EST 130 BEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY
EST 130 BEE MODULE-1
(Theory)
Sreenath Vadassery Ph: 9037028115
1
EST 130 BEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY
ELECTRIC CHARGE: Workdone(W)
❖ Electric charge is the basic property of material EMF=
particles, just like its mass. Charge(q)
❖ Two types: +ve charge & -ve charge.
❖ A body can be positively charged by removing ❖ SI unit : Volts
electrons from it. ❖ Source of EMFs:
A body can be negatively charged by adding electron a. Batteries
to it. b. Solar cells
❖ SI unit: Coulomb (C) c. Generators
❖ Charge of electron = -1.6× 10-19C
Charge of proton = +1.6× 10-19C VOLTAGE:
❖ It is the measured potential difference or EMF.
ELECTRIC CURRENT: ❖ Symbol: V or E
❖ It is the rate of flow of electric charge.
ie, ELECTRICAL ENERGY:
Charge(q) ❖ It is the capacity for doing work.
Current(I) = ❖ It is the energy derived from the electrical potential
time (t)
energy.
❖ Flow current: ❖ SI unit: Joule.
▪ If charge carriers move from A to B, the flow ❖ Practical unit: “Unit or kWh”
current is from A to B. ❖ Note:
▪ It is independent of the polarity of charge carriers. 1000 W used for 1 hour
Conventional current: 2000 W used for 0.5 hour 1
▪ If electrons(-ve charge) move from A to B, the 100W used for 10 hour unit
conventional current is from B to A. 10W used for 100 hour
▪ If protons(+ve charge) move from A to B, the
conventional current is from A to B. ELECTRICAL POWER:
▪ It depends upon the polarity of charge carriers. ❖ It is the rate of doing work when electrons move from
one point to another point.
POTENTIAL: Workdone(W)
❖ Power (P) =
❖ Potential at a point P in an electric field is the amount Time(t)
of workdone in bringing a unit positive charge of one Vq VIt
= =
coulomb from infinity to that point against the electric t t
field. =VI
= I2R
Workdone(W) V2
Potential(V) = =
Charge(q) R
❖ SI unit: Volt ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
❖ At infinity, Potential = 0V ❖ Any combination of circuit elements connected together
to permit electrons to flow in a continous stream is
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: called an electric circuit.
❖ It is the difference in potential between two points of ❖ An electric circuit must be a closed path.
a conductor. ❖ The essential components are:
❖ It is the workdone in carrying a unit positive charge of 1) Source of EMF : Supplies energy
one coulomb between two points of a conductor. 2) Conductors : Transfers energy
3) Load : Absorbs energy
Workdone(W)
Potential difference (V)=
Charge(q)
❖ SI unit: Volt
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE(EMF):
❖ EMF is the cause of potential difference
❖ EMF of a source is the workdone in carrying a unit
positive charge of one coulomb through the source.
Sreenath Vadassery Ph: 9037028115
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EST 130 BEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY
❖ DC circuits:
In direct current (dc) circuits, the current always Req = R1 + R2
flow in the same direction.
AC circuits:
In alternating current(ac) circuits, the current Note : If ‘n’ equal resistors of resistance ‘R’ are connected
reverses its direction periodically. in series, Req = nR
OHM’S LAW: Voltage Divider Rule: (***NB***)
❖ Ohm’s law states that “At constant temperature current ❖ Voltage across R1
flowing through a conductor is proportional to voltage” V1 = I R1
❖ Mathematically, V
= R R1
I𝛼V eq
𝑉 V
I=𝑅 =R +R
R1
1 2
Where R = Resistance of the conductor R1
V1 = V x R1 +R2
❖ Resistance(R):
• Measure of opposition to the flow of electric
❖ Voltage across R2
current.
𝜌𝑙 V2 = I R2
• R= 𝐴 V
= R R2
Where, 𝜌 = resisitivity of the material eq
V
l = length of the conductor = R2
R1 +R2
A = Area of Cross section R2
V2 = V x
• SI unit =Ohms(Ω) R1 +R2
❖ Conductance(G): RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL:
• Reciprocal of Resistance ❖ Consider two resistances R1 and R2 connected in
• Measure of ease with which electric current parallel across a DC voltage Source of Voltage ‘V’.
flows through a conductor.
1
• G= 𝑅
• SI unit = Siemens(S) or mho (Ω−1 )
RESISTANCES IN SERIES:
❖ Consider two resistances R1 and R2 connected in series
across a DC voltage Source of Voltage ‘V’.
❖ In parallel connection, Current through the two
resistances may not be same, but the voltage across the
two resistances will be the same.
𝑉
❖ Current through R1 , I1 =
𝑅1
𝑉
❖ Current through R2 , I2 =
𝑅2
❖ I = I1+I2
❖ In series connection, Current through the two 𝑉 𝑉
= +𝑅
resistances is same, but the voltage across the two 𝑅1 2
resistances will be different. 1 1
=V[ + ]…………….(1)
❖ Voltage across R1 , V1 = I R1 𝑅1 𝑅2
❖ Voltage across R2 , V2 = I R2 ❖ If Req is the equivalent resitance of the two resistances,
❖ V = V1+V2 then
𝑉
= I R1 + I R2 I = 𝑅 ………………(2)
𝑒𝑞
= I [ R1 + R2 ]…………….(1)
❖ Equating (1) and (2),
❖ If Req is the equivalent resitance of the two resistances, 𝑉 1 1
then =V[𝑅 +𝑅 ]
𝑅𝑒𝑞 1 2
V =I Req ………………(2)
❖ Equating (1) and (2),
I Req = I [ R1 + R2 ]
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EST 130 BEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY
𝟏
=
𝟏
+
𝟏 ….ELECTRIC NETWORK….
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
❖ An electrical network is a combination of various circuit
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 elements connected in any manner what so ever.
Req = 𝑹
𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 ❖ An electrical network need not necessarily be a closed
path.
Note : If ‘n’ equal resistors of resistance ‘R’ are connected
𝑅
in series, Req = 𝑛 IMPORTANT TERMS:
Consider a network:
Current Divider Rule: (***NB***)
❖ Current through R1 ,
𝑉
I1 =
𝑅1
𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞
=
𝑅1
I R R
= × R 1+R2
R1 1 2
R2
I1 = I x
R1 +R2
❖ Current through R2 ,
𝑉 1. NODE:
I2 =
𝑅2 An equipotential surface where two or more circuit
𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞
= elements are connected together.
𝑅2 Eg: A, B, C & D
I R R
= × R 1+R2
R2 1 2
R1 2. PRINCIPAL NODE OR JUNCTION:
I2 = I x R A junction is that point in a network where three or
1 +R2
more circuit elements are connected together.
STAR –DELTA TRANSFORMATION Eg: A & D
3. BRANCH:
A branch is a part of the network lying between two
junctions.
Eg: BAD, BD & BCD
4. LOOP:
Any closed path of a network is called a loop.
Eg: ABCDA, ABDA & BCDC
5. MESH:
R 12 R 31 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1 The most elementary form a loop which cannot be
R1 = R12 = further divided into any other loop is called a mesh.
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R3
All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes.
Eg:ABDA & BCDC
R 12 R 23 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1
R2 = R23 =
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R1 ….KIRCHOFF’S LAWS….
R 23 R 31 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1
R3 = R31 = KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW(KCL):
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R2 In DC circuits, KCL states that “The algebraic sum of
currents meeting at a junction is zero”
Sreenath Vadassery Ph: 9037028115
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EST 130 BEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY
ie,… -I1+I2 +I3 +I4-I5=0 ….MESH ANALYSIS….
I2 +I3 +I4-I5= I1+I5
Outgoing currents = Incoming currents STEPS:
1. Identify all meshes
VOLTAGE SIGN CONVENTIONS: 2. Assign mesh currents.
1. SIGN OF BATTERY 3. Apply KVL in every mesh.
4. Solve for mesh currents
Rise in Voltage = +E Fall in Voltage = -E
Note:
Current direction is not taken into account.
2. SIGN OF IR/IZ DROP
Fall in Voltage = -IR Rise in Voltage = +IR
Note:
Current direction is taken into account.
If travelling direction & current direction are same,
then fall in voltage.(-VE)
If travelling direction & current direction are different,
then rise in voltage.(+VE)
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW(KVL):
In DC circuits, KVL states that “The algebraic sum of
products of currents and resistances in a closed path
in a network plus the algebraic sum of the EMFs in
that path is zero..”
ie.., ∑ IR + ∑ EMFs = 0
▪ Applying KVL in Loop ABCDEFA,
E-R1I1-R2I2-R3I2 = 0
▪ Applying KVL in Loop ABCFA,
E-R1I1-R4I3 = 0
Sreenath Vadassery Ph: 9037028115
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