-~ ,eav.

;
I. Forests of India
TheBtg
Idea
We must conserve our
2. Wildlife of India
forests and wildlife.
They are a part of our
natural heritage.

Van Mahotsav or the 'festival of

trees' is celebrated in India since
19S0. It is also known as Forest Day
in India. It is celebrated every year
from I to 7 July. The festival spreads
awareness among people about the
harm which has been caused by the
cutting down of trees. Over the past
few years, the forest covers in India
has reduced a lot. During the Van Mahotsav week, every citizen of
India is expected to plant a sapling at home, office, school, or college.
Since the beginning of the festival, it is believed that thousands of
saplings have been planted in many areas. It is one of the measures
which the government has taken to protect our environment.
r
our country is rich in nat ura 1 resourc F
water are some natural resources wh'.'sh orests, wildlife, minerals soil and
are of · d types-exhaust"1bl
r two . e and ,nexha .
_1c are present in India. Natu:al resources
'
are ,mite in quantity are called h ustible. Natural resources which
examples of exhaustible reso ex austible resources . Petroleum and coal are
present in plenty and do not urdces. !~exhaust ible resources are those which are
.
an sun 1ght are examples [Link] uce m quantity
. even af ter continuous use . Air
I o inexhaustible resources.
d

FORESTS OF INDIA
IC Y covered with trees and shrubs is called a forest.
A large area of land that is th· kl .

Types of forests
The various types of forests present in India are:

1. Evergreen forest
2. Deciduous or monsoon forest
3. Thorn and scrub forest Let's Explore
4. Mountain forest How do you think our lives would
5. Tidal or mangrove forest be affected if there were very few
forests left in our country?

Importance of forests
Forests are important to us in many ways.
e.M1 I1YA I 10
-w 1, YI" I. _1I V\,/
1
Trees and plants give
WOt)olvs1)5'oxygen to 1<e.
P O it'.? \ VIC! bu i 1
breath , . uI ,c,
\........
We get firewood , timoe1,.paper, and meoicinaH1erbs from forests.
_.. .
• Forests are home to different tYpes of wild animals and birds.
The roots of the trees hold the soil together. They prevent the soil from being
L -F I f -1 r J \/ f\
washed away during heavy rains.
• Forests keep the surrounding areas cool. - 1
fl' I r;-,ol/ :' ' i. E;0r, I" 1 JJ ~, .<; _ <" ., • CJ
• Forests also help make the soi I fertile. • -1 0<0~~ ,,1 :uh r',,\, ' I • \' • ·, •,,

Forests help in bringing more rainfall to a region. If there are no trees in a

region, it will become_dry.

 Types of forests found in India

Places Main features :. . !t~·~,.'

Type of forest
Western slopes of These forests are de nse .
1. Evergreen The t rees are tall.
the Western Ghats, 1
forest
hills of north- The trees in th is forest do not shed
eastern India, and their leaves all at(once. Here, when
the Andaman and one group of trees shed their
Nicobar Islands leaves, the other groups grow new
leaves. Hence, the forest looks
green throughout the year.
Some important trees found here
are rosewood, bamboo, ebony,
and mahogany.

2. Deciduous Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, The trees shed their leaves during
or monsoon Odisha, and many the dry season.
forest states in the Some trees found here are mahua,
Peninsular Plateau sandalwood, sal, and teak.
Sandalwood is found in Karnataka.

3. [Link]....an d Desert area of The trees and shrubs here have-

,;£[Link]- forest Rajasthan, dry areas long roots , thorns , thick stems,
of Gujarat, Madhya and small leaves.
~ aII pluhts Pradesh, Tamil The plants which grow here can
Nadu, Telangana, survive without water for a long
Andhra Pradesh, period.
Uttar Pradesh, and
Haryana

4. Mountain Himalayan region The trees are tall and some trees
forest and parts of the bear cones .
, 1
,,, lj;/'\ • \ Nilgiri Hills. No
Trees mostly have pointed or
•I '., tfeeS grOW On SnOW-
needle-like leaves.
P(J ~covered mountains.
Pine , spruce, and deodar are some
trees which grow here.
i o'nv: ii',:.!.,/ ·' rJ
-
5. Tidal or
mangrove
forest
~Pd,, Delta regions
of Ganga and
Brahmaputra rivers
•
These forests are also dense.
The trees have special roots which
grow above the ground.
(in West Bengal and
Bangladesh), some • The wood of thes~ trees is hard.
parts of Gujarat and • Su nd ari is an important tree which
the Andaman and grows in West Bengal.
Nicobar Islands

102 ~ ,
 =• M'.¥2 s:r;n;r;ac

!
Deciduous forest
Evergreen forest
Mountain forest
Thorn and scrub forest
Mangrove forest

~
boo :-'

rrllc\'--\!
sp.>-t~ ( p:
!\erci ~~, -----·

eln v1,; :
~\q 0 \~t 't.5
Vn\-\t '. r.1 ~- cl 1LS BAY
OF
1\11, tf .-. ,,,,,, I SEA
f
BENGAL
,= "I, ,,,_..,,.

tv,1 ,~~ ·-' ,'•I"

~
/J,...'I,: (.
... ,
" : . . ·, ! . C, , .
IV'.1 ,. ... ' '

OCEAN

aiitd
 . 1ou kno~ >
<:>~ •
The Amazon Forests are
called the 'Lungs of the
World'.
Why do you think they are
called so?

A forest
Need to Save Forests
Trees are being cut down in large
numbers to fulfil our needs. As a
result, our forest resources are slowly
reducing. This is called deforestation.
Deforestation causes soil erosion , flood ,
and landslide especially during heavy
rainfall. We must protect our forests
because our survival depends on them .
Forests are also home to many wild
animals and birds. We must conse rve
our forests by planting more trees in the
Deforestation deforested areas.

Let's Explore
• Find out which type of forest is present in your state/union territory.
• Think of two other reasons why forest cover is reducing around the
world.

WILDLIFE OF INDIA
A large variety of wild animals are found in India. However, over the years, our rich
wildlife has been affected by hunting and deforestation. Most of the animals are
hunted for their fur, tusk, horn, and skin.

The government has taken measures to protect our wildlife. Hunting has been
banned in our country. Many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries have been set
up by the government all over India for th e protection of our wildlife .
r ../"~•"-\
;_
'""')
·,
Dachigam.
'c. ,/' -"-·)
• National park
• Wildlife sanctuary
('AA
SalinM/i 4Hemlsj
jR, 4 Kishtwar _,
amnagar (
•';• rr~..._- 'l
-yJl
,C'
Govintt. ...
'~·;j't .
AG' Himalayan
>Saga,.• i Bhabha
, Kufrf ,-~ •
•J j: / Val/e~~owers
T2..Kflfe-forARajaji ~- ;v-,.,__
'\ / )
'"'V"""A
(/: t.,,
·-·s,mbh•
""'Keoladeo ) ir ,
s,,,;j)l,.:
--~ C~N'f'da
I ,,.~, , Devi •~. ,

%,1: .... ,
-~ " I,~.,.,,,,,, ~· /"-' 'J' ·,
•/ ~ 1
,,amdapha

l,
Ghat'
R,m<h b
Katerniaghat
~".)• ·,
1 • ,
c, '""'"";i '· "":"",
_, -,. .., . .),,. T' ._
'.tr,,...,,.,
"" '-' -'j,,.~· ..._, ",v!><lna! .,,.-,

. A /?
'I"\,
•

J"' ,~,.;•c,
- ,•:.':!'-
' •;
\, am ore"(Madha I .
, G , , "' S """"'' Ch~dro/ -
--
.r~,,-,,. ,,1•·- ""'"1!~
... c t/d Ass I 111 ; lJ"' \ \.. J,cv,~~J'a
•
Problo,•'""""""",I'.'-.
.( I , .) ' - , - ~4,1
J- Af.;Siroy
NSaro ',;,- - ~ 1 < 0/·< ,,, - ''!'"""'
- -'-,- y-!liinlli!U1LA __8:.1ndhavgarh ~ . , ( ,-:· / )(•'\ , ( , Lamjao
, l.f'\_,. !j-Keibul
Na/Sarovar
Gir
":"I
:: N•Satpuro______
Kanhal o 7' A>o 1--c;------r~------ -r.f\Mt
A 0~ ..1:n,,; .,.._ _fglamu/
0
1
< Trishnql.. •~-------~;c ----,
enr,opic OJ anc
.. r'"... _..._j!,maf \...,--- ' !\C ' •
-1 ,. r_Nagzir9I
,;:::., "'--
1I ,,.,I,.'-, a a Hlili f,-1
~I
>
- - A -~x:
,aval ,_,1Me/ghat Pe111-rr ,. ./ Simlioal
p ,, Sundarbans •
0
. Gautala Nawegatn; Sitana~i Ushakothl Bhittarkanika Qo
SanJayGandhi {'~- ?1 ~!:.,Karlapat • dankanan
AR AB l AN 1., • ( 1-> \
1 KavJal L.,._/ d ,; t' ,-, ,. Ch1hkaLake
.. BAY
Koyna /,' n JP ~l~( - OF
S EA __/' 10 Etu~gafam
Chando/1 .,~-I SPocharam ,.~-' A ikonda BENGAL
\- I _1 C .
Radhanagin 1Ghataprabha-; A
.-- - r ~tvagarjuna eruor,nga
Lake

.,,.t•' .
Bhagwan Mahavir / Sagar
Anshi '
Raneben~5 g_ Saddle Peak
trv"< Shri Venk taswara
anganathittu ~( 1 ----J
Pulicat 3 .
. . ifidle Button
Mount Halliett
r ,
'
Nagarh e"A,
Banti~hatta • uindy
.. d
...
:r O

; ~-- Wandoor
,

•0 ••o· 0
<'/Ii,,, Bandipur " e antangal
.,, fJIMudumalai ~- Andaman Sea
i ; ,o o Sdent Valle Ai{., Calimere !; 'o 0

~. 0
I kkitr a?oat• ~,oa9'
!, (I)
~, Pe" arJ .......
-"MOfl e
..., 0
ndanth i o.,i
Great Nicobar
OCEAN
INDIAN

Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India

. i 0 u knoll,,
-Q~ •
Red pandas are found in the
Himalayan region of India .
The number of red pandas
have reduced a lot over the
past. IO yea rs. The main
reason for this is the loss of
forest cover.

Red panda

J
 A national park is a reserved forest area. It is meant to protect the wildlife,
trees, and natural beauty of a region. A wildlife sanctuary is an area reserved
for animals, especially those which are endange red . Tiger, one-horned rhinoceros,
nilgai, lion -tailed macaque, Asiatic lion, and snow leopard are some endangered
animals.

Snow leopard Asiatic lion

Nilgai Lion-tailed macaque

..- ' ...... 1

~"''-· 'r· - l-.;.·11,1 •

~ . ~:~-~~~;::; ·,::~·~,~·.-: ;.;~;-;~~~;·;~;;I~~;; -i~- ;;~ ;~:~· ~~-;~,;;; .:

\ to know} inexhaustible re~ources: resources ~hich are available in plenty
mangrove: a tropical tree that grows in mud or at the edge of rivers; its :
.: roots are above the ground :
: firewood: pieces of wood used for burning
: dense: containing a lot of things with little space between them; in this case, trees

.:• cones:
thorn: the small sharp pointed part on the stem of some plants, such as rose

. the hard dry fruit of a pine tree

: conserve: to protect something and prevent it from being destroyed
: reserved: to keep something aside so that it cannot be used by anyone for any
.
: reason

....................................................................................
: endangered: plants or animals which are at a risk of no longer existing on earth
 Let's Recall
I, r,Jatural resources are of two types-exhaustible and inexhaustible.
z fhe various types of forests present in India are evergreen, deciduous or monsoon , thorn
· and scrub, mountain, and tidal or mangrove forests.
_Many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries have been set up by the government all over
3 India to protect fo rests and wild animals.
j
_____ ,. . ____,-.,-.....,.,....,..,.~... ;-,--..,,,,.,,. _._~,-·~·
~ --...--- -·~

A, Match the columns. )

Column B
C
a. Mangrove forest
f ~·pine, spruce, and deodar c;1
b. Deciduous forest
· ( desert area of Ra~.asthan e_
3. sandalwood, sal, and teak b C. Evergreen forest

d. Mountain forest
4. Sundari 01
e. Thorn and scrub forest
5. the trees do not shed their
leaves all at once

B. Give one word for the following.

1. Natural resources which are limited in quantity.
2. Forests which are mainly found in the Himalayan region. l'bnt; 111-\a ; / 1
3. Another name for tidal forests VVJO '(\q,S!f rrJ V c
4. A protected area which is reserved for the conservation of only animals IA 1i 1,q /i f ('
V v i ' r

~o Ci !':l."lc:
l
I
C. Short answer questions 1.
1. Name any two exhaustible and inexhaustible resources. (./
2. List the main types of forests that are found in India.
3. Where in India do we find thorn and scrub forest? Name the areas.
4. Where are mountain forests mostly found in India?
5. Why do you think our wildlife is in danger?
I •

f I D. Long answer questions

1. What are natural resources? What is the difference between exhaustible and
inexhaustible resources?
2. List the main features of evergreen forests.
3. Where are tidal and deciduous forests found in India?
I 4. What is the difference between a national park and wildlife sanctuary? Look at
I I the map given in the lesson and list two examples of each.

5. 'We have threatened the existence of many plants and animals and their
numbers have decreased a lot' . What do you think has caused this?

f~ lq;wmn
The picture shows root of the trees
growing above the ground.
1. Which type of forest is shown in
the picture?
2. Where is this forest found in
India?

3. Name a tree which grows in this

forest.

Ci\W@Hii
On a political map of India, mark the following places. You can refer the maps given in
the lesson. Paste the map in your notebook.
1. The regions where tidal, evergreen, and deciduous forests are found
2. Two national parks found in Rajasthan

3. One wildlife sanctuary from each region (north, west, east, and south)
In groups of 4 or S, gather information about migratory birds. These birds come
from far-off places to the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India. Each
group will prepare a poster on migratory birds and present it before the class.
one member from each group will say a few sentences about the birds they have
111 entioned in the poster. You can draw or paste pictures of the birds in the poster.

Have you heard of sarpagandha, neem, tulsi, arjuna, jamun, and babool? They
are used in our traditional medicines of Ayurveda. Find out one medicinal use of
these trees/plants. Prepare a booklet on this. Paste or draw pictures of these trees/
plants. You can choose other trees of medicinal use as well. Paste samples of some
of the dried leaves of these trees/plants, if you can find them.

I can do it on my own. I can do it with help.

describe the types of

· forests found in India and
explain their importance.

talk about the wildlife of

.1,
•?tndja.
 TheBfg
Idea
Water and soil are our
natural resources. We
must conserve them.

Jaspreet went to Chandigarh to stay with his

grandparents during summer vacations. He visited
many places around Chandigarh but he was extremely
excited to see the Bhakra Nangal Dam. When he
returned to school, after the vacations, his best friend
Shivangi asked, 'Which places did you visit during
your holidays?' Jaspreet replied, 'I visited many
places, but the place that I liked the most was the
Bhakra Nangal Dam. Have you heard about it?' 'No, I
have not heard about it,' said Shivangi. Jaspreet explained, 'It is a huge
wall built across a river. My Biji (grandmother) told me that the dam
produces electricity from water. This electricity is supplied to Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Delhi.' 'Wow!' exclaimed
Shivangi and said, 'Imagine how much electricity that would be!'

b'-1 elfrivt w-ee-

ti- ( 1.?ihe,/, wQ4f}t, co~
water is very essential for life to su •
use water for drinking, cookin ba~ive on earth. It is one of our basic needs. We
used for growing crops y h g, hmg, washing and other purposes. It is also
earth's surface is cover~d :~th ave read m the previous class that two-third of the
on earth is fit for drinking. water. But only a small portion of the water present

WATER RESOURCES
Water which is used by us for
drinking, cooking, and other such Let's Explore
purposes is called freshwater. The Ask your grandparents or elders at
main source of freshwater is rainfall. home how people brought water
There are different sources from to their home, before taps were
where we get water. These sources are
introduced.
categorized into two groups-surface
water and groundwater.
Water which is present on the earth's surface is called surface water. It is found
in water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds, seas, oceans, and glaciers. Water
which is present beneath the surface of the earth or under the ground is called
groundwater.
In our country, farmers mainly depend on rainfall for growing crops. But the
distribution of rainfall varies from one region to another. Farmers face a challenge
while growing crops as they need freshwater supply. Thus, freshwater is supplied to
the fields through the process of irrigation.
Let us read about th.e diffesnt means of irrigation used in India.
-] C) \I'\;\ ' )1 I'\} -e_r, .
Canals aVE; 1ong passages ug . ..
in the ground for carrying water
from rivers to the fields. They are
an important means of irrigation
in the Northern Plains and the
delta region.
A_well is a hole dug in the
ground to obtain groundwater.
It is dug in places where water
is found deep below the earth's
A canal
surface. Sometimes a tube is
sunk into these holes and water
is brought to the surface with the
help of a pump. This il calle.f :A
tube well. ()-{)'f()V (Ac) VJJTTJ I
-=----
Tanks are built in areas where
water is collected during the
monsoon. This means of irrigation
is practised where it is quite
difficult to dig a well. It is common
in peninsular India particularly in
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and
Karnataka. A tube well

A dam is a barrier (wall) built across a river in order to prevent the water from
flowing. The river water is stored in a reservoir behind the dam. The water Which is
stored is taken to the fields through canals. Another purpose of building a dam is
to make water fall from a great height, which

.
helps to generate electricity. The electricity
generated from water is called hydroelectricity.
-~ iou kn 0 ~
Dams are useful to us in many ways. They
provide water for irrigation, they help to control Kallanai Dam, which is built
across river Kaveri, is the
floods, and they also generate hydroelectricity.
fourth oldest dam in the
When dams serve more than one purpose, they world. It was built by the
are called multipurpose projects. Cholas during the Medieval
Period.
Many such multipurpose projects have been
introduced in India. Some of them are listed
below.

Multipurpose project
Bhakra Nangal Dam
Built across rive r Satluj in Himachal Pradesh
Damodar Valley Project

Sardar Sarovar Dam Built across river Damodar in West Bengal

Built across river Narmada in Gujarat

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Built across river Krish . b
and An dhra Prades h na, 1ies etween Telangana
~ eed to Conserve Water
freshwater. is becoming scarce and we
must use it very carefully. Activities such as
bathing, ~ashing clothes, and the disposal
of industrial waste are polluting water
bodies. We must avoid such activities as the
can harm marine life. Polluted water which Y
is used for domestic purposes, like drinking
and cooking, can cause harmful diseases.
Therefore, we must conserve water and try
our best to keep water bodies clean. We
Adam
should also make efforts to not waste water.

SOILS Of INDIA
•The topmost layer of the earth, on which all plants and trees grow, is called soil.
Soil is formed when rocks break down into smaller pieces. Rain, wind, sun, and
· water play an important role in soil formation. The sun's heat creates crack on
the surface of the rocks. Rain falls on these cracks and causes them to break into
smaller pieces. The broken pieces of rocks turn into powder gradually. Rivers carry
the powdered rocks and deposit them on their banks. Sometimes fast-blowing
winds carry these smaller pieces to different places. This is how soil is formed. Soil
formation is a very long and slow process. It can take thousands and thousands of

years for a layer of soil to form.

Types of Soils in India

There are six types of soils found in India. These are alluvial soil, black soil, red soil,

laterite soil, desert soil, and mountain soil.

Alluvial soil is very fertile and suitable for growing crops. It is found in the Northern
Plains and the Coastal Plains. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, and parts of
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are some states where alluvial soil is found. Rice,
wheat, sugar cane, pulses, and jute are some important crops that grow well in this

soil.

Let's Explore
Collect samples of soil from around your neighbourhood and compare
them. Share the information in class.
 Alluvial soil
Black soil
Desert soil
Laterite soil
; Mountain soil
Red soil

.""-•, ....
_,.,· ·. .n
·--L .
.1•;,.,/ v .,...._,,,...
i:,
l. ·-·
\
.l
- -1- ----- - -
\
,J
(
t
BAY
OF

BENGAL
SEA

I N D I A 0 C E A N

Types of soils found in India

' y\tJ
-J
-{I
' Red soil is red in colour. It is not very fertile. It is found in Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Telangana, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh,. Some crops which can be grown in
this soil are millet, rice, pulses, and wheat.

, •'1

'

' .
......
__' -_' _, -- - - -- - ~- -~ -- =---- .\
: .......
,._
 .. {1\-n
Q 0-lt) i V1
siack s01l 1s black in colour. It can
hold a lot of moisture . This soil is
found mainly in the Deccan Plat eau .
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra Pradesh are some states '
where black soil is found . It is best
suited for growing cotton . Besides
cotton, sugar cane, oilseeds, and maize
grow well in this soil.
• • . :0-i o'fi ·I Cl I\/ tv,'. ·,,1 \,, \
Laterlte sml 1s found m regions
which experience very heavy rainfall. Cotton grows well in black soil.
The colour of this soil varies from brownish to yellowish . It is used to make bricks .
Assam, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are some states where
laterite soil is found . Tea, rubber, cashew, coffee, and coconut grow well in this soil.

Desert soil is dry and infertile. It is found in Rajasthan, and parts of Punjab,
Gujarat, and Haryana. Crops such as millets , pulses, wheat, and cotton can be
grown in desert soil with the help of irrigation . l,.fl SS ~v ~v, v S
Mountain soil is found in the
mountain regions of Sikkim ,
Uttarakhand , Arunachal Pradesh ,
Himachal Pradesh , and Jam mu and
Kashmir. Tea, coffee , spices , rice , and
fruits can be grown in this soil. This
soil is rich in humus . Humus is a very
fertile substance made up of dead
leaves and plants . It is sometimes
added to soil to help plants grow.

Apples are largely grown in Himachal Pradesh.

Need to Conserve Soil

The process by which a layer of soil is
nd
removed by the action of water or wi
is called soil erosion . It is a natural
process . However, there are certain
other factors which also cause soil
erosion. Deforestation, overgrazing ,
nd th Soil erosion
excessive use of fertilizers , a e
JJ7_
~ tc===- '~ 1~ ~ fc::==» ' 115~
 dumping of industrial waste into water bodies are some man -made factors Which
cause soil erosion.

Soil is our natural resource and we must take the following steps to conserve it.
We should plant more trees.
• we should not cut down trees. The roots of the trees hold the soil together
and this prevents soil erosion.
• Terrace farming helps in reducing soil erosion as it prevents soil from being
washed away.
The use of fertilizers affects the quality of the soil. Hence, farmers should
use natural fertilizers .

........................................................................
reservoir: a large natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it •
is supplied to fields :
hydroelectricity: electricity which is generated from water ..
scarce: available in small quantities
.:: soil
humus: a very fertile substance made from dead leaves and plants, added to the ....
.
to help plants grow
..
: soil erosion: the process by which a layer of soil is removed by the action of water •
.
: or wind

: overgrazing: when animals such as cow, goat, or sheep eat away too much grass
: in a field
. .
························· ·· ·······················································

I. The sources of water can be categorized into surfa ce water and groundwate r.
2. Canals, weHs , tube wells , tanks, and dams are used fo r irrigation.
, 3. The layer of the earth en which plants and trees grow is called soil.

4. [Link]
Alluv;al [Link] black
found India soil.
. rnd so;I. late,;te so;I, desert soH , and mounta;n soH are the types of

5 . So; I ems ;on ;s the process by wh;ch a layer of so;; ;s removed by the acUon of water or w;nd .
A, Tick the correct answer.
1. Water that collects beneath the earth's surface is called ---
a. surface water b. groundw~

c. salt water d. rainwater

2. The Bhakra Nangal Dam is built across river -----

a. Chambal b. SatlV

c. Damodar d. Krishna

3. _ _ _ _ can hold moisture and is suitable for growing cotton.

a. Red soil b. Black~

d. Desert soil
c. Laterite soil
_ _ _ _ is found in the Northern Plains and the Coastal Plains.
4.
b. Mountain soil
a. Black soil
d. Red soil
~alsoil

B. Write true or false for the following statements.

1. The main source of freshwater is rainfall.
2. Tanks are built across a river in order to prevent the water
from flowing.
3. Mountain soil is suitable for growing tea, coffee, spices,
rice, and fruits.
I
4. Soil formation is a very quick process. f=
5. Bathing, washing clothes, and the dumping of industrial waste
1==-
into water bodies cause soil erosion.

C. Short answer questions

1. What are the sources of freshwater?

2. Where in India is tank irrigation popular?

3. Why is a dam built across a river?

 4. What is humus?
S. Explain how a layer of soil is formed.

6 _ What is soil erosion? What are its causes?

o. Long answer questions

1. Explain in brief the various means of irrigation used in India.

2. Why is there a need to conserve water?

3. List the regions where different types of soils are found in India.

4. How can we conserve soil? Why is there a need to conserve soil?

1. What do you see in the picture?

2. How is it useful to us?

On an outline political map of India, mark the following places. Paste the map in
your notebook.
1. Two states where mountain soil is found

2. Two states where desert soil is found

~ ffi
In groups_ o_f or 5, make a model of an irrigation method used in India. Hold a
class exh1b1t1on to display the models.
tJultipurpose projects are built in order to serve more than just one purpose.
choose any one multipurpose project and find out the purposes for which it was
set up. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on it and show it in class.

I can do it on my own. 1can do it with help.

talk about the water

resources found in India.

list the types of soil

found in India.