Chapter Two

Factors in Developing
Mobile
Applications

Chapter Mobile Application 1

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 Contents
 Explain Mobile Software Engineering

 Mobile app development process

 Identify the factors of developing mobile

application

 Mobile frameworks and tools

 Develop mobile generic UI

 Android User
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 Mobile Software Engineering
 MSWE is the adaptive process of creating a software product that is intended to be used by
people

while they are mobile.

 By this, the process must take into account the specific characteristics of mobile usage
to deliver

the required quality.

Mobile application development is the set of processes and proceduresinvolved in

writing

software for small, wireless computing devices, such as smartphones and other hand-held
devices.


Chapter It’s Mobile
the process
Applicationof making software for smartphones, tablets and digital
3

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 Mobile app development process
 Mobile application development process span six key phases such as Strategy,

analysis and planning, design, app development, Testing and deployment.

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 1. Strategy
The first step of the mobile app development process is to produce a strategy to determine
how your

business can improve through a mobile app.

 How will your customers benefit?

 How will your employees or business partners?
As one app’s objectives may differ from another, there is still an app-specific impact to the

mobility strategy to address during the development process. A well-defined strategy

should help you address “why” for your mobile development initiatives. It helps focus your
of your app In this phase, you will:
vision
idea. on a clear picture
 Define your app’s purpose
 Identify your app’s audience
 Research the competition
Establish the app’s goals and

objectives
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2. Analysis and Planning
 At this stage, your app idea starts taking shape and turns into an actual project.

Analysis and planning begin with defining use cases and capturing detailed functional

requirements.

 After you have identified the requirements for your app, prepare a product roadmap.
This includes prioritizing mobile app requirements and grouping them into delivery

milestones.
 Part of the planning phase of developing an app includes identifying the skills needed
for your

app development initiative. For example, iOS and Android mobile platforms use
different

development technology stacks.

 Have you selected the name of your app? Mobile app names are like domain names
Chapter
and must Mobile Application
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be unique within each app store. Research each app store to ensure your app’s name
 3. UI / UX Design
 The purpose of an app design is to deliver seamless and effortless user experiences
with a polished look. The success of your mobile app will depend on how well users

adopt and benefit from its features.


The goal for mobile app UI and UX design is to create excellent user experiences,

making your app interactive, intuitive, and user-friendly. While polished UI designs will

help with early adoption, your app must have intuitive user experiences to keep app

users engaged.

 Mobile app designers often start app design with sketches on paper.

 Wireframes are the digital form of sketches. Wireframes are conceptual layouts – also
referred to as low-fidelity mockups – that give visual structure to your app’s functional

requirements 7

 Creating wireframes is a quick and cost-effective approach to mobile app design. While
 Style guides document your app’s
design standards, including the
color scheme, typefaces, and
graphics, according to your
company’s branding guidelines.
 Mockups, or high-fidelity designs,
are the final renderings of your
app’s visual design. Mockups are
created by applying your style
guide on to the app wireframes. As
your app’s design begins to finalize,
expect further modifications to its
information architecture, workflow
and aesthetics.  Wireframes are low-fidelity structural blueprints,
 Interactive Prototype - simulate mockups are high-fidelity static representations of
the user experience and visual design, and prototypes are clickable, interactive
simulations of the final product
demonstrate how the app will
work as the finished
Chapter product.
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 4: App Development
 Now that the design phase is complete, it’s time to move on to one of the most
important stages of your mobile app development process. Typically, it’s made up of two
main parts backend and frontend.
 The backend involves creating databases and server-side objects that are
responsible for your app performance.
 Choose appropriate programming languages and begin coding the app.
Additionally, database engines and a hosting environment will be selected.
 It’s crucialand determines the scalability of your mobile app in the future.
 The front-end is the native mobile app an end-user installs and interacts with
on their mobile devices. There are three main approaches to building it.
 Platform-specific- created exclusively for each mobile platform.
 Cross-platform- run on different platforms with one single codebase.
 Hybrid- contain elements of both platform-specific apps and web
applications.

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5: Mobile App Testing
After all, you want to make sure the developed solution is stable, secure, and doesn’t
have any bugs. For the highest quality delivery, your app should undergo five
testing methods prior to deployment.

1. Functionality - check the features of your application and ensure that

everything works well.
2. Performance – test app’s responsiveness and how it handles an
increase in concurrent users.
3. Security - check that your app adheres to all security standards
and that there aren’t any loopholes in your system.
4. Platform and Device With new mobile devices coming to market yearly and
operating systems updating monthly, it’s important for your application to stay
on top of compatibility. Hence, it has to be tested on various devices or simulators.
5. Extended Review - Before proceeding to deployment, it’s a good

idea to test your application with its actual final

users.
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 6: Deployment and Support
When you’re finally ready to deploy your app, you’ll have to go through different

distribution models depending on the platform you were developing for.

 To release your native mobile app you must submit it to the appropriate app store,
Apple App Store for iOS apps and Google Play for Android apps. Once your app is

finally live and users are steadily downloading it — it’s time to get your analytical hat

on and monitor performance.

Some of the most important KPIs you should look at are:
 App downloads and Active users
 Average visit time
 Retention and Conversions
 Customer lifetime value
 Ratings and Reviews
Mobile apps require regular updates to keep up with the
operating system
Chapter changes,
Mobile Application review guidelines, and performance standards. 1
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 Factors that influence mobile application development process.
1. Distribution Channel - As a developer, you must first identify which platform best supports

your grand idea.

 Though Google Play Store and Apple App Store serve the same function, they have
different guidelines. You can view the description, icon, logo, screenshots or

image gallery, and a snippet or a trailer of the app on both platforms. However,

there are few elements that differentiate one from the other.

2. Audience Research - For your idea to become successful, you must first conduct audience
research.

 Knowing audience involves understanding the industry and getting in-depth knowledge
about the people that might take an interest in apps. It is important because users tend

to be diverse.
Chapter You
Mobile must track
Application the demographics of the users of your app. 1
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 Cont…

3. App Idea - you must first examine your idea before you can begin working
on it.
 It must first check if the design is unique or not. Besides being unique, your app
idea must satisfy a need. Most of all, you must be able to differentiate your idea

from what’s already available on the platforms. It must also be able to resolve the

weaknesses of the existing competitive apps.

4. App Development Strategy - To properly execute your app idea, you must come with a
plan.

 In this case, you must have a solid app development strategy. A cohesive strategy
answers all the questions you have towards the app development process. It

clarifies how much of the design work you will undertake for the app development.

Part of your app development strategy must include the strengths and
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weaknesses of each mobile device.
 Cont…

[Link]/UX - User interface (UI) and user experience (UX) are part of what keeps
users

hooked on an app.

 Users prefer apps that are “handier” compared to those that require too much effort to
operate. For example, an app with low-res images, slow loading times, broken sign up/ login

functionality and app navigation, and poor connectivity to social profiles are all signs of poor

UI/UX. Unnecessary micro- interactions, lags or unresponsive clickable elements,

inappropriate spaces, and mismatch fonts types and size are some of the factors you should

watch out for when developing your app.

6. Testing - Developing and designing your mobile app idea is only half of the job in your
mobile app development journey. It’s a way to secure that your mobile app has no exceptions and
bugs. If you launch your app without testing it, you can run into problems that can spark fires that are
Chapter Mobile Application 1
difficult
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Development
4
 Cont…
7. Security - Security must be part of your app development
process.

Users should not have to think of the threat of malware when they use your app. Thus, you

should leverage the security features of the device’s OS. You can also keep the user’s

information safe through encryption.

 You should also restrict your app’s permissions to a minimum. Always prioritize security to
ensure
your app isn’t vulnerable to external threats.

8. Monitoring - You still have work to do after you publish your mobile app. You must be hands-on
with

fixes, performance improvements, changes, and integrating new features.

 As a developer, you must track crashes and look at technical information to help you resolve
the problems users encounter. You can also check into analytics as well as
Chapter Mobile Application 1

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recommendations
Development
and reviews by users to see how well the market responds to your app.
5
Main considerations for mobile app design

Intended utility of the mobile app- Consumer engagement with richer user

experience. Productivity through efficient flows. Driving incremental revenue

through user stickiness. Customer conversion. User loyalty through targeted and

personalized offers

App Architecture- Native vs hybrid vs web based on the requirements. Middleware

Chapter Mobile
requirement Application
for centralized configuration. Offline vs online capability for storing data
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Cont..

App Development Principles- User experience through richer controls and

interactive components. Compatibility on various devices and platforms,

Performance for each screen and task, Security for data, Productivity enhancement

tools.

Target users - Consumers for B2C apps, Business for Business to Business

(B2B) apps, Partners for Business to Partners (B2P) apps and Employees for

Business to Employee (B2E) apps.

Testing- Device testing, Performance testing, and Various testing scenarios.

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Challenges in mobile application strategy
 Diversity of devices and heterogeneous technologies:There are various mobil
e
platforms and devices. The app should provide optimal experience in all the
scenarios.

 Security: Mobile app should ensure data security during transmission and during
storage.

 User experience: Mobile app shouldprovide optimal userexperience

leveraging the device capabilities to provide highest engagement possible.

 Network: Mobile app should be designed to work in regions with network, latency
and

bandwidth challenges.

 Compliance
Chapter
to diverse standards, OS, mobile platforms and devices.
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 Frameworks and Tools
 A mobile development framework is a software framework that is designed to
support mobile app development. It is a software library that provides a

fundamental structure to support the development of applications for a specific

environment.

Generally,….

 A Mobile Software Framework is a collection of tools, libraries, and best practices

that provides a foundation for developing mobile applications. Think of it as a

toolbox that simplifies and speeds up the process of building mobile apps by

offering ready-made components and structure.

 Platforms- In the field of mobile applications, we primarily develop apps and

programs for the following platforms:
• iOS
Chapter
• Mobile Application
Android 1
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 Key Components of a Mobile Software Framework
User Interface (UI) Elements:
• Pre-built UI components like buttons, text fields, sliders, etc., help in creating consistent
and responsive designs.
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
• Enable communication with hardware (camera, GPS, accelerometer) and software (file
storage, internet, notifications).
Development Environment Support
• Most frameworks are integrated with IDEs (e.g., Android Studio, Xcode, VS Code) for
code writing, testing, and debugging.
Code Libraries & Modules
• Offer reusable code for functions like authentication, data storage, analytics, etc.
Cross-Platform Capability (optional)
• Some frameworks let you write one codebase for multiple platforms (iOS, Android), like
Flutter or React Native.
Compiler/Interpreter
• Converts code into a format the mobile OS can understand and run.

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Framework
s The Top Android Development Frameworks that are currently most popular and so important to
learn in 2025.

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1. Flutter
Flutter is an open-source framework by Google for building beautiful, natively

compiled, multi-platform applications from a single codebase.

 It is a revolutionary SDK for cross-platform app development that stands out as it

uses a unique approach for delivering apps with a native-like look and feel.

 Flutter is a complete framework that includes widgets, a rendering engine,

testing and integrating APIs and tools to help developers build and deploy

aesthetically pleasing mobile apps.

 Examples of apps built using Flutter development include Google, Alibaba, and
Abbey

Road Studios.
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 2. React Native
React Native is an open-source UI software framework created by Meta Platforms, Inc. It

used to build applications that run on both iOS and Android devices (that is,

cross-platform mobile applications) React uses HTML, CSS and JavaScript to create

interactive user interfaces.

 React Native, on the other hand, uses native UI components and APIs to create
mobile apps. Mobile apps of top brands such as Tesla, Airbnb, Skype, and
Amazon Prime are the best examples of React Native apps.

 Faster development and deployment are the primary reasons behind the universal
popularity of React Native. Other notable features of React Native include

reusable components, integration with third-party plugins, and component-based

GUI development
Chapter for front-end
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 3. Ionic framework
Ionic is an open-source framework built with Apache Cordova (PhoneGap) and
Angular,

allowing developers to build Android and iOS apps for seamless mobile
performance.

 The framework helps the developers build robust and feature-rich native
applications.

 Ionic’s most significant advantage is that it allows the developers to use

several UI elements, such as filters, forms, views, navigation menus, and

action sheets, in the application design.

 Ionic Mobile
Chapter is a complete
Application framework that enables developers to build 2
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Progressive Web Apps (PWAs), hybrid and cross-platform mobile applications.
4. Xamarin

Xamarin is a Microsoft-owned open-source framework for developing native

and high- performance Android, iOS, macOS, tvOS, and watchOS apps

leveraging .NET and C# programming languages.

 The framework empowers businesses to provide native performance and

unique user experiences to end-users. In Xamarin, an abstraction layer controls

the communication between the underlying platform and shared code.

 The framework allows the developers to build an ecosystem with APIs,

back-end, components, etc., using tools, libraries, and programming

languages supported by an active community.

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5. Native Script
NativeScript is an open-source framework for building native mobile apps. As a

rule, it uses JavaScript and CSS to render the UIs and ensure native-

like experience. NativeScript attracts users with its customized tech stack that

may work with Angular, Vue. js, or TypeScript.

This open-source framework is preferred to reduce the time and code of the app

loads. Leading companies prefer Native Scripts because it has features like

appropriate backend

support, business support, complete access to iOS APIs and Android, cross-
platform
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application, and a native user interface without web views.
6. Apache Cordova
Apache Cordova is a framework for building mobile apps with HTML, CSS, and

JavaScript. You can target multiple platforms with one code base. It’s an

open-source mobile development framework. It is free to use, simple to set

up, allows you access to device features through plugins and the app

performance is comparable to native apps as well. Formerly known as

PhoneGap, a leading mobile app development framework that is developer-

friendly.
Cordova plugins enable the developers to access device hardware capabilities such

as GPS, camera, and accelerometer to deliver a native-like app experience.

Apache Cordova’s notable features include a faster development process with a

single codebase and third-party app management tools.

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7. Framework7
Framework7 - is a free and open-source framework to develop mobile, desktop or web

apps with native look and feel. It is also an indispensable prototyping tool to

show working app prototype as soon as possible in case you need to.

It allows the developers to build Android, iOS, and desktop apps with a native-like look
and

feel using popular web technologies such as HTML5, JavaScript, and CSS3.

Framework7 provides additional support for [Link], React, and Svelte. Another

attractive feature of Framework7 is its stunning UI elements, including features such

as an action sheet, list view, popup, side panels, layout grid, and more. Framework7

makes
Chapter
the development process easy, convenient, and fast.
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8. JQuery Mobile
JQuery Mobile is a user interface framework, which is built on jQuery Core and

used for developing responsive websites or applications that are accessible on

mobile, tablet, and desktop devices.

It’s a hybrid mobile app development framework that helps build platform-

independent apps. The framework uses JavaScript library and HTML to build

responsive websites on various devices such as smartphones, tablets, and desktops.

JQuery leverages the HTML5-based framework and the ThemeRoller to

offer highly customizable themes for mobile apps and web applications. JQuery

Mobile comes in two variants, namely, a customized framework and a stable version.
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9. Sencha Ext JS
Sencha Ext JS is a modern web and mobile app development framework for

creating extremely fluid, cross-platform applications. It’s the most

comprehensive JavaScript framework and is preferred by the development

community to accelerate the development of data-intensive HTML5 applications.

Developers get access to over 140 pre-integrated UI components and an array

of user extensions and tools, including, but not limited to, forms, lists, HTML5

calendars, grids, menus, and toolbars. One of the most useful tools this application

development framework provides is ‘Sencha Architect’, which reduces time to

market by allowing developers to create HTML5 applications using its ‘drag and

drop’ features.
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10. Onsen UI
Onsen UI is an open-source UI framework that makes it easy to create native-

feeling Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and hybrid apps. It allows developers to create

apps using Web technologies like CSS, HTML5, and JavaScript. Onsen UI is: a large

set of rich UI components specifically designed for mobile apps.

Onsen UI is one of the best application development frameworks for building

complex web applications that deliver native-like experiences across platforms with

the same source code.

As a modern and developer-friendly application development framework, Onsen UI

provides a great collection of UI components, such as tabs, stack navigation, and

lists, that Mobile

Chapter further streamline
Application development and accelerate time to market. 3
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Summary of frameworks that are widely being used for creating an app include:
Mobile App Development Framework Pros Cons
[Link] Native Created by: Facebook •Ensures faster time to market •Debugging can be a challenging task
App Examples: Facebook, Instagram •Cost-effective •Slow and requires more space compared
 Open-source, and Based on JavaScript •Facilitates code reusability to its counterpart
 Works for both Android and iOS •The testing process is challenging

[Link] Created by: Google •Enables fast app development •Lacks integration of advanced features
App Examples: Reflectly, Google Ads •Support flexible UI (user interface) •Are large apps that require more time
 Open-source, and Uses a single codebase •Hot reload option is available to download the app
 Written in C, C++, Dart •Dart is new for developers

[Link] Created by: Drifty Co. •Provides intuitive interface •Performance lag on heavy applications
App Examples: Instant Pot, MarketWatch •Is cheaper to develop •Hot reloading feature is missing
 Written in JavaScript •Allows faster prototype •Might face surety issues
 Helps develop cross-platform, hybrid, and PWA apps development
[Link] Created by: Microsoft App Examples: Azure, •Provides multiple library support •Compatibility issueswith third-party
Alaska Airlines •Hassle-free API integration libraries and tools
 Based on .Net, c# and Open-source framework •Works well for offline apps •Offers limited access to open-
 Helps develop applications for Android, iOS. source libraries
•App size is somewhat large

[Link] Cordova Created by: Adobe App Examples: •Supports for offline apps •Does not suit hardware-reliant apps
Wikipedia, Health Tap •Allows access to native device •Hybrid apps are slower
 Open-source and Written in C#, C++, CSS, HTML, APIs •Plugins might not perform as per
Java, JavaScript, and Objective-C •Allows code reusability expectations

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 Generic UI Development
 A good User Interface (UI) focuses on making user’s interactions simple and efficient.
User would appreciate a website with intuitive user interface that leads them

towards their task in most engaging way.

 User Interface (UI) design focuses on thinking of a user, what they might need to do
when they visit website and ensure that the interface has elements that are easy to

access and understand. Being a UI designer, one need to understand the goals, skills,

preferences and tendencies of the user to make a better interface.

 The Generic User Interface (Generic UI, GUI) framework allows you to create UI screens
using Java/Kotlin and XML. XML is optional but it provides a declarative approach to

the screen layout and reduces the amount of code which is required for building the
Chapter Mobile Application 3

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 Android is the most popular operating system in the world, with over 3.3 billion active
users spanning over 190 countries. Created by Andy Rubin as the open-source

alternative to iPhone and Palm OS, Android quickly became the favorite operating

system for most mobile manufacturers in the early 2010s. With titans of the

industry such as Samsung, LG, Motorola and HTC all launching phones running

Android, it quickly became the most popular mobile OS, hitting over one billion active

users by 2014.

 Android has added more users every year since inception. Even though in more
mature markets user growth has stagnated, Android has continued to grow at a

remarkable rate through its popularity in developing countries. In Brazil, India,

Indonesia, Turkey and Vietnam, Android has over 85 percent market share.
Chapter Mobile Application 3
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 Cont..

 User interface (UI) design is the process designers use to build interfaces in software
or
computerized devices, focusing on looks or style.

 Designers aim to create interfaces which users find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design
refers to
graphical user interfaces and other forms—e.g., voice-controlled interfaces.
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 Cont..
User interfaces are the access points where users interact with designs. They come
in three

formats:

 Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) - Users interact with visual representations on digital
control

panels. A computer’s desktop is a GUI.

 Voice-controlled interfaces (VUIs) - Users interact with these through their voices. Most
smart assistants—e.g., Siri on iPhone and Alexa on Amazon devices—are VUIs.


Gesture-based interfaces - Users engage with 3D design spaces through bodily
motions:
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e.g., in virtual reality (VR) games.
Cont..

A user interface can be judged by three main properties:


Ease-of-use; how easy it is to use a certain user interface

 Efficiency for inputting information; how fast information can be input through

the user interface.

 Efficiency for outputting information; how fast the user can process the information

coming back from the system

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 2.6. VUIs and Mobile Apps, Text-to-Speech Technique

 Voice userinterfaces are userinterfaces that are used through Typica

speech. l

examples of voice user interfaces include smart speakers and voice

assistants.
 Voice UIs employ speech recognition and natural language understanding

technologies to transform user speech into text and meaning. Speech is a

tool for enhancing traditional touch user interfaces into multimodal voice user

interfaces.

 Voice user interfaces are highly intuitive as they use the most natural

way for us to communicate, speech. They are significantly faster than typing

to input information but significantly slower than reading or seeing to

output
Chapter information from the computer system back to the user.
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 Cont..
 The first voice user interfaces were IVR, Interactive Voice Response, systems that
enabled users to interact with a phone system by using speech. Typically,

IVRs recognized only digits, but nonetheless they were early voice user interfaces.

 The first applications of voice UIs were interactive voice response (IVR) systems that

came into existence already back in the 80s. These were systems that understood simple

commands through a telephone call and were used to improve efficiency in call centers.
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 Cont..

 Current voice user interfaces can be a lot smarter and can understand complex

sentences and even combinations of them.

 For example, Google Assistant is perfectly fine with something like “Turn off

the living room light and turn on the kitchen light”.

 However, as these smart speakers always wait until the end of the user

utterance and only then process the information and act accordingly, they will fail if

the user hesitates with their speech or says something wrong.

 For instance, you can try something like “Turn off the kitchen light, turn on the living
room

TV, turn
Chapter onMobile
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 2.7. Designing the Right UI
 In mobile app development, the UI (user interface) and UX (user experience) play
the most significant roles in a mobile app’s success. From the perspective of a designer,

an exceptional UI for mobile app can only be ensured when you follow some tried

and tested UI design principles. It is always advisable to stick to certain principles that

are accepted by the designers’ community.

The UI principles:

1. Consistency of the design layout: Different sections of the app must be coherent in the
design, and there must be a consistent flow of the layout throughout the app. Apps like
Evernote, Netflix, and Dropbox deliver great consistency in their design layout. This
also applies to the common features of the apps built for the same OS.

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 UI principles
[Link] Interactive Elements: The design elements that are interactive in nature

must be clearly depicted. Ambiguity should be avoided to make sure that the users are

going to access such elements when required by them. Options hidden in menus may

sometime be forgotten. Several surveys and studies have revealed that conspicuous

menu options are not good for mobile apps. At least, the key navigation elements must be

visible.

[Link] Trial Learning Experience: The term ‘Intuitive’ is often used to describe mobile

apps when suggesting that they are very user-friendly. Actually, this word means that

users understand the flow of the app without remembering the steps. Options should be

placed in a manner where users can infer what the next step would be.
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 UI principles
[Link] and Answer Users’ Queries: When a user’s tap a button, they want to know

whether the process has started and how long will it take. As technology abstracts

these actions, the users are usually kept in the dark while the process is going on. Use

Toast in Android and notifications in iOS so users will be notified when a process has

completed. The Gmail app is a good example of such a design, as it displays messages

like “saved in draft, message sent, etc.” to inform the users about the completion of the task.

[Link] User Experience: The UX should be layered. Layered here refers that all the

features of an app must not be exposed at once. It should surface out as the users

delve deeper into the app and discover new things. This would help in keeping the

users’ interest intact for a longer time. WhatsApp offers a good layered experience as

users explore new features as they go deeper into the app.

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Design an interface for a mobile
app

1. Uniqueness - There is no point in creating something that already exists, and it is

the same with mobile app design. Uniqueness is one of the most important mobile
design principles and that is why it stays on the first place in our list.
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 Cont..
2. Structure

 User interfaces for mobile applications should be organized in such a

way that users will
find it helpful and meaningful.

 Make sure similar items are grouped together and users won’t spend
tons of time trying to find what they need. You also need to keep
in mind that the number of features and sections should not
overwhelm the user, so be ready to sacrifice some less relevant
features.
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 Cont..
[Link]
 Some apps can be used only on the go, others can be used in a relaxed
atmosphere, and some
apps can be used in both situations.

 Context seriously affects mobile user interface design, such as a

bigger font, highlighted buttons, and only vital content. On the other
hand, the interface can be entertaining and full of engaging options.
Before moving on, you need to find out in what context your app will be
used and then build the interface according to this information.

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 Cont..
[Link]
 Gestures allow users to navigate apps intuitively. Gestures can also add some
gamification and may help you gain particular audiences, like teenagers.
 Mobile devices are designed for gestures, so try to get the most out of it and
become a source of inspiration for other apps. Simultaneously, try use
gestures that are familiar to your users and keep in mind how your users will
be handling their device and in what context.
 Let’s say if the user is holding the handrail on a public transport with one hand
and trying to work an app with the other hand, it might be annoying if there are
no other gestures but to pinch to expand, since this gesture requires two
hands.
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5. Tolerance
 App interface design should be created in a way that if some options
come up along the way, the system would suggest by default such
variants that will be most beneficial to the user.

 Make sure your app allows users to undo certain actions and there are
notifications showing
that some changes will be made and can be undone.

 Tolerance means allowing users to make mistakes and giving them

the opportunity to revoke changes.
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6. Consistency

 If there are several elements serving one and the same purpose in the app,
they should look and function the same way. No exceptions. Changing one
element means changing all other variants. If there are several styles of
“submit” buttons on different pages, it can be frustrating, and the app would
look messy.

 Consistency means tidiness and it is certainly a must-have in every app,

which is why in the majority of mobile app design companies there’s a rule
to create a UI kit for every project. This includes all elements of the app,
Chapter Mobile Application 4
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Two it becomes easier to follow the consistency principle with a UI9 kit.
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7.
Communication
 The core idea here is to let users know your app registered the action
and processing it even if it is not possible to give an immediate
result. When the user performs a certain action, it can be
considered an act of communication with your app, which is
why the app should respond with something.

 From a psychological perspective, people need to get

acknowledgment for their actions, and it is especially important in
the banking sphere.
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Chapter Mobile Application 5

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