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Inference

The document discusses the deductive method of inference, contrasting it with inductive inference and categorizing it into direct and indirect types. Deduction involves deriving propositions from established premises, which are accepted universal propositions known as first principles. The deductive method is foundational in the development of sciences, relying on logical necessity rather than empirical evidence.

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7 views1 page

Inference

The document discusses the deductive method of inference, contrasting it with inductive inference and categorizing it into direct and indirect types. Deduction involves deriving propositions from established premises, which are accepted universal propositions known as first principles. The deductive method is foundational in the development of sciences, relying on logical necessity rather than empirical evidence.

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ankedoxxx
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The Main Determinants of the Deductive Method

The term inference is generally used to denote both deduction and induction. Deductive
inference is contrasted with inductive inference. Inference is a mental process through which one
moves from one or more propositions to another proposition that results from them and is
connected to them in a specific way.
Logicians divide inference into direct and indirect inference.
• Direct inference is the derivation of one proposition from another without the mediation
of a third proposition.
• Indirect inference is further divided into syllogism and induction. A syllogism is the
derivation of a proposition from two propositions, while induction is the derivation of a
proposition from more than two propositions.
Deduction (Deduction) is a type of analogical or formal inference, as defined by logicians, and
involves deriving a proposition from two or more propositions.
A proposition (Proposition) in general is a sentence or declarative statement that can be
described as true or false. In logic, it is the unit of thinking, or the simplest form into which
thinking can be analyzed. It is the basic unit of speech.

The Logical Rules of Deduction


The deductive method (as one of the types of analogical or formal inference) is one of the oldest
approaches used in the development of sciences. It is associated with the method of mathematics
and the rational sciences, as it relies on reason in moving from primary premises that are
general in nature to conclusions that necessarily follow from those premises. This necessity is
logical rather than empirical, and for that reason it is known as deductive inference.
The premises (Premises) in the deductive system are generally accepted universal propositions.
They are divided into two types: major and minor premises. These premises consist of
definitions, postulates, and axioms. Such primary propositions are known as first principles,
which some scholars consider to include all primary propositions and fundamental concepts,
since these principles are not derived from anything else within the deductive system and are not
subject to proof. Instead, they are taken as starting points for deduction.

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