UNIT – I
Fundamentals of Wireless and Basics of Wireless Network
1. Digital Communication
Definition
Digital communication is the process of transmitting information in the form of binary data
(0s and 1s) from a sender to a receiver.
Basic Block Diagram of Digital Communication
Source → Encoder → Modulator → Channel → Demodulator → Decoder → Destination
Explanation
Source: Generates data (voice, text, video)
Encoder: Converts data into digital format
Modulator: Converts digital data into signals
Channel: Medium used to transmit data
Demodulator: Extracts digital data
Decoder: Converts data to original form
Destination: End user
Advantages
High noise immunity
Easy encryption
Better quality over long distance
2. Wireless Communication System and Limitations
Wireless Communication
Wireless communication transfers information without physical cables, using radio waves,
microwaves, or infrared waves.
Basic Wireless Communication System
Transmitter → Antenna ))))) Air Channel ((((( Antenna → Receiver
Limitations
Limited bandwidth
Signal interference
Security threats
Power constraints
Signal attenuation
3. Wireless Media
Wireless media are unguided transmission media.
Types of Wireless Media
1. Radio Waves
o Long distance
o Used in mobile phones, FM radio
2. Microwaves
o Line-of-sight transmission
o Used in satellite and cellular communication
3. Infrared
o Short range
o Used in remote controls
Diagram: Wireless Media
Radio Waves ~~~~~~
Microwaves >>>>>>
Infrared ------
4. Frequency Spectrum
Definition
Frequency spectrum refers to the range of frequencies used for wireless communication.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Diagram
Low Frequency High Frequency
---------------------------------------------------------
Radio → Microwave → Infrared → Visible → UV → X-ray
Important Points
Measured in Hertz (Hz)
Licensed and unlicensed bands
Limited and shared resource
5. Technologies in Digital Wireless Communication
Major Technologies
GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication
CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
Access Techniques Diagram
FDMA: |F1|F2|F3|
TDMA: |T1|T2|T3|
CDMA: Same freq + different codes
6. Wireless Communication Channel Specification
Wireless Channel
A wireless channel is the path through which signals travel from transmitter to receiver.
Channel Characteristics
Noise
Fading
Interference
Path loss
Multipath Fading Diagram
Transmitter → ↗ ↘ → Receiver
↘↗
7. Wireless Network
Definition
A wireless network connects devices without cables using wireless technologies.
Types of Wireless Networks
WPAN – Bluetooth
WLAN – Wi-Fi
WMAN – WiMAX
WWAN – Cellular networks
Wireless Network Diagram
Mobile ----\
Laptop ----- Access Point ---- Internet
Tablet ----/
8. Wireless Switching Technology
Definition
Wireless switching technology manages call routing, mobility, and handover in mobile
networks.
Functions
Call setup and release
Mobility management
Handover control
Switching Diagram
Mobile A → Base Station → Mobile Switching Center → Base Station → Mobile B
9. Wireless Communication (Overview)
Key Features
Mobility
Flexibility
Scalability
Supports voice, data, and video
Applications
Mobile phones
Wireless internet
IoT devices
Satellite communication