
Apha
=02 +152
I8-03
 zph
400 Tph
I#-03 = 290-94
21.63

=J3X22. 1) = l0-64
38-43A
Zph

" Powex tictot cos= Rph =36-64

Zph
Zph
= l0 67xo8
18-03 =8.53n
Active
POwed
2 300x
38.43x 0.55
= l4643796 W
Zph
6) Atotal
30 Sto (onnected
o 2kWot a p- o% o8 lo-6 xsin(3684)
when connetted to 9 34, 400V lagging 6ol402
Powed supply, Caltulate the esiston o
nduetono 0% load pe phabe.
Ans: sto cobNection:
=400Y
AiNe
Poueg P= 2k Xuph
6.40
26X50 3
J3x,X400 X0*8 = 12xIo 20"44X0
20"4mtH
S3x400 Xo8
2|.65A ) A30 loadcon5umes i00kW,
Detexmine appade nt Powed ¬ Sopoweo
kVAR
Factog ngle pEE APRIL 2015
= e1-65A (': staz)
Yph = Jo02+502
= ||.8 KVA

ngle: o5(Ps)
Powe
attod
factog 26-56