Base Line Measurements

The document outlines the two main divisions of surveying: plane and geodetic, with geodetic surveying accounting for the curvature of the Earth and using sophisticated instruments. It details the triangulation method, which involves measuring one side and two angles of triangles to calculate other sides, and classifies triangulation into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories based on base line lengths. Additionally, it describes the steps involved in triangulation, the use of signals for station identification, and mentions alternative methods like traversing and trilateration.

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Base Line Measurements

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Base Line Measurements (Minor Triangulation)

It is clear that, two main division of Survey are

1. plane
2. Geodetic survey.
In plane Surveying,
1. Survey for small area
2. Survey for unimportant purpose of nature. And
3. The effect of the curvature of the earth is neglected, in which earth surface is
assumed as horizontal.
But in Geodetic survey, very large area is considered, and effect of curvature of the
earth is also required.
So, Geodetic survey determines the absolute and relative Positions of wide and long
distances points on the earth's surface. For this, very accurate, highly refined or
sophisticated instruments are used. Also, best techniques of observation are employed.
Mainly three methods are applied in Geodetic survey–
1. Triangulation
2. Traversing and
3. Trilateration.

TRIANGULATION :-
The principles of triangulation – If one side and two adjacent angles of a triangle are
known, the length of other two sides can be calculated. The whole area for survey is divided
into different triangles. One side of the triangle (each) and angles are measured accurately
measured. from these calculation, other two sides are observed. So, from one line of a
triangle can define the whole triangle and this line is taken as 'Base Line' from which all
other measurements of all triangles in the whole area are calculated.

Classification of Triangulation :-
1. Primary Triangulation,
2. Secondary Triangulation,
3. Tertiary triangulation.
In Primary,
Base line=5km to 15km
Sides of triangles = Maximum 150km.
In secondary,
Base Line = 1.5 km to 5 km
Other sides = 8 km to 60 km
In tertiary,
Base line and other sides = 1 km to 6 km

STEPS IN TRIANGULATION
1. Reconnaissance of whole area,
2. Locate the position of stations
3. Base Line fixation
4. Stations are fixed, so that signals can identity or erect them.
5. Base line and angles of triangles measured.
6. All sides of triangles measured
7. Then other triangles measured.

SIGNALS :
Any device erected to define the exact position of the observed station is termed as
signals. “They are daylight” "Non-Luminous”, "sun signals" and "night signals". Signals are
timber posts, tin cones/Heliographs and heliostats/Argand lamps, parabolic reflectors etc.

Distance between stations:

Using the formula, h=0.0673D2
Where, h = Height of station above the datum line in meter,
And D = Distance of station to the point of tendency.