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 WIN & SHINE IAS ACADEMY
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (INM)
REVISION NOTES

CONTENT PAGE:

[Link] TOPIC

1) Advent of Europeans

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IA
2) From Trade to Territory

3) Early Uprising Against British Rule

4) National Renaissance
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IN
5) Formation of INC
SH

6) INC Important Events (1905 – 1915)

7) INC Important Events (1916 – 1925)

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8) INC Important Events (1926 – 1935)

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9) INC Important Events (1936 – 1947s)

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10) INC Important Leaders - 1

11) INC Important Leaders - 2

12) INC Important Leaders - 3

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 ADVENT OF EUROPEANS:

1. Introduction

 Definition: Sources for the history of modern India

 Purpose: Understand political, socio-economic, and cultural developments

2. Archives

 National Archives of India (NAI) in New Delhi

 Chief storehouse of government records

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 Source for past administrative machinery

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 Contains evidence for political, social, economic, cultural, and

scientific life


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Founded by George William Forrest
IN
 Tamil Nadu Archives (TNA) in Chennai
SH

 Oldest and largest document repository in Southern India

 Records in Dutch, Danish, Persian, Marathi, French, Portuguese,

Tamil, and Urdu

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 Volumes of Dutch records (1657-1845) and Danian records (1777-

IN

1845)

Calendar of Madras records initiated by Dodwell in 1917

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3. Written Sources

 After the advent of the printing press

 Books published in different languages

 Europeans' knowledge about India

 Accounts of Marco Polo

 Ananda Rangam

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  Dubash in Pondicherry, recorded events from 1736 to 1760

 Valuable source for French India history

 Types of written sources

 Literatures, Travel Accounts, Diaries, Auto Biographies, Pamphlets,

Government Documents, Manuscripts

4. Material Sources

 St. David Fort (Cuddalore)

 Historical paintings and statues

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Historical buildings

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

 St. Francis Church, St. Louis Fort, St. George Fort, India Gate,

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Parliament House, President House
IN
 Museums

 National Museum in Delhi (established in 1949)

SH

 Preserve and promote cultural heritage

 Coins
&

 Source for administrative history

IN

 First coinage in modern India (1862), RBI's issuance of paper

currency (1938)
W

 Advent of Europeans After Constantinople (1453)

 Land route to India closed

 European nations sought new sea routes

PORTUGAL:

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1. Prince Henry the Navigator

 Encouraged exploration.

 Bartholomew Diaz reached the southern-most point of Africa in 1487.

2. Vasco da Gama

 Reached Calicut in 1498.

 Sailed to India with an Indian pilot.

 Established a trading center at Cannanore.

 Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese East India Company.

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 Second voyage in 1501, founded a trading center at Cannanore.

3. Pedro Alvares Cabral

 Sailed to India in 1500.

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IN
 Conflicts with King Zamorin in Calicut.

4. Francisco de Almeida (1505-1509)

SH

 First Governor of Portuguese possessions in India.

 Implemented the "Blue Water Policy."

&

 Naval battle near Chaul in 1508.

IN

5. Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515)

 Captured Goa in 1510.

W

 Established Portuguese authority over Ormuz in 1515.

 Encouraged Portuguese-Indian marriages.

 Maintained friendly relations with Vijayanagar Empire.

6. Nino de Cunha (1529-1538)

 Moved the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530.

 Acquired Bassein in 1534.

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  Occupied Diu in 1537.

 Captured Salsette in 1548.

7. Portuguese Achievements in the 16th Century

 Captured several regions on the western and Bengal coasts.

 Introduced tobacco cultivation.

 Spread of Portuguese Catholicism.

 Established a printing press in Goa in 1556.

 Printed a scientific work on Indian medicinal plants in 1563.

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IA
8. Decline of Portuguese Power

 Decline in the 17th century.

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 Lost territory to the Dutch.
IN
 By 1739, confined to Goa, Diu, and Daman.
SH

DUTCH:

1. Arrival and Formation of United East India Company:

&

 Dutch followed Portuguese into India.

IN

 United East India Company of Netherlands formed in 1602.

Received government sanction to trade in East India.

W

2. Establishment of Factories:

 First factory in Masulipatnam in 1605.

 Captured Amboyna from the Portuguese in 1605.

 Spice Islands supremacy.

 Shifted headquarters from Pulicat to Nagapatnam in 1690.

3. Trade and Commodities:

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  Traded silk, cotton, indigo, rice, and opium.

 Monopolized black pepper and spices.

4. Important Factories in India:

 Pulicat, Surat, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Nagapatnam, Balasore, Cochin.

5. Rivalry and Conflict:

 Rivalry with Portuguese and English East India Company.

 Dutch killed English traders in Amboyna in 1623.

 Defeated by English in the Battle of Bedera in 1759.

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6. Decline and Collapse:

 Dutch settlements lost to English, completely wiped out by 1795.

7. Dutch in Tamil Nadu:

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IN
 Overthrew Portuguese in Pulicat in 1610.

Built Geldria Fort in Pulicat in 1613.

SH

 Diamonds exported from Pulicat to western countries.

 Other forts and possessions in Nagapattinam, Punnakayal, Porto Novo,

&

Cuddalore, Devanampatinam.
IN

BRITISH:

1. Charter from Queen Elizabeth (1600)

W

 Charter granted for trade with East Indies.

 Governor and Company of Merchants of London established.

2. Hawkins' Visit (1608)

 Captain Hawkins seeks concessions at Jahangir‟s court (1608).

 Permission to establish a settlement at Surat, later cancelled under

Portuguese pressure.

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3. Thomas Best's Naval Victory (1612)

 Captain Thomas Best defeats Portuguese near Surat.

 Permission granted by Jahangir for English factory in Surat (1613).

4. Nicholas Downton's Victory (1614)

 Captain Nicholas Downton defeats Portuguese.

 Enhances British prestige at Mughal court.

5. Sir Thomas Roe and Commercial Treaty (1615)

Sir Thomas Roe sent to Jahangir‟s court by King James I.

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

IA
 Commercial treaty with the Mughal Emperor.

6. Expansion of Trading Centers

E
Trading centers established at Surat, Agra, Ahmadabad, Broach (before
IN
Roe's departure).

Masulipatam factory on Bay of Bengal coastline (1611).

SH

7. Madras Acquisition (1639)

 Francis Day obtains Madras lease from Chennappa Nayaka.

&

 'Fort St. George' built in Madras, becoming the British headquarters for the
IN

eastern belt.

8. Bombay Acquisition (1668)

W

 King Charles II receives Bombay as dowry from Portuguese.

 East India Company acquires Bombay at an annual rent in 1668.

9. Calcutta Establishment (1690)

 Factory established at Sutanuti by Job Charnock (1690).

 Acquisition of Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur (1698), evolving into

Calcutta.

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  Fortification of Sutanuti in 1696, named „Fort William‟ in 1700.

10. East India Company's Political Power (1757-1764)

 After Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764), the Company

becomes a political power.

 Rule over India until 1858 when it comes under the direct administration

of the British Crown.

DANISH:

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1. Danish East India Company

 Charter issued by King Christian IV on March 17, 1616.

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Set up to engage in trade in the East Indies.
IN
2. Settlements in India
SH

 Tranquebar (Tamilnadu) - Established in 1620.

 Also known as Danesborg by the Danes.

Serampore (Bengal) - Established in 1676.

&

 Became the headquarters in India.

IN

3. Events and Timeline

1616: Charter issued.

W

 1620: Tranquebar settlement.

 1676: Serampore establishment.

 1845: Sold all Indian settlements to the British.

4. Ziegenbalg and Printing Press

 Ziegenbalg sent by the King of Denmark to India.

 Set up a printing press at Tranquebar.

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  Tranquebar became a significant location for cultural and educational

activities.

FRENCH:

1. Formation of French East India Company (1664)

 Formed by Colbert, Minister of King Louis XIV

2. First French Expedition to India (1667)

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IA
 Led by Francois Caron

 Established first French factory in Surat

3. Expansion of French Factories

E
IN
 1669: Marcara founded second factory in Masulipatam
SH

 Factories in Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore, and Kasim Bazar

4. Settlements and Fortifications

1673: Settlement of Pondicherry founded by Martin

&

 Fort St. Louis built in Pondicherry

IN

 1673: Permission from Shaista Khan for Chandranagore near Calcutta

5. Significant French Settlement - Pondicherry

W

 Became the most important and prosperous French settlement

6. Dupleix as Governor (1742)

 Joseph Francois Dupleix appointed as Governor

 Reinforced the vision of French power in India

 Successor to Dumas as the French governor of Pondicherry

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 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY:

1. Establishment of Political Power by the English East India Company

 Key Event: Battle of Plassey (1757)

 Alivardi Khan's death in 1756

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 Siraj-ud-daula ascends the throne

IA
 British seize power due to Nawab's weakness

Siraj-ud-daula attacks Calcutta

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

Capture of Kasimbazar
IN


 Fort William surrender and recovery of Calcutta

SH

 Treaty of Alinagar (9th February 1757)

 Siraj-ud-daula concedes claims

&

 Capture of Chandranagore (March 1757)

Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757)

IN

 British East India Company (Robert Clive) defeats Siraj-ud-daula

W

 Beginning of British political sway over India

2. Aftermath of Battle of Plassey

 British gain wealth from Bengal's treasury

 Strengthening of British military force

3. Battle of Buxar (1764)

 Granting of free trade rights to the company

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  Mir Jafar (1757-1760) and Mir Qasim

 Mir Jafar replaced by Mir Qasim

 Mir Qasim cedes territories

 Shifts capital from Mursidabad to Monghyr

 Revolt against British, flees to Awadh

 Battle of Buxar (22 October 1764)

 Decisive victory for British (General Hector Munro)

 Defeat of Shuja–ud-daulah, Shah Alam, and Mir Qasim

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Treaty of Allahabad (20th February 1765)

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

 Nizam-ud-daulah on the throne

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 Disbanding of most of the army
IN
 Administration of Bengal through Deputy Subedar

 Dual System of government starts in Bengal

SH

 Robert Clive's treaties with Shuja-ud-daula and Shah Alam II

&

Carnatic Wars in the 18th Century:

IN

1. Introduction
W

 Carnatic Wars (1746-1763)

 Fought between Indian rulers, British East Indian Company, and French
East Indian Company

2. Background

 Traditional rivalry between Britain and France in Europe

 Rivalry extended to India over trade and territories

 Series of conflicts known as the Carnatic Wars (1746-1763)

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3. First Carnatic War (1746-1748)

 Main Cause: Austrian War of Succession in Europe

 Battle of Adayar (1746)

 French forces vs. Nawab of Carnatic

 Superiority of European army over Indian army

 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

 Madras returned to the English

4. Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)

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IA
 Cause: Succession issues in Carnatic and Hyderabad

 Battle of Ambur (1749)

E
 French alliance defeats Anwar-ud-din Khan
IN
 Chanda Sahib becomes Nawab of Carnatic

 Battle of Arcot (1751)

SH

 Robert Clive captures Arcot

 Treaty of Pondicherry (1755) - inconclusive

&

5. Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)

IN

 Seven Years' War in Europe leads to the war in India

 British power established in Bengal

W

 French count de Lally conducts the war

 Battle of Wandiwash (1760)

 English army under General Eyre Coote defeats French

 Treaty of Paris (1763)

 End of Seven Years' War

 French settlements returned, but no fortifications allowed

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  French dominance in India practically ends

Anglo-Mysore War:

1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)

 Causes:

Haider Ali's growing power and French relations

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

IA
 Triple alliance against Haider Ali

 Course:

E
Nizam invaded Mysore with British support
IN
 Haider Ali defeated English, captured Mangalore

Treaty of Madras (1769) - returned territories, mutual assistance

SH

2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)

 Causes:
&

 British did not fulfill 1769 treaty

IN

 Capture of Mahe led to Haider's alliance with Nizam, Marathas

Course:
W

 Haider Ali defeated in 1781, died in 1782

 Tipu Sultan continued war

 Treaty of Mangalore (1784) - returned territories, prisoners of war

3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)

 Causes:

 Tipu sought foreign alliances against the English

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  Attack on Travancore

 Triple Alliance against Mysore

 Course:

 Cornwallis took command in 1790

 Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) - Tipu surrendered half his

kingdom, paid war indemnity

4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)

 Causes:

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Tipu sought foreign alliances, corresponded with Napoleon

IA


 Course:

E
 Wellesley declared war in 1799
IN
 Tipu killed, Srirangapatnam captured

 Aftermath:
SH

 English occupied various regions

 Hindu royal family restored to the throne

&

 Tipu's family sent to Vellore fort

IN

Anglo-Maratha War:
W

1. Post-Panipat Crisis

 Marathas recover control over Delhi.

 Maratha Confederacy transforms into five independent states.

2. Maratha States

 Peshwa at Pune.

 Gaikwads at Baroda.

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  Bhonsle at Nagpur.

 Holkars at Indore.

 Scindias at Gwalior.

3.

4. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)

 Causes:

 Dispute over Peshwaship succession.

 Treaty of Surat with Raghunath Rao.

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Opposition in the Supreme British Council.

IA


 Course:

E
 Treaty of Purandhar (1776) not ratified.
IN
 British troops under Captain Popham (1781).

 Treaty of Salbai (1782) with Mahadaji Scindia.

SH

 Results:

 Raghunath Rao pensioned off.

&

 Madhav Rao II accepted as Peshwa.

IN

 Salsette given to the British.

 British influence established.

W

5. Internal Affairs Post-First War

 Nana Fadnavis gains power.

 Peshwa Madhav Rao II's efforts.

 Death of Mahadaji Scindia (1794).

 Peshwa Madhav Rao II's suicide (1795).

6. Treaty of Bassein (1802)

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  Peshwa Baji Rao II seeks British help.

 Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance.

 British troops restore Peshwa's position.

7.

8. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)

 Causes:

 Scindia and Bhonsle resist subsidiary alliance.

 Holkar's attempt to unite Indian rulers.

S
IA
 Course:

 Battles of Assaye and Argaon (1803).

E
 Subsidiary treaties with Scindia and Bhonsle.
IN
 War with Holkar (1804).

 Results:
SH

 Maratha power weakened.

 British become paramount power.

&

9. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18)

IN

 Causes:

 Invasion of Maratha territory.

W

 Opposition by Peshwa, Bhonsle, and Holkar.

 Course:

 Battles of Khadki and Koregaon.

 Defeat of Bhonsle and Holkar.

 Results:

 Maratha confederacy dissolved.

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  Peshwaship abolished.

 Annexation of Peshwa's territory.

 Acquisition of Nagpur and Indore.

 Baji Rao II given an annual pension.

British Administration:

1. Evolution of Civil Services

S
 Early commercial nature

IA
 Cornwallis' reforms (1786)

 Lord Wellesley's training initiatives (1798)


E
Competition introduction (Charter Act, 1833)
IN
 Nomination-cum-competition system
SH

 Open competitive examination (1853)

 Indian Civil Service Act of 1861

Age limit changes over time

&

 Indianization efforts (Islington Commission, 1912; Montague-Chelmsford,

IN

1918)

Public Service Commission establishment (Act of 1935)

W

2. Army in British Administration

 Sepoy army formation

 Contribution to British rule

 Salary disparities

 Changes post-1857 revolt

3. Police in British Administration

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  Mughal police system under faujdars

 Cornwallis' reforms (1791)

 Circles and thanas establishment

 Role in handling crime and preventing conspiracies

4. Judiciary in British Administration

 Abolition of Dual Government (1772)

 Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat establishment

 Supreme Court creation in Calcutta (1773) and expansion to Madras (1801)

S
and Bombay (1823)

IA
 William Bentinck's jury system (1832)

E
 Indian High Courts Act of 1861
IN
SH

1. Subsidiary Alliance (Lord Wellesley)

 Definition: System to bring princely states under British control.

Terms: Protected state, paramount power, British duty.

&

 Main Features:
IN

 Dissolve own armed forces.

British Resident in the capital.

W

 Payments or cession of territory for army maintenance.

 Expulsion of non-English European officials.

 Exclusive dealings with foreign states through the British Company.

 British defense against internal and external threats.

2. Merits for the British

 British Company maintained a large army.

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  Dismissal of Frenchmen in native rulers' service.

 Control over foreign policy.

 Transformation into the paramount power.

3. Defects of Princely States

 Weakening of Indian rulers.

 Neglect and exploitation of subjects.

4. Doctrine of Lapse (Lord Dalhousie)

 Definition: Policy to annex states if rulers adopted children without

S
Company permission.

IA
 Precedent use in annexations: Satara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Baghat, Udaipur,

E
Jhansi, Nagpur.
IN
 Root cause of the 1857 revolt.

5. Factors for British Success in India

SH

 Greater naval power.

 Development of textiles.
&

 Scientific division of labor.

IN

 Economic prosperity and skillful diplomacy.

 Feelings of insecurity among Indian merchants.

W

 Inequality and ignorance of Indian kings.

EARLY UPRISING AGAINST BRITISH RULE:

British Land Revenue System in India:

 Permanent Settlement (1793)

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  Introduced by Cornwallis

 Areas: Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Varanasi division of U.P., Northern Karnataka

(19% of British India)

 Names: Zamindari, Jagirdari, Malguzari, Biswedari

 Zamindars as Owners:

 Recognized as owners if paid revenue regularly

 Revenue Collection:

Acted as government agents for revenue collection

S


IA
 Fixed Revenue:

 Amount firmly fixed, wouldn't be raised

 Distribution:
E
IN
 10/11 of collected revenue to the Government

Tenancy:
SH

 Zamindars granted patta to ryots, who became tenants

 Judicial Powers:
&

 Zamindars lost all judicial powers

IN

 Merits:

Cultivation of waste lands and forests

W

 Zamindars became landowners

 Zamindars freed from justice responsibilities

 Zamindars loyal to British Government

 Stable income for the British Government

 Demerits:

 No direct contact with cultivators

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  Cultivator rights ignored, left at Zamindars' mercy

 Peasants treated as serfs

 Zamindars became lethargic and luxurious

 Conflicts between Zamindars and peasants in Bengal

 Ryotwari System (1820)

 Introduced by Thomas Munro and Captain Read

 Areas: Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam, Coorg provinces

S
IA
 Ownership Rights:

 Handed over to peasants

 Revenue Collection:

E
IN
 British government collected taxes directly from peasants

Rent System:
SH

 Initially, one-half of produce fixed as rent, later reduced to one-

third
&

 Periodic Revisions:
IN

 Rents revised every 20-30 years

 Settlement:
W

 Between Government and Ryots

 Effects:

 Excessive land revenue left ryots with minimal sustenance

 Government exploited farmers directly

 Increased security for cultivators

 Mahalwari System (1822)

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  Introduced by Holt Mackenzie, modified by Lord William Bentinck (1833)

 Areas: Ganga valley, North-West Province, parts of Central India, Punjab

 Revenue Assessment:

 Based on Mahal or village produce

 Revenue Payment:

 All proprietors jointly responsible, initially fixed at two-thirds,

reduced to fifty percent

Village Community:

S


IA
 Owner of common land

 Lambardar:

E
Intermediary between Government and villagers
IN
 Privileges:

Lambardars enjoyed privileges, often misused

SH

 Effects:

 No benefit for cultivators

&

 Modified Zamindari system, benefited upper class

IN

 Increased taxation burden on cultivators

Impact of British Land Revenue System on Cultivators

W

 Common Features:

 Assessment to maximize income led to land sales and dispossession

 Challenges:

 Peasants burdened with taxation, suffered poverty and debts

 Exploitation by Zamindars, money-lenders, and lawyers

 Stability and continuity of Indian villages shaken

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  Cottage industries disappeared due to British goods import

 Old customs replaced by formal legal procedures

Peasants' Revolts in British India:

1. Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)

 Location: Bihar, Rajmahal Hills

 Leaders: Siddhu and Kanhu

Cause: Exploitation by landlords, foreign oppressors

S


IA
 Outcome: Suppressed in 1856, Santhal Parganas established

2. Indigo Revolt (1859-60)

 Location: Bengal
E
IN
 Leaders: Digambar Biswas, Bishnu Charan Biswas
SH

 Cause: Exploitation of indigo cultivators by European planters

 Outcome: Indigo Commission formed, Act VI of 1862

3. Pabna Revolt (1873-76)

&

 Location: Pabna, Bengal

IN

 Leader: Keshab Chandra Roy

Cause: Oppression by Zamindars, forced levies, enhanced rent

W

 Outcome: Legal resistance, agrarian leagues, spread to East Bengal

4. Deccan Riots (1875)

 Location: Poona, Maharashtra

 Cause: Oppression by local moneylenders, land grabbing

 Outcome: Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act passed

5. Punjab Peasant Movement (1890-1900)

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  Location: Punjab

 Cause: Alienation of lands to urban moneylenders

 Outcome: Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900)

6. Champaran Satyagraha (1917-18)

 Location: Champaran, Bihar

 Leader: Mahatma Gandhi

 Cause: Illegal and inhuman indigo cultivation, Tinkathia system

 Outcome: Champaran Agrarian Act (1918)

S
IA
7. Kheda (Kaira) Satyagraha (1918)

 Location: Kheda, Gujarat

E
 Leader: Mahatma Gandhi
IN
 Cause: Full land revenue collection during famines

 Outcome: Settlement with peasants, emergence of Vallabhbhai Patel

SH

8. Moplah Rebellion (1921)

 Location: Malabar, Kerala

&

 Cause: Exploitation by Hindu zamindars and British government

IN

 Outcome: Suppressed ruthlessly, significant casualties

9. Bardoli Satyagraha (1929-30)

W

 Location: Bardoli, Gujarat

 Leader: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

 Cause: 30% increase in land revenue

 Outcome: Peasants' resistance, eventual return of lands in 1937

Tribal Uprising:

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1. Background:

 Colonial rule introduced direct proprietary rights over forests.

 Commercialization of forests led to the disruption of the traditional tribal

system.

2. Causes of Tribal Uprising:

 Encroachment by non-tribal entities (moneylenders, traders, land-

grabbers, contractors).

 Loss of tribal land and displacement from traditional habitats.

S
3. Kol Revolt (1831-32):

IA
 Leader: Bindrai and Singhrai.

E
 Grievances: Revenue collection by moneylenders, usury, and forcible
IN
eviction.

 Actions: Initial protests, followed by attacks on outsiders' properties.

SH

 Suppression: British responded violently, suppressing the rebellion.

4. Santhal Hool (1854-55):

&

 Oppression: Forced displacement during the creation of zamins,

IN

exploitation by police and European officers.

 Grievances: Neglect under corrupt British administration, inability to seek

W

justice.

 Leaders: Activities led by Bir Singh, rebellion led by Sidhu and Kanu.

 Outcome: Formation of Santhal Pargana division in 1855.

5. Munda Rebellion (1889-1900):

 Background: Disruption of Khuntkatti land system, forced labor,

recruitment as indentured laborers.

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  Leader: Birsa Munda, claimed a divine message and prophesied a solution.

 Actions: Violent resistance, attacks on buildings, Christian missionaries,

police stations.

 Outcome: Suppression, Birsa Munda arrested (died in jail).

 Impact: Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908) formulated to restrict nontribal

entry into tribal land.

S
IA
Vellore Revolt:

1. Background:

E
IN
 Imprisonment of Tipu's family at Vellore fort.

Unhappiness among ex-servants and soldiers of Hyder and Tipu.

SH

2. Vellore Fort:

 Majority of Indian troops.

&

 Trained soldiers from Palayams.

IN

 Becomes a meeting ground for rebel forces.

3. Military Regulations (1805-06):

W

 Introduced by William Cavendish Bentinck.

 Enforced by Sir John Cradock.

 Strict discipline and new rules.

4. Causes for the Revolt:

 Strict discipline and new regulations.

 Forced shaving of beard and trimming mustache.

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  Ban on religious marks and ear-rings.

 Racial prejudice and inferior treatment.

5. Immediate Cause:

 Introduction of "Agnew's turban" in June 1806.

 Hindu and Muslim soldiers opposed it.

 Severe punishment by the English.

6. Course of the Revolt:

 Waiting for an opportunity to attack.

S
IA
 Tipu's family involvement.

 Futteh Hyder proclaimed as the new ruler.

E
 Fort gates closed, British flag brought down, Tipu's flag hoisted.
IN
7. Suppression of the Revolt:

Major Cootes informs Colonel Gillespie.

SH

 Gillespie reaches Vellore and attacks the rebels.

 Revolt completely suppressed, peace restored.

&

8. Effects of the Revolt:

IN

 Withdrawal of new methods and uniform regulations.

 Tipu's family sent to Calcutta.

W

 Removal of William Cavendish Bentinck.

9. Causes for the Failure:

 Lack of proper leadership.

 Poor organization of the rebellion.

 Divide and Rule policy of the English.

10. Significance:

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  113 Europeans and 350 sepoys killed.

 Considered a prelude to the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 by

V. D. Savarkar.

The Great Revolt of 1857:

1. Background:

 Early uprisings didn't threaten British in India.

S
 The Revolt of 1857 exposed British vulnerability.

IA
 Cumulative effects of British policies impacted Indian rulers.

2. Causes of the Revolt:


E
Economic exploitation, high revenue demands.
IN
 Policies like Doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance, Effective Control.
SH

 Annexation of Awadh and discontent among Indian rulers.

 Suspicions over Christian missionary activities.

Interference in Indian culture (abolition of practices).

&

3. Immediate Cause:
IN

 Introduction of new Enfield Rifles and the controversy over greased

cartridges.
W

 Hindu-Muslim sentiments affected due to the use of pig and cow fat.

4. Outbreak of the Revolt:

 Mangal Pandey's refusal at Barrackpur triggered the revolt.

 Mutiny at Meerut on May 10, 1857.

 Delhi became the center with Bahadur Shah II declared Emperor.

5. Course of the Revolt:

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  Revolt spread to Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi, Bareilly, Bihar, etc.

 Suppression efforts by Lord Canning and British forces.

 Delhi recaptured by General John Nicholson in September 1857.

6. Places of Revolt, Key Figures & Suppressed British Officer:

 Delhi (Bahadur Shah II,) - John Nicholson

 Lucknow (Begum Hazrat Mahal) - Henry Lawrence

 Kanpur (Nana Saheb) - Sir Colin Campbell)

 Jhansi & Gwalior (Lakshmi Bai, Tantia Tope) - General Hugh Rose

S
IA
 Bareilly (Khan Bahadur Khan) - Sir Colin Campbell

 Bihar (Kunwar Singh) - William Taylor

E
7. Causes for Failure:
IN
 Lack of organization, discipline, and centralized leadership.

 Rebel leaders not matching British Generals.

SH

 Non-participation of certain regions.

 Lack of support from modern educated Indians.

&

 British alliances with Sikhs, Afghans, and Gurkhas.

IN

8. Consequences of the Revolt:

 Administration transferred to British Crown in 1858.

W

 Viceroy title given to the Governor-General.

 Council of 15 members replaced Boards of Directors and Control.

 Indian Army reorganized with more Britishers.

 Rise of the modern national movement and consciousness of unity.

 Paved the way for changes in British military policy.

9. Historical Significance:

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  The 1857 Revolt interpreted as a planned war of national independence by

V. D. Savarkar.

NATIONAL RENAISSANCE:

1. Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj

 Influenced by Western ideas

 Deeply versed in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, English, and Bengali

S
Opposed meaningless religious ceremonies and pernicious social customs

IA


 Advocated monotheism and anti-idolatry based on Upanishads

E
 Campaigned against sati, child marriage, and polygamy
IN
 Founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828, advocating for monotheism, education
for women, and western sciences
SH

 Instrumental in the abolition of sati in 1829

2. Maharishi Debendranath Tagore

&

 Carried on Rammohan Roy's work after his death in 1833

IN

 Established four articles of faith emphasizing belief in one Supreme Being

 Moderate reformer in contrast to later colleagues

W

3. Keshab Chandra Sen & Brahmo Samaj of India

 Split in Brahmo Samaj in 1866

 Keshab Chandra Sen founded a new organization

 Debendranath's organization became Adi Brahmo Samaj

 Formation of Sadharan Samaj due to opposition of child marriage

4. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

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  Argued for reform within Hindu scriptures

 Pioneered modern Bengali prose

 Led education initiatives for girls

 Instrumental in the Widows‟ Remarriage Reform Act of 1856

 Advocated for the first age of consent in the Indian Penal Code (1860)

5. Prarthana Samaj in Maharashtra

 Founded in Bombay in 1867 by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang

 Promoted intercaste dining, inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage

S
IA
 Key members: R. C. Bhandarkar and Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade

 Ranade founded Widow Marriage Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha,

E
and Deccan Education Society
IN
Hindu Revivalism
SH

 (a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj (1875)

Founder: Swami Dayanand Saraswati

&

 Founded Arya Samaj in 1875 in Punjab

IN

 Key Book: Satyarthaprakash

Principles:
W

 Strict monotheism

 Condemnation of idolatry

 Rejection of Brahman domination

 Opposition to superstitious beliefs

 Social Reform:

 Opposed child marriage, widow remarriage prohibition

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  Fought against polluting effects of foreign travel

 Counterconversion efforts through suddhi ceremony

 Achievements in education through Dayananda Anglo–Vedic

schools

 (b) Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Ramakrishna Mission

 Ramakrishna (1836–1886)

 Emphasized spiritual union with God

 Devotion to goddess Kali

S
Concept: "Jiva is Siva" (all living beings are God)

IA


 Ramakrishna Mission:

E
 Founded after Ramakrishna's death in 1886
IN
 Chief spirit: Vivekananda

 Not just religious but involved in social causes

SH

 Education, health care, relief in calamities

 (c) Swami Vivekananda

&

 Narendra Nath Datta (1863–1902)

IN

 Prime follower of Ramakrishna

 Advocated practical Vedanta of service to humanity

W

 Cultural nationalism advocate

 Famous for 1893 World Congress of Religions address in Chicago

 Activist ideology inspired political change

 Criticized for suggesting lower castes' inclusion in rituals

 (d) Theosophical Movement

 Founded by Madame H. P. Blavatsky and Colonel H. S Olcott (1875)

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  Shifted to India (Adyar, Chennai) in 1886

 Stimulated study of Hindu classics (Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita)

 Contributed to the revival of Buddhism in India

 Annie Besant's role:

 President after Olcott's death

 Contribution to Indian nationalist politics

 Formation of Home Rule League

 Theosophical ideas spread through newspapers (New India,

S
Commonweal)

IA
Anti-Caste Movements
E
IN
 Jyotiba Phule

Born: 1827, Maharashtra

SH

 Initiatives:

 First school for untouchables in 1852, Poona

&

 Satyashodak Samaj (1870)

IN

 Opposition to child marriage

Support for widow remarriage

W

 Orphanages and homes for widows

 Works:

 Gulamgiri (Slavery)

 Narayana Guru

 Born: 1854, Kerala

 Contributions:

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  Poet and scholar in Malayalam, Tamil, Sanskrit

 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam

 Grand temple at Aruvipuram

 Influence:

 Thinkers and writers like Kumaran Asan, Dr Palpu

 Ayyankali

 Born: 1863, Thiruvananthapuram

 Activism:

S
Fought for basic rights

IA


 Access to public spaces

E
 Entry to schools
IN
 Organization:

 Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (1907)

SH

 Inspiration:

 Sree Narayana Guru

&
IN

Islamic Reforms:

1. Background:
W

 1857 Revolt: Indian Muslims viewed Western culture with suspicion.

 Fear of Western education, culture, and ideas endangering their religion.

2. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan:

 Born into a noble Muslim family.

 Advocated for modern education to counter Muslim backwardness.

 Founded a scientific society, translated English science books into Urdu.

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  Emphasized bonding with the British Government over nationalist

movements.

 Advised Muslims to take up English education.

3. Aligarh Movement (1875):

 Centered around Aligarh Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College.

 Founded by Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan.

 Later elevated to university status in 1920.

4. Deoband Movement (1866):

S
Revivalist movement by orthodox Muslim Ulema.

IA


 Founded the school at Deoband, UP.

E
 Leaders: Muhammad Qasim Wanotavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangotri.
IN
 Curriculum excluded English education and focused on Islamic teachings.

 Aimed at moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.

SH

5. Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan:

 New leader of the Deoband Movement.

&

 Jamait-Ul-Ulema (council of theologians) led by him.

IN

 Focused on protecting religious and political rights of Muslims within

Indian unity.
W

1. Parsi Reform Movement (Mumbai, 19th century)

 Furdunji Naoroji founded Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (1851).

 Rast Goftar - main voice of the movement.

 Behrramji Malabari campaigned against child marriage.

 Leaders: Pherozeshah Mehta, Dinshaw Wacha involved in early Congress.

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2. Sikh Reform Movement (Punjab)

 Nirankari Movement (Baba Dayal Das)

 Worship of formless God (Nirankar).

 Rejected idols and associated rituals.

 Emphasized Guru Nanak's authority and Adi Granth.

 Prohibition on meat and liquor.

 Namdhari Movement (Baba Ram Singh)

Wore Sikh symbols except kirpan, carried a lathi.

S


IA
 Equality of men and women.

 Accepted widow remarriage, opposed dowry and child marriage.

 Singh Sabha of Amritsar

E
IN
 Established in response to Arya Samaj and Christian influence.

Objective: Restore purity of Sikhism.

SH

 British support, establishment of Khalsa College in Amritsar.

 Forerunner of Akali Movement.

&
IN

TN Socio Reformers:
W

1. Ramalinga Swamigal (Vallalar)

 Born: 1823-1874

 Birthplace: Marudhur, near Chidambaram

 Family: Moved to Chennai after father's death

 Education: No formal education but gained immense scholarship

 Philosophy: Emphasized bonds of responsibility and compassion

 Concept: Jeevakarunya (compassion for all living beings)

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  Contributions:

 Established Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam (1865)

 Renamed it to "Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Satya Sanga"

 Established a free feeding house in Vadalur during the 1866 famine

 Voluminous songs compiled as "Thiruvarutpa" (Songs of Grace)

2. Iyothee Thassar Pandithar

 Born: 1845-1914

 Birthplace: Chennai

S
IA
 Skills: Fluent in Tamil, English, Sanskrit, and Pali

 Activism:

E
 Campaigned for social justice
IN
 Worked for the emancipation of "untouchables"

 Advocated for a casteless identity

SH

 Education:

 Considered education as a tool for empowerment

&

 Established several schools for the "untouchables" in Tamil Nadu

IN

 Organizations:

 Founded Advaidananda Sabha

W

 Established Dravida Kazhagam (1882) with John Rathinam

 Launched "Dravida Pandian" magazine (1885)

 Founded Dravida Mahajana Sabha (1891)

 Disillusionment: Disappointed with Hindu dharma, converted to Buddhism

(1898)

 Initiatives:

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  Founded Sakya Buddhist Society in Madras (1898)

 Started the weekly journal "Oru Paisa Tamilan" (1907)

FORMATION OF INC:

1. Rise of Nationalism

 Emergence of national political consciousness

 English-educated Indian intelligentsia

S
Role of print media in spreading ideas

IA


 New social class working as lawyers, journalists, government employees,

E
teachers, or doctors
IN
 Formation of political outfits: Madras Native Association, East India
Association, Madras Mahajana Sabha, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, The Bombay
SH

Presidency Association

2. Economic Critique of Colonialism

&

 Notable figures: Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade, Romesh Chandra Dutt

Understanding British prosperity tied to Indian subjugation

IN

 Colonialism as the main obstacle to Indian economic development

W

3. Objectives and Methods (c)

 Formation of Indian National Congress in 1885

 Facilitation by A. O. Hume

 Womesh Chandra Banarjee as the first President

 Early objectives: Develop national unity, profess loyalty to Britain

 Techniques: Appeals, petitions, delegations to Britain within constitutional

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 framework

4. Key Demands

 Creation of legislative councils at provincial and central levels

 Increase in elected members in legislative councils

 Separation of judicial and executive functions

 Reduction of military expenditure and Home Charges

 Extension of trial by jury

 Civil services exams in India and England

S
Police reforms

IA


 Reconsideration of forest laws

E
 Promotion of Indian industries, end to unfair tariffs, and excise duties
IN
SH

1. Contributions of Early Nationalists (1885–1915)

 Elite Sections of Society

&

 Lawyers

 College and University Teachers

IN

 Doctors
W

 Journalists

 INC - Truly National Political Organization

 Leaders from Different Regions

 Adoption of Constitutional Methods

 Petitions, Prayers, Memorandums

 Earned the Moniker of "Moderates"

 Formulation of Anti-Colonial Understanding

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  Development of Indigenous Anti-Colonial Ideology

 Formulation of National Identity

 Growth of Differences within INC (Late 1890s)

 Moderates vs. Extremists

 Swadeshi Movement (1905)

 Opposition to Bengal Partition

 Radicals' Call for "Swaraj is my birthright"

 Both Moderates and Radicals Support Mass Mobilization and

S
Boycott

IA
 Role as Educators

E
 Instilling Nationalist Consciousness
IN
 Use of Press

 Involvement in Journalism
SH

 1/3 Members of INC were Journalists

 Newspapers Used to Spread Nationalist Ideas

&

 Civil Liberty and Freedom of Expression

IN

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Arrest (1897)

 Press as a Significant Part of Indian Freedom Struggle

W

2. Naoroji and his Drain Theory

 Dadabhai Naoroji

 "Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism"

 Elected to Bombay Municipal Corporation and Town Council

 Elected thrice as President of INC

 Drain Theory

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  Book: "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" (1901)

 Concept of 'Drain of Wealth'

 Taxes in India used for England's Welfare

 Exports to Britain without Corresponding Return

 Home Charges - Loss of 30 Million Pounds a Year

INC IMPORTANT EVENTS (1905 – 1915):

S
1. Partition of Bengal (1905)

IA
 Objective: Suppress political activities against British rule in Bengal.

Method: Create Hindu-Muslim divide.

E

IN
 Result: Widespread protests, new phase in Indian national movement.

2. Hindu-Muslim Divide
SH

 Objective: Curtail Bengali influence, weaken nationalist movement.

 Action: Bengal placed under two administrative units.

&

 Outcome: Bengali-speaking people reduced to linguistic minority.

IN

 Impact: Instead of division, unity among Bengali people.

3. Anti-Partition Movement
W

 Strategy Shift: Failure to annul partition led to new protest techniques.

 Tactics: Boycott of British goods, Swadeshi Movement.

 Challenge: Moderates against full-fledged passive resistance.

4. Boycott and Swadeshi Movement (1905–1911)

 Objectives: Boycott foreign goods, institutions, and services.

 Trends:

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  Moderate Trend

 Constructive Swadeshi (Self-help initiatives)

 Militant Nationalism

 Revolutionary Terrorism

5. Constructive Swadeshi

 Focus: Self-help initiatives.

 Initiatives: Building alternative institutions, Swadeshi shops.

Programme (1906): Boycott foreign goods, institutions, develop Swadeshi

S


IA
industries, resort to armed struggle if necessary.

6. Militant Nationalism

E
Leaders: Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin
IN
Chandra Pal).

Hotbeds: Punjab, Bengal, Maharashtra.

SH

 Activities: Swadeshi Steam Navigation company (Tuticorin).

7. Swaraj or Political Independence

&

 Goal: Attainment of complete autonomy and freedom from foreign rule.

IN

 Leaders’ Perspectives:

Tilak: Complete autonomy and total freedom.

W

 Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate‟s common goal: Swaraj.

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 INC IMPORTANT EVENTS (1916 – 1925):

1. Context: World War I and British Expectations

 British support sought during World War I.

 Hope for self-government after the war.

 Indian troops' participation in various theaters.

2. Leadership: Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant

 Leaders of the Home Rule Movement.

S
 Revival and radicalization of the Indian national movement.

IA
3. Home Rule League (1916-1918)

 Objective: Attain self-government within the British Empire.

Aspiration for dominion status.

E
IN


 Advocacy for non-violent constitutional methods.

SH

4. Lucknow Pact (1916)

 Initiative for talks with Muslims.

&

 Agreement between Congress and Muslim League.

 Self-government in India and acceptance of separate electorates for

IN

Muslims.
W

5. British Response (1919)

 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms announced.

 Gradual progress towards self-government promised.

 Disappointment among Indian nationalists.

 Enactment of the Rowlatt Act.

 Arbitrary arrest and strict punishment provisions.

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1. Champaran Satyagraha

 Background: Tinkathia system in Champaran, Bihar

 Exploitation: Forced cultivation of indigo by European planters

 Gandhi's Intervention: Rajkumar Shukla persuades Gandhi to visit

Champaran

 Gandhi's Stand: Refuses to leave, summoned for trial, massive public

S
support

IA
 Outcome: Committee formed, recommends abolishing tinkathia system

2. Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre


E
Government Act 1919: Disappointment, war-time restrictions continued
IN
 Rowlatt Act: Excessive police powers, arrest without warrant
SH

 Gandhi's Protest: Nationwide satyagraha on April 6, 1919

 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: General Dyer's brutality, over 379 killed

&

 Consequences: Martial law, widespread protests, Tagore and Gandhi's

protests
IN

3. Khilafat Movement
W

 Post-WWI: Harsh treatment to Caliph of Turkey

 Leaders: Ali brothers - Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali

 Gandhi's Support: Opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims

 Non-Cooperation: Gandhi supports non-violent non-cooperation program

 All India Khilafat Conference: Gandhi presides, non-cooperation begins in

1920

4. Non-Cooperation Movement and Its Fallout

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  Congress Approval: Special session in Calcutta, passed in Nagpur

 Program Includes: Surrender of titles, non-participation, boycott of foreign

goods

 Impact: Nationwide movements, burning of foreign cloth, effective

boycotts

5. No-Tax Campaign and Chauri Chaura Incident

 Gandhi's Announcement: No-tax campaign in Bardoli, 1922

 Chauri Chaura Incident: Violent turn, police station burned, 22 policemen

S
killed

IA
 Gandhi's Response: Immediate withdrawal of the movement

E
6. Swarajists
IN
 Congress Division: Pro-changers vs. no-changers

 Pro-changers: Led by Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das, advocate contesting

SH

elections

 No-changers: Led by Vallabhbhai Patel, C. Rajaji, continue non-

&

cooperation

Swaraj Party: Formed by C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru in 1923

IN

 Decline: Swaraj Party declines after C. R. Das' death in 1925.

W

INC IMPORTANT EVENTS (1926 – 1935):

1. Constructive Programme of Gandhi

 Promotion of Khadi

 Hindu-Muslim Unity

 Abolition of Untouchability

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2. Boycott of Simon Commission

 Announcement of Simon Commission

 All-white commission, no Indian member

 Widespread boycott and protests

 Death of Lal Lajpat Rai

3. Nehru Report

 Formation of committee under Motilal Nehru

 Recommendations of the Nehru Report

S
IA
 Jinnah's Fourteen Points

4. Struggle for Poorna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience Movement

E
Poorna Swaraj declared in Lahore (1929)
IN
 Boycott of Round Table Conference

Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement

SH

 Declaration of Independence Day (26 Jan 1930)

 Salt Satyagraha Movement, Dandi March

&

5. Round Table Conferences

IN

 First Round Table Conference (1930) - No Congress participation

 Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

W

 Second Round Table Conference (1931) - Gandhi refuses separate

electorates

6. Renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement

 Gandhi's return to India, revival of Civil Disobedience Movement

 Third Round Table Conference (1932) - Congress does not participate

7. Communal Award and Poona Pact

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  Communal Award (1932) - Separate electorates for minorities

 Gandhi's fast unto death

 Poona Pact - Abandonment of separate electorates, joint electorates with

reservations

8. Campaign Against Untouchability

 Gandhi's focus on abolition of untouchability

 Engagement with B. R. Ambedkar

 Harijan Tour and Harijan Sevak Sangh

S
Temple Entry Movement (1933)

IA


E
IN
INC IMPORTANT EVENTS (1936 – 1947):
SH

1. Government of India Act, 1935

Provincial autonomy
&

 Dyarchy at the center

IN

 All India Federation with provinces, Chief Commissioner‟s provinces, and

Princely states
W

 Autonomy to provinces

 Franchise based on property

2. Congress Ministries (1937-1939)

 Benefited from Civil Disobedience Movement

 Formed ministries in 8 provinces

 Functioned as popular government

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  Reversed actions against nationalists

 Legislative measures for peasants and industrial labor

 Temple entry legislation

 Focus on education and public health

3. Resignation of Congress Ministries (1939)

 World War II outbreak

 Congress ministries resigned in protest

4. National Movement during WWII (1939–45)

S
IA
 Subhas Chandra Bose becomes Congress President

 Individual Satyagraha

E
 Cripps Mission rejected
IN
 Quit India Movement (1942)

 Socialists lead movement

SH

 People's response, protests, parallel governments

5. Subhas Chandra Bose and INA

&

 Bose leaves Congress, forms Forward Bloc

IN

 INA formed with Japanese support

 Provisional Government of Free India

W

 INA's role and trials inspire Indians

6. Royal Indian Navy Revolt (1946)

 Ratings revolt

 Strikes in other armed forces

 British hegemonic control ceases in armed forces

7. Simla Conference and Cabinet Mission (1945-46)

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  Wavell Plan for interim government

 Simla Conference disagreements

 Cabinet Mission Plan for Federal government

 Congress and Muslim League accept with different interpretations

8. Direct Action Day (1946)

 Muslim League calls for Direct Action Day

 Hindu-Muslim conflicts, Bengal affected

9. Mountbatten Plan and Independence (1947)

S
IA
 Interim government formed

 Mountbatten Plan announced

E
 Indian Independence Act (1947)
IN
 India and Pakistan created on August 15, 1947
SH

INC IMPORTANT LEADERS - 1:

&

1. Bhagat Singh's Background

IN

 Born on September 28, 1907, in Jaranwala, Punjab.

 Father: Kishan Singh; Mother: Vidyavati Kaur.

W

 Family of freedom fighters.

 Influenced by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre at the age of 14.

 Associated with Naujawan Bharat Sabha and Hindustan Republican

Association.

2. Ideological Shift

 Bhagat Singh's shift from violent methods to serious ideas.

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  Realism became the cult.

 Use of force justifiable in cases of necessity.

 Non-violence as an indispensable policy for mass movements.

 Clear conception of the ideal for which they fought.

3. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (H.S.R.A)

 Formed by Bhagat Singh and comrades in September 1928.

 Influenced by socialist ideals and the October Revolution in Russia.

4. Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Throwing (April 8, 1929)

S
IA
 Protest against draconian British laws.

 Demonstrative action with bombs, no casualties.

E
 Chose the day of Trade Disputes Bill introduction.
IN
5. Lahore Conspiracy Case

Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das, and others arrested.
SH

 Known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case.

 Jatindra Nath Das died after a hunger strike.

&

 Sentenced to death on October 7, 1930.

IN

6. Trial and Verdict

 Courageous letter to the Governor of Punjab.

W

 Described their act as a war for freedom.

 Requested to be treated as war prisoners.

7. Revolutionary Ideals

 Differentiated their group from terrorists.

 Revolution as the inalienable right of mankind.

 Freedom as the imperishable birthright of all.

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  Sacrifice for a magnificent cause.

8. Execution and Legacy (March 23, 1931)

 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev hanged in Lahore Jail.

 Shouted "Inquilab Zindabad" and "Down with British Imperialism."

 Symbolic sacrifice for the freedom struggle.

 Integral part of the revolutionary strand of nationalism.

1. V. O. C. and SSNC:

S
Introduction

IA


 Swadeshi Movement in Tamil Nadu (1906)

E
 Objective: Challenge British monopoly in navigation
IN
 The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC)

 Registered in 1906
SH

 Capital: Rs 10 Lakh, divided into 40,000 shares

 Open to Indians, Ceylonese, and other Asian nationals

&

 Steamships
IN

 Purchased: S. S. Gallia and S. S. Lawoe

 Symbolic gesture against British monopoly

W

 Support and Shareholders

 Support from national leaders like Lokmanya Tilak and Aurobindo

Ghose

 Major shareholders: Pandithurai and Haji Fakir Mohamed

 British Response

 Initially ignored, later exhibited bias and racial partiality

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2. Coral Mill Strike:

 Background

 After attending Indian National Congress session at Surat (1907)

 Building a political organization

 Leadership

 V. O. C. and Subramania Siva

 Addressed daily meetings at Tuticorin beach, promoting swadeshi

and boycott

S
Mill Workers' Strike (1908)

IA


 Abject working and living conditions

E
 Inspired by leaders, workers went on strike
IN
 Response and Opposition

 Backed by nationalist newspapers

SH

 Mill owners supported by the government, decided to suppress the

strike
&

 Leaders prohibited from holding meetings

IN

 Negotiations and Victory

 Mill owners negotiated with workers due to increased pressure

W

 Victory for workers hailed as forging a bond between educated

class and masses

 Excitement among militants in Bengal, supported by newspapers

like Bande Matram

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1. Subramania Bharati: Poet and Nationalist

 Role in Nationalist Movement

 Editor of India (Tamil Weekly)

2. Growth of Newspapers in Tamil Nadu

 The Hindu (English)

 Swadesamitran (First Tamil Daily)

3. Leadership in Newspapers

Use of Newspapers for Nationalist Message

S


IA
 Condemnation of British Actions (1906)

4. Subramania Bharati's Activities

 Subeditor of Swadesamitran (1904)

E
IN
 Editor of Chakravartini (Tamil Monthly for Indian Women)

5. Influential Events
SH

 Meeting with Sister Nivedita (1905)

 Impact of Congress Conference in Barsal (1906)

&

6. Ideological Shift
IN

 Bharati's Discontent with Moderates

 Embrace of Militant Nationalist Methods

W

 Fascination with Tilak and Surat Congress (1907)

7. India - Tamil Weekly

 Edited by Bharati

 Voice of the Radicals

8. Arrest and Imprisonment of V. O. C. and Subramania Siva

 'Swarajya Day' Celebration in Tirunelveli (1907)

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  Defiance of Ban and Subsequent Arrest (1908)

 Charges of Sedition

Vanchinathan (Ashe Murder):

1. Background:

 Ashe Murder and Repression of Swadeshi efforts in Tuticorin.

 Subsequent arrest and humiliation of Swadeshi leaders.

S
2. Youth Anger:

IA
 The events generated anger among the youth.

 Plan hatched to avenge the Tirunelveli event.

3. Newspaper Campaign:
E
IN
 Sustained campaign in newspapers against repressive measures.
SH

 Played a decisive role in building people‟s anger.

4. Assassination of Robert Ashe (June 1911):

&

 Ashe shot dead at Maniyachi Railway station by Vanchinathan.

 Vanchinathan, born in Travancore, part of Bharata Mata Association.

IN

 Association aimed to inspire Indians to revolt for Swaraj.

W

 Vanchinathan trained by V. V. Subramaniam in Pondicherry.

 Vanchinathan shot himself with the same pistol after shooting Ashe.

5. Aftermath of Assassination:

 During the trial, British government established links to Pondicherry.

 V. V. S and political exiles associated with Ashe murder conspiracy.

 Colonial administration grew suspicious of Pondicherry groups.

 Atmosphere scuttled nationalistic propaganda and activities in Tamil

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 Nadu.

6. Nationalist Movement Impact:

 Repressive measures led to a lull in the nationalist movement in Tamil

Nadu.

 Some revival occurred with the Home Rule Movement in 1916.

B. R. Ambedkar (1891-1956):

S
 Architect of Indian Constitution

IA
 Role in drafting and shaping the Constitution

 Custodian of social justice

 Writings and Academic Achievements

E
IN
 "Ancient Indian Commerce" (1915)
SH

 "National Dividend of India" (Ph.D. thesis)

 "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India" ([Link]. thesis, 1921)

&

 "The Problem of the Rupee" ([Link]. thesis, 1923)

 Influence on the conceptualization of RBI

IN

 Main Economic Ideas

W

 1. Financial Economics

 Evolution of provisional finance

 Budget by Assignment (1871-72 to 1876-77)

 Budget by Assigned Revenue (1877-78 to 1881-82)

 Budget by Shared Revenues (1882-83 to 1920-1921)

 2. Agricultural Economics

 "Small Holding in India and their Remedies" (1918)

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  Distinction between "Consolidation of Holdings" and "Enlargement

of Holdings"

 3. Economics of Caste

 Caste as an obstacle to social mobility

 Advocacy for individuals' freedom to change occupations

 Critique of the caste system's impact on social democracy in India

 4. Economics of Socialism

 Advocacy for state socialism

S
Nationalization of key industries

IA


 State ownership of land and collective farming

E
 State monopoly of insurance business
IN
 Advocacy for compulsory insurance for every citizen
SH

B. R. Ambedkar:

1. Early Life and Education

&

 Born in Mahar caste in Central India

IN

 Son of an army man

First matriculate from the untouchable community

W

2. Academic Achievements

 Joined Elphinston College with a scholarship

 Graduated in 1912

 Went to the United States with a scholarship from Maharaja of Barona

 Secured post-graduate degree and doctorate from Columbia University

 Studied law and economics in London

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3. International Recognition

 Presented research paper on 'Castes in India' in 1916

 Invited by British government to interact with the Southborough/Franchise

Committee

4. Advocacy for Separate Electorates

 Proposed separate electorates and reserved seats for untouchables

 Argued that untouchables should vote only in constituencies reserved for

them

S
Aimed for genuine representation for untouchables

IA


5. Mahad Satyagraha

E
 Launched news journals (e.g., Mook Nayak) and organizations (e.g.,
IN
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha)

 Fought for civic rights, launched 'Mahad Satyagraha' for untouchables'

SH

access to public tanks and wells

 Intellectual attacks against Indian National Congress and colonial

&

bureaucracy
IN

6. Concerns for the Future

 Worried about the fate of untouchables in independent India under

W

Congress control

 Renewed demand for separate electorates in various conferences and

commissions

7. Communal Award

 Gandhi and Ambedkar's failed negotiations

 Issue taken to the British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald

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  Resulted in the Communal Award granting separate electorates with

reserved seats

8. Poona Pact

 Gandhi's resistance, fast unto death

 Pressure on Ambedkar to save Gandhi's life

 Modified agreement - Poona Pact signed

 Removed separate electorates but guaranteed reserved seats for

untouchables

S
9. Party Politics

IA
 Launched Independent Labour Party in 1937

E
 Formed Scheduled Caste Federation in 1942
IN
 Became a minister in the Viceroy's cabinet during colonial rule

10. Contribution to Constitution

SH

 Appointed as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of independent

India's Constitution
&

 Reservations for Scheduled Castes included in the Constitution

IN

11. Post-Independence Role

 Invited to be a member of the Nehru cabinet after independence

W

1. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA

 Considerable Indian Army contingent in South East Asian countries

(Malaya, Burma, etc.) under British Empire.

 Unable to withstand Japanese forces, British Indian Army retreats, leaving

soldiers as Prisoners of War (POWs).

 Mohan Singh, a British Indian Army officer, seeks Japanese help.

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  Japanese leave Indian POWs under Mohan Singh‟s command.

 Bose arrives in Singapore in July 1943.

2. Formation of INA under Mohan Singh

 Mohan Singh has 45,000 POWs after the fall of Singapore.

 Bose joins in 1943; sets up Provisional Government of Free India in

October 1943.

 Declaration of war against Britain and allies.

 Axis powers recognize Bose‟s Provisional Government.

S
3. Bose‟s Movements and Beliefs

IA
 Bose's arrest by British in 1940 under Defence of India Act.

E
 Bose believes in Axis victory; leaves Calcutta in 1941, reaches Berlin via
IN
Kabul and Soviet Union.

 Meets Hitler but gains little support.

SH

 Bose reaches Singapore in July 1943.

4. INA‟s Expansion and Rani of Jhansi Regiment

&

 INA expands, enlists civilians.

IN

 Rani of Jhansi Regiment formed, led by Dr. Lakshmi, daughter of freedom

fighter Ammu Swaminathan.
W

5. Bose‟s Appeal to Gandhi

 Bose addresses Gandhi over Azad Hind Radio in 1944.

 Seeks blessings for "India‟s last war of independence."

6. INA‟s Involvement with Axis Powers

 INA battalion led by Shah Nawaz accompanies Japanese army in Imphal

campaign (late 1944).

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  Imphal campaign fails; Japanese retreat.

 Shah Nawaz and INA soldiers charged with treason.

7. INA Trials

 Trials held at the Red Fort, New Delhi.

 Congress defends INA soldiers; Nehru appears in defence.

 Shah Nawaz Khan, P. K. Sehgal, G. S. Dhillon sent to trial.

 Public support grows; protests across the nation.

 Despite guilt, sentences remitted; released on January 6, 1946.

S
IA
8. Impact of INA Trials

 Mass mobilization and public support.

E
 Congress reaches out to masses.
IN
 Muslim League, Shiromani Akali Dal, Hindu Maha Sabha join protests.

 INA trials set stage for an important phase in the Indian National
SH

Movement in February 1946.

9. RIN Revolt
&

 Ratings of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) raise the banner of revolt in
IN

February 1946.
W

INC IMPORTANT LEADERS - 2:

Jawaharlal Nehru:

 Birth: 14th November 1889 in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

 Parents:

 Father: Motilal Nehru (President of Indian National Congress twice).

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  Mother: Swarup Rani.

 Education:

 Harrow School (1905-1907).

 Trinity College, Cambridge (Three years, degree in natural science).

 Qualified as a barrister from the Inner Temple, London.

 Return to India:

 1912: Returned and entered politics.

 Contribution to Indian Freedom Movement:

S
IA
 1912: Participated in Bankipore Congress.

 1920: Joined Non-Cooperation Movement after interacting with Mahatma

E
Gandhi.
IN
 1929: Elected as President of the Lahore Session of Indian National
Congress.
SH

 1930: Participated in Salt Satyagraha.

 1942: Introduced 'Quit India' movement.

&

 Post-Independence:
IN

 1946: President of Indian National Congress.

 1947: Became the first Prime Minister of India.

W

 1950: India became a sovereign democratic republic.

 1953: Created the States Reorganization Committee.

 Implemented the first five-year plans for industrialization.

 Pioneered the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

 Faced challenges during the Sino-Indian War in 1962.

 Political Ideals:

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  Democratic socialism, unification, and secularism.

 Books Written:

 The Discovery of India.

 Glimpses of World History.

 An Autobiography.

 Letters from a Father to His Daughter.

 Death: 27th May 1964.

S
IA
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad:

1. Birth and Name

 Born in 1888 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

E
IN
 Originally named Muhiyuddin Ahmad
SH

 Adopted the name "Abul Kalam," meaning "Lord of Dialogues"

2. Brief Profile

Journalist, freedom fighter, politician, and educationist

&

3. Contributions (Pre-Independence)
IN

 Proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity, opposed Partition

W

 Started Al-Hilal in 1912 to promote unity after Morley-Minto reforms

 Al-Hilal banned in 1914; started Al-Balagh to promote Indian nationalism

 Supported Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)

 Elected President of Indian National Congress in 1923

 Arrested in 1930 for Salt Satyagraha

 President of Congress again in 1940, remained till 1946

4. Educationist

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  Advocated for a universal, liberal, and humanitarian educational system

 Co-founded Jamia Millia Islamia University in 1920

5. Works

 Basic Concept of Quran, Ghubar-eKhatir, Dars-e-Wafa, India Wins

Freedom, etc.

6. Contributions (Post-Independence)

 First education minister of free India (1947-1958)

 Established IIT, IISc, School of Planning and Architecture, and University

S
Grants Commission

IA
 Founded Indian Council for Cultural Relations

E
 Formed Sahitya Academy, Sangeet Natak Academy, Lalit Kala Academy
IN
 Posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna in 1992
SH

Rabindranath Tagore:

 Birth
&

 Born on 7th May 1861 in Calcutta.

IN

 About

Also known as „Gurudev‟, „Kabiguru‟, and „Biswakabi‟.

W

 Outstanding creative artist of modern India.

 Influential in introducing Indian culture to the west.

 Bengali poet, novelist, and painter.

 Good friend of Mahatma Gandhi.

 Contributions

 Composed over 2000 songs („Rabindra Sangeet‟).

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  Modernized Bengali prose and poetry.

 Notable works include Gitanjali, Ghare-Baire, Gora, and more.

 National anthems for India and Bangladesh.

 Established Vishwa-Bharati University in 1921.

 Awards

 Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali.

 First non-European to receive the Nobel Prize.

 Knighthood in 1915 (renounced in 1919 after Jallianwalla Bagh massacre).

S
IA
 Death

 Passed away on 7th August 1941 in Calcutta.

 Quotes

E
IN
 "You can‟t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the sea."

"Don‟t limit the child to your own learning, for he was born in another
SH

time."

 "If I can‟t make it through one door, I‟ll go through another door - or I‟ll
&

make a door. Something terrific will come no matter how dark the present."
IN

 "Facts are many, but the truth is one."

W

INC IMPORTANT LEADERS - 3:

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy:

1. Early Life and Education

 Born in 1879 in Erode.

 Son of wealthy businessman Venkatappa and Chinna Thayammal.

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  Little formal education but engaged in critical discussions with scholars.

 Disillusioned with orthodox Hindu religion after a visit to religious centers.

2. Public Service and Leadership

 Ran away from home but returned to manage family business.

 Held various official positions in Erode, including Chairmanship of

Municipal Council (1918–1919).

 President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, proposed resolution for the

rights of "Untouchables" to temple entry.

S
3. Vaikom Satyagraha

IA
 Protest against denial of temple entry to "lower caste" people.

E
 Periyar led the movement and was imprisoned.
IN
 Hailed as Vaikom Virar (Hero of Vaikom).

4. Self-Respect Movement (1925)

SH

 Started due to caste-based discrimination in Cheranmadevi Gurukulam.

 Launched newspapers and journals like Kudi Arasu, Revolt, Puratchi,

&

Paguththarivu, and Viduthalai.

IN

 Kudi Arasu was the official newspaper of the Self-Respect Movement.

5. Association with Singaravelar and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

W

 Close relationship with Singaravelar, the first communist of South India.

 Translated Ambedkar's "Annihilation of Caste" into Tamil.

 Supported Ambedkar's demand for separate electorates for scheduled

castes.

6. Anti-Hindi Agitation (1937–39)

 Opposed Rajaji's move to introduce compulsory Hindi in schools.

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  Imprisoned for his role in the movement.

 Elected president of the Justice Party while in jail.

 Justice Party merged with Self-Respect Movement, becoming Dravidar

Kazhagam (DK) in 1944.

7. Opposition to Caste-Based Education Scheme

 Criticized Rajaji's vocational education program as Kula Kalvi Thittam.

 Campaigns led to the resignation of Rajaji, and K. Kamaraj became Chief

Minister.

S
8. Later Life and Death (1973)

IA
 Periyar died at the age of ninety-four in 1973.

E
 Mortal remains buried at Periyar Thidal, Madras.
IN
9. Periyar as a Feminist

 Critical of patriarchy, condemned child marriage and the devadasi system.

SH

 Emphasized women's right to divorce and property.

 Advocated for the term "valkaithunai" (companion) instead of "giving in

&

marriage."
IN

 Importance of property rights for women to provide social status and

protection.
W

10. Impact and Legacy

 Government of Tamil Nadu introduced the Hindu Succession Tamil Nadu

Amendment Act of 1989, ensuring equal rights to ancestral property for women.

K. Kamarajar:

1. Early Life

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  Born: July 15, 1903, in Virudupatti (Virudhunagar)

 Parents: Kumarasamy - Sivagami ammal

 Birth Name: Kamatchi, later known as Kamaraj

 Nickname: Raja

2. Education

 Schools: Enathi Nayanar Vidyasala, Kshathriya Vidyasala

 Discontinued schooling in 6th standard due to family financial condition

3. Freedom Struggle

S
IA
 Joined Indian National Congress in 1919

 Participated in Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

E
 Elected member of Virudhunagar Municipality (1922)
IN
 Met S. Sathyamoorthy, his Political Guru

 Participated in Vaikom Satyagraha (1924) and Susindram Temple Entry

SH

Movement

 Member of Madras Provincial Congress Committee (1925)

&

 Participated in Sword Satyagraha (1927)

IN

 Organized Indian Republic Congress (1927)

 Campaign for Congress ideology in rural areas

W

 Anti-Simon demonstration in 1928

 Participated in Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha (1930)

 Elected as Secretary in Tamil Nadu Congress Committee in 1936

4. Political Career

 Elected unopposed from Sattur constituency in 1937

 President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee in 1940

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  Arrested in 1940 on the way to meet Gandhi

 Won Madras Provincial Assembly election in 1946

 Elected as member to the Constituent Assembly (1946)

 Hoisted National Flag at S. Satyamoorthi‟s house at independence (1947)

 Elected as member of All India Congress Committee in 1947

5. Pachai Tamizhan

 Tamil declared official language in Tamil Nadu (1956)

 Kamaraj Government formed a committee for Tamil development

S
IA
 Budget for 1957-58 prepared in Tamil

 Tamil Development and Research Council established in 1959

E
 Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation started publishing textbooks in Tamil
IN
 Periyar called Kamarajar “Pachai Tamizhan” (The True Tamizhan)

6. K-Plan (1962)
SH

 Formulated by Nehru after the Chinese War

 Senior leaders resign from ministerial posts and work for the party
&

 Kamaraj resigned as Chief Minister in 1963

IN

 Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Jagjivan Ram, Morarji Desai, S. K. Patil also

resigned
W

 Periyar described Kamaraj‟s resignation as "suicide"

C. Rajagopalachari:

1. Personal Information

 Born: December 10, 1878

 Died: December 25, 1972

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2. Education and Early Life

 Studied law at Presidency College, Madras

 Started legal practice in Salem in 1900

3. Tamil Scientific Terms Society (1916)

 Founded the society

 Translated scientific terms into Tamil

 Focused on chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, and biology

4. Political Career - Pre-Independence

S
IA
 Joined Indian National Congress

 Legal advisor and defended activists

E
Elected as the first premier of Madras Presidency in 1937
IN
 Abolished untouchability through Madras Temple Entry Act in 1939

Appointed as the Governor of West Bengal during Partition

SH

 Temporarily held the office of Governor General in 1947

5. Political Career - Post-Independence

&

 Chief Minister of Madras in 1952

IN

 Reformed education system and society

 Made Hindi compulsory in Tamil schools, leading to protests and

W

resignation

 Became Home Affairs Minister in 1950

 Resigned from Indian National Congress in 1959, founded Swatantra Party

6. Ideological Views

 Social conservative

 Advocated for a free-market economy

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  Supported reintroduction of the Varna system

 Emphasized the significance of religion in society

7. Role in Freedom Struggle

 Participated in Non-Cooperation Movement (1919)

 Involved in Vaikom Satyagraha against untouchability

 Led a march similar to Dandi March in 1930

 Opposed Gandhi during Quit India Movement

8. Literary Contributions

S
IA
 Tamil translation of the Ramayana - "Chakravarthi Thirumagan"

 Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil language in 1958

9. Honors and Awards

E
IN
 Bharat Ratna in 1955

10. Death
SH

 Passed away on December 25, 1972.

&
IN

Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy:

W

1. Early Life

 Born on July 30, 1886, in Pudukkottai.

 First woman in India to receive a medical degree.

2. Social Reforms

 Fought against the 'Devadasi' system in Tamil Nadu.

 Actively supported by Mahatma Gandhi.

 Nominated to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council in 1927.

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3. Medical Achievements

 Founded Cancer Relief Hospital in 1949.

 Established the Cancer Institute at Adayar in Chennai.

 Inspired by her sister's death from cancer in 1923.

4. Political Engagement

 Resigned from Madras Legislature in 1930 as a protest.

 Organized All India Women Conference in 1930.

 Founder President of Indian Women Association (1933-1947).

S
IA
5. Social Welfare

 Started Avvai Illam, an orphanage in Santhome, Madras.

E
First Chairperson of the State Social Welfare Advisory Board in 1954.
IN
6. Notable Firsts

First female student at Maharaja‟s College.

SH

 Only woman candidate in Madras Medical College (1907).

 First woman House Surgeon in Government Maternity and Ophthalmic

&

Hospital.
IN

 First woman Legislator in British India.

 First woman Deputy President of the Legislative Council.

W

 First Alderwoman of the Madras Corporation in 1937.

7. Legacy

 Passed away in 1968 at the age of 82.

 Demonstrated the power of hard work and dedication.

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 Moovalur Ramamirtham:

1. Early Life:

 Born in Thiruvarur (1883).

 Raised in Moovalur near Mayiladuthurai.

 Known as Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar.

2. Activism and Writing:

 Social reformer, author, and political activist.

 Advocated for the abolition of the Devadasi system.

S
IA
 Authored "Dasigalin Mosavalai" in 1936, exposing the plight of devadasis.

3. Political Affiliations:

E
Initially supported Indian National Congress.
IN
 Joined Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's Self-Respect Movement in 1925.

Supported Muthulakshmi Reddy's attempt to abolish the Devadasi system

SH

in 1930.

4. Anti-Hindi Agitations:
&

 Participated in the Anti-Hindi agitations of 1937-40.

IN

 Jailed in November 1938 for six weeks for participating in the agitations.

5. Devadasi Abolition:
W

 Instrumental in the passage of the Madras Devadasi (Prevention of

Dedication) Act in 1947.

 Act outlawed the Devadasi system.

6. Political Shift:

 Parted ways with Periyar in 1949 due to his marriage to Maniammai.

 Became a supporter of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).

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7. Legacy and Social Welfare:

 Passed away on June 27, 1962.

 Government of Tamil Nadu instituted the "Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammal

Ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme" in her memory.

 The scheme provides financial assistance to poor women with specific

eligibility criteria.

8. Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammal Ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme:

 Educational eligibility: Bride should have studied up to 10th Std (5th Std

S
for Scheduled Tribe).

IA
 Income limit: Not exceeding Rs. 12,000 per annum.

E
 Age limit: Bride should have completed 18 years of age.
IN
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