CALCULUS- I

Week 1; Part 2:
FUNDAMENTALS
Asst. Prof. Dr. Zerrin SERT
Eskişehir Osmangazi University
School of Engng & Architecture
CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONS

y  f ( x) one-variable function

x  independent variable, y  dependent variable

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Examples

y  f ( x )  3x  x  5
2
y  f ( x)  x2e x  2sin 3x

Function - for every x there is exactly one y.

Domain - set of x-values

Range - set of y-values

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EXAMPLE: Find the domain of each function.

(a) f= {(3,0), (1,4), (0,2), (2,2), (4, 1)}

Domain = {3, 1, 0, 2, 4}

(b) g ( x) 
1
D=  x  5
x5
(c)
f ( x)  4  x 2
Set 4 – x2  0,
then factor, find C.N.’s
(2  x)(2  x)  0 and test each interval.
D=[2, 2]

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 y  f ( x1 , x2 ) two-variable functions

x1 , x2  independent variables, y  dependent variable

Examples
2x  y
f ( x, y)  x y  2 x  y 1
2 3
f ( x, y ) 
3x  5 y 2

y  f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n-variable functions

x1 , x2 ,..., xn  independent variables, y  dependent variable

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6
PİECEWİSE DEFİNED FUNCTİONS

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INCREASİNG AND DECREASİNG FUNCTİONS

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

1. The function is decreasing on the interval (-2,0).

2. The function is constant on the interval (0,3).
3. The function is increasing on the interval (3,5).

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11
0

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13
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 p( x) numerator 
f  x    rational function
q( x) denominator 

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ASYMTOTES: Definition
 An asymptote is a straight line which acts as a
boundary for the graph of a function.
 When a function has an asymptote (and not all
functions have them) the function gets closer and
closer to the asymptote as the input value to the
function approaches either a specific value a or
positive or negative infinity.
 The functions most likely to have asymptotes are
rational functions

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VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
Vertical asymptotes occur when the
following condition is met:

The denominator of the simplified

rational function is equal to 0 (zero).
Remember, the simplified rational
function has cancelled any factors
common to both the numerator and
denominator.

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EXAMPLE 1
2  5x
Given the function f  x 
2  2x
The first step is to cancel any factors common to
both numerator and denominator. In this case there
are none.

The second step is to see where the denominator of

the simplified function equals 0.

2  2 x  0  2 1  x   0  1  x  0
x  1

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 1

The vertical dotted

line at x = –1 is the
vertical asymptote.

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EXAMPLE 2

2 x 2  10 x  12
If f x  
x2  9

2 x  10 x  12  x  3 2 x  4 
First simplify the 2
function. Factor 
both numerator x 9
2
 x  3 x  3
and denominator 2x  4

and cancel any
x 3
common factors
x 3  0  x  3
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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 2

The vertical dotted line

at x = 3 is the vertical
asymptote

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EXAMPLE 3
x 5
If g x   2
x  x6

Factor both the x 5 x 5


x  x  6 x  2x  3
numerator and 2
denominator and cancel
any common factors.
In this case there are no x  2  0  x  2
common factors to x 3  0  x  3
cancel.
This function has two vertical
asymptotes!!!

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 3

The two vertical

dotted lines at
x =2 and x = 3 are
the vertical
asymptotes

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HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal asymptotes occur when either one of the
following conditions is met (you should notice that both
conditions cannot be true for the same function).
The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of
the denominator. In this case the asymptote is the
horizontal line y = 0.
The degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of
the denominator. In this case the asymptote is the
horizontal line y =a/b where a is the leading coefficient
in the numerator and b is the leading coefficient in the
denominator.
When the degree of the numerator is greater than the
degree of the denominator there is no horizontal
asymptote
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EXAMPLE 4

x 2  3x  5
If f x  
x 3  27
then there is a horizontal asymptote at the line y=0
because the degree of the numerator (2) is less than
the degree of the denominator (3). This means that
as x gets larger and larger in both the positive and
negative directions (x → ∞ and x → ∞)

the function itself looks more and more like the

horizontal line y = 0.

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 4

The horizontal line

y = 0 is the
horizontal
asymptote.

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EXAMPLE 5
6 x 2  3x  5
If g  x   2
5x  7 x  9
then because the degree of the numerator (2) is equal to
the degree of the denominator (2) there is a horizontal
asymptote at the line y=6/5.

Note, 6 is the leading coefficient of the numerator and 5

is the leading coefficient of the denominator.
As x→∞ and as x→∞, g(x) looks more and more like
the line y=6/5

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 5

The horizontal dotted

line at y = 6/5 is the
horizontal asymptote.

y  65

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EXAMPLE 6

 2 x3  5x  9
If f x  
x2 1

There are no horizontal asymptotes because the

degree of the numerator is greater than the
degree of the denominator.

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 6

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SLANTED ASYMPTOTES
 Slanted asymptotes occur when the degree
of the numerator is exactly one bigger than
the degree of the denominator. In this case a
slanted line (not horizontal and not vertical) is
the function’s asymptote.

 To find the equation of the asymptote we

need to use long division – dividing the
numerator by the denominator.

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EXAMPLE 7
3
x  2 x  5x  9
2
If f x  
x2  x 1
There will be a slant asymptote because the degree
of the numerator (3) is one bigger than the
degree of the denominator (2).

Using long division, divide the numerator by the

denominator.

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 x3
x  x  1 x  2 x  5x  9
2 3 2


 x x x
3 2

3x  4 x  9
2

 3x  3x  3
2

7 x  12
We can ignore the remainder 7x12
The answer we are looking for is the quotient x+3
and the equation of the slant asymptote is y=x+3

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 7

The slanted line

y=x+3
is the slanted
asymptote

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HOLES
 Holes occur in the graph of a rational function
whenever the numerator and denominator have
common factors. The holes occur at the x value(s)
that make the common factors equal to 0.

 The hole is known as a removable singularity or a

removable discontinuity.

 When you graph the function on your calculator you

won’t be able to see the hole but the function is still
discontinuous (has a break or jump).

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FİNDİNG A HOLE
EXAMPLE 8
Remember the 6 x  10 x  12  x  3 2 x  4 
2
f  x   
function x 9
2
 x  3 x  3
We were able to cancel the (x + 3) in the numerator
and denominator before finding the vertical
asymptote.
Because (x + 3) is a common factor there will be a
hole at the point where
x  3  0  x  3

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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 8

Notice there is a hole in

the graph at the point
where x =3. You
would not be able to
see this hole if you
graphed the curve on
your calculator (but it’s
there just the same.)

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EXAMPLE 9
x3  8
 If f x   2
x 4
 Factor both numerator and denominator to see if there are
any common factors.

x 8
3
f  x  2 
 x  2  2x  4
x 2

x 4  x  2  x  2 
 Because there is a common factor of x2 there will be a
hole at x = 2. This means the function is undefined at x = 2.
For every other x value the function looks like 2
x  2x  4
x2
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GRAPH OF EXAMPLE 9

There is a hole in the

curve at the point
where x = 2. This
curve also has a
vertical asymptote at
x = 2 and a slant
asymptote y = x.

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 EVEN-ODD FUNCTIONS

A function is y = f(x) is even if, for each x in the domain of f,

An even function is symmetric about the y-axis.

A function is y = f(x) is odd if, for each x in the domain of f,

An odd function is symmetric about the origin.

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Even or Odd?
f  x   x2

Even

f   x   ( x) 2
 x 2  f ( x)

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Even or Odd?

f  x  x 3

Odd

f   x   (  x )3
  x3   f ( x)

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Even or Odd?
1
f  x 
x

Odd
f   x   1x
 1x   f ( x)

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Even or Odd?
f  x   cos x

Even

f   x   cos( x)
 cos x  f ( x)

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Even or Odd?
f  x  x

Even
f x  x
 x  f ( x)

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EXAMPLE: g(x) = x3 – x

g(x) = (–x)3 – (–x) = –x3 + x = –(x3 – x)

Therefore, g(x) is ODD because f(–x) = –f(x)

EXAMPLE: h(x) = x2 + 1

h(–x) = (–x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1
h(x) is EVEN because f(–x) = f(x)

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COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
The composition of the functions f and g is

( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
“f composed by g of x equals f of g of x”

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE f ( x)  x , and g ( x)  x  1

Find  f  g (2)
f g  x   f ( g ( x))  x  1

of 2  2  1  1

EXAMPLE f ( x)  x  2, and g ( x)  4  x 2

f g  x   f ( g ( x))  (4  x )  2   x  6
2 2

g f  x   g ( f ( x))  4  ( x  2)   x  4 x
2 2

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EXAMPLE Find the sum, difference, and quotient of
two functions.
f ( x)  2 x  1, g ( x)  x  2 x  1
2

( f  g )( x)  2 x  1  x  2 x  1  x  4 x
2 2

( f  g )( x)  2 x  1  x  2 x  1   x  2
2 2

f  2x 1
  x  2
g x  2x 1

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VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS

1. h(x) = f(x) + c Vertical shift up

2. h(x) = f(x) – c Vertical shift down

3. h(x) = f(x – c) Horizontal shift right

4. h(x) = f(x + c) Horizontal shift left

5. h(x) = –f(x) Reflection in the x-axis

6. h(x) = f(–x) Reflection in the y-axis

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Shifting the graph of y=lxl , 2 units to the right and
1 unit to the down.

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INEQUALITIES AND THE SIGN CHART

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

(ax  b [?] 0, [?]  , , , , )

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QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

(ax  bx  c [?] 0,
2
[?]  , , , , )
If b  4ac  0
2

a0
a0
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If b  4ac  0
2

a0 a0
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If b  4ac  0
2 NO REAL ROOTS

a0 NO X- INTERCEPTS a0

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EXAMPLE ( x  4)( x  2)( x  7)  0
-4 2 7
O

O
O

(4, 2), (7, )

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EXAMPLE ( x  5) ( x 1)( x  3)  0
2

[3,1],5
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EXAMPLE

x  3x  2
2 O
0
x  16
2
O

O
O

O O

D  (, 4),[2, 1], (4, )

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EXAMPLE y  x2  1


D  x2  1  0 
 1 1 
x2  1 + + + O - - -O + + +

(, 1), (1, )

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS f -1(x)

Inverse functions have symmetry about the

line y = x
Inverse of ordered pairs.
f(x) = {(1,4), (2,-4), (7,3)}
The inverse is:
f-1(x) = {(4,1), (-4,2), (3,7)}

Note that the x and y’s are switched.

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DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

f and g are inverse functions if

f(g(x)) = x and g(f(x)) = x

EXAMPLE Show that the following functions are

inverses of each other.
x 1
f(x) = 2x3 1 g ( x)  3
2
x 1
3
 x 1  
  1  2
f(g(x)) = 2 3
 2    1 =x+1–1
   2  =x

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A 1-on-1 function must pass both the vertical and
horizontal line tests. y  f ( x)

To find an inverse of a function f, use the

following procedure.

1. Interchange the x’s and y’s x  f ( y)

2. Solve the equation for y y  g ( x)
3. Replace g with f 1 in the f 1
( x)  g ( x)
new equation
y  f 1 ( x)
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 1
f ( x)

f ( x)

y=x

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CAUTION
1 1
f ( x) 
f ( x)

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EXAMPLE Find the inverse of 5  3x
y  f ( x) 
2
5  3y
2x = 5 – 3y x
2
3y = 5 – 2x

5  2x
y
3 1 5  2x
y f ( x) 
3
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 The graph of f(x) and f -1(x)

3 5
y  f ( x)   x 
2 2
2

1 1 2 5
y f ( x)   x 
3 3

y=x 1 2

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EXAMPLE. Find the inverse of y  f ( x )  x
3  2e

x  3  2e y  x2  3  2e y
3 x 2 3 x 2
y
e    y  ln( )
2 2
3 x 2
y   ln( )
2
   2 
y  f ( x)  ln 
1
2 
 3 x 
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