Subject: Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation (EE-17102)
[Link] – VII Sem. Electrical
Session: 2025-26
Sample Problems and Solutions-1
Course Coordinator: Prof. Rajesh Gupta
Prob. 1 Draw the I-V and PV characteristics of photovoltaic solar silicon cellat STC.
Consider the following parameters Boltzmann k = 1.38× 10-23 JK-1, electron charge q = 1.6×
10-19 C, ideality factor α = 1.4, Photocurrent, Iph = 4.0 A, reverse saturation current Io = 8.5×
10-8 A, at the STC, energy gap of silicon Eg = 1.1eV. Use the following I-V relationship.
qV
I I ph I o exp 1 . Consider dependence of reverse saturation current on temperature
KT
3
T qEg 1 1
as follows Io Io,n n exp
T K Tn T
Redraw the characteristics on same graph if the temperature increases to 45°C with
irradiation remain constant. Assume any missing data for standard silicon PV cell. Identify
peak power point on the PV curve.
Soln.
1
2
3
Prob.2 A solar PV module has rated power of 320 W. At STC its Voc = 45.3 V and Isc = 9.26
A, its voltage and current at peak power point Vm = 36.8 V, Im = 8.69 A, respectively. Draw
the I-V and P-V characteristics at solar irradiation of 250 W/m2, 500 W/m2 and 750 W/m2
with temperature fixed at 25°C. Also draw the I-V and P-V characteristics at cell temperature
of 30°C, 40°C and 50°C, with fixed irradiance at 1000 W/m2. Assume linear dependency of
short circuit current Isc on solar irradiance and dependency of open circuit voltage Voc on
temperature follows Voc (T ) Voc ,STC v (T TSTC ); where v 0.1 with respect to STC.
Draw all the graphs on a single graph paper. Consider a resistive load of 5 Ω is connected
directly across the module. Draw the load line on I-V characteristic and estimate peak power
from the graph at different irradiance and temperature.
4
Soln.
5
Prob. 3 A solar cell having an area of 20 cm2 gives a current of 0.85 A and voltage of 0.58 V
at maximum power point at STC. The short circuit current is 0.9 A and open circuit voltage
0.68 V. Draw the I-V and P-V characteristic plot. Calculate Fill Factor, maximum power
point and efficiency of the solar cell at STC. Also calculate factor MV if fractional open
circuit voltage MPPT method is used and factor Ma if fractional short circuit current MPPT
method is used. Which method of the two is more popular and why?
What area is required if it is desired to build a PV module of 500 W using this solar cell.
6
Soln.
7
Subject: Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation (EE-16102)
[Link] – VII Sem. Electrical
Session: 2025-26
Sample Problems and Solutions-2
Course Coordinator: Prof. Rajesh Gupta
Prob. 1 A 144 cell PV module has the following parameters at STC: short circuit current (Isc)
= 5.8 A, ideality factor α = 1.9, Io= 8.6×10-6 A, Boltzmann K = 1.38× 10-23 JK-1, electron
charge e = 1.6× 10-19 C. Draw the I-V and P-V characteristics of PV module at STC. It is
desired to track the maximum power point (MPP) using incremental and conductance (I&C)
method using a boost DC-DC converter with the initial duty ratio zero and step size of ∆D =
0.05. The load connected across the boost converter is resistive Ro = 25 Ω. Use tabular
representation to show the algorithm and graphically plot the load lines, for calculation of
number of iteration and voltage oscillation magnitude.
Soln.
1
2
Prob. 2 A solar PV module is characterized under STC and produces 75 Wp, with Vm and
Im of 17.5 V and 4.28 A, respectively. The open circuit voltage is 20.0 V and short circuit
current is 5.0 A. It is desired to use perturb & observe (P&O) method of MPPT to track the
maximum power using a boost DC-DC converter. Initially, a resistive load of 8.0 Ω is
connected and the converter is tracking the maximum power at the calculated duty ratio. The
load is suddenly changed to 6.0 Ω at this duty ratio. Describe the algorithm operation to track
the MPP with this change in load by choosing duty ratio step of 0.04.
Soln.
3
4
Prob. 3 A solar PV module is characterized under STC and produces 75 Wp, with Vm and
Im of 17.5 V and 4.28 A, respectively. The open circuit voltage is 20.0 V and short circuit
current is 5.0 A. It is desired to use perturb & observe (P&O) method of MPPT to track the
maximum power using a buck DC-DC converter. Describe the algorithm by choosing duty
ratio step of 0.02 with the initial duty ratio of 0.1 for the resistive load of R = 2 Ω.
Soln.
5
6
Prob. 4 A solar PV module is characterized under STC and produces 75 Wp, with Vm and
Im of 17.0 V and 4.41 A, respectively. The open circuit voltage is 20.0 V and short circuit
current is 5.2 A. The module is directly charging a battery at a constant voltage of 18 V.
Draw the I-V and P-V characteristic and operating point with values. A suitable boost DC-
DC converter can be used to charge the battery such that the PV operates at MPP. Calculate
the duty ratio of the boost converter and draw the complete schematic. Locate the new
operating point on the I-V and P-V characteristic and find out the values. Calculate the
battery charging current in both the cases assuming 95% efficiency of the boost converter.
Soln.
7
8
Prob. 5 A solar PV module is characterized under STC and produces 75 Wp, with maximum
power point voltage and current of 17.0 V and 4.41 A, respectively. The open circuit voltage
is 20.0 V and short circuit current is 5.2 A. The module is required to charge two set of
batteries of 12 V and 24 V using a single DC-DC converter. Suggest a suitable converter
calculate its duty ratio so that the module operates at MPP. Draw the complete schematic
with proper polarity. Calculate the battery charging current in both the cases assuming 98%
efficiency of the converter.
9
Soln.
Prob. 6: Consider a string consisting of three solar PV modules connected in series without
any bypass diode with the following data at STC: Voltage at MPP (VMPP) = 17.20 V; Current
at MPP (IMPP) = 2.20 A; Open circuit voltage (VOC) = 21.80 V; Short circuit current (ISC) =
2.40 A. The three PV modules undergoes to the partial shading condition with G 1= 1000
W/m2, G2= 600 W/m2 and G3= 400 W/m2. Draw the individual I-V and P-V characteristic of
the three modules. A constant current type of load is connected across the string drawing 0.8
A current, calculate the net voltage developed across the string. After sometime the load
suddenly increased to 2.0 A, what phenomena is expected in the string. Elaborate the
situation and suggested a suitable solution to eliminate this phenomenon.
10
Soln.
11
12
Prob. 7 Approximately draw the I-V and PV characteristics of two series connected PV
modules with bypass diodes connected across each PV modules. The two modules are under
partial shading condition with one at G1= 1000 W/m2 and G2= 800 W/m2. Other parameters
at STC are Vmpp= 17.20 V, Impp= 2.2A, Voc= 21.80 V, Isc= 2.4A. The forward voltage drop
across bypass diodes is considered 0 V. Briefly describe the importance of GMPPT method.
Soln.
13
Prob.8 Approximately draw the I-V and PV characteristics of two series connected PV
modules with bypass diodes connected across each PV module. The two modules are under
partial shading condition with one at G1= 1000 W/m2 and G2= 250 W/m2. Other parameters
at STC are Vmpp= 17.20 V, Impp= 2.2 A, Voc= 21.80 V, Isc= 2.4 A. The forward voltage drop
across bypass diodes is considered 1.0 V. Indicate local and global peak power point.
Soln.
14
Soln.
15
Prob. 9 Three solar PV modules having following data are connected in series with the
bypass diodes: Each module has a rated power of 50 W, at STC with Voc of 21.0 V and Isc of
3.08A, its voltage and current at peak power point Vm is 17.6 V, Im is 2.84 A, respectively.
The forward voltage drop across bypass diodes is considered zero. The three PV modules
undergoes to the partial shading condition with radiations of G1, G2 and G3. Assume linear
dependency of solar photo current on solar radiation with respect to STC. Draw the I-V and
P-V characteristics of the string consisting of three series connected PV modules under
partial shading. Indicate the global peak power point.
G1= 998 W/m2, G2= 698 W/m2, G3= 498 W/m2
16
Soln.
17
Prob. 10 Consider three solar PV modules connected in series with the bypass diode with the
following data.
Variable Module data
Temperature T = 250C
Irradiation G= 1000 W/m2
Voltage at MPP (VMPP) 17.20 V
Current at MPP (IMPP) 2.20 A
Open circuit voltage (VOC) 21.80 V
Short circuit current (ISC) 2.40 A
The forward voltage drop across bypass diodes is considered 0 V. The three PV modules
undergoes to the partial shading condition with G= 1000 W/m2, G= 500 W/m2 and G= 200
W/m2. Draw the resultant I-V and P-V characteristic and identify local and global peak power
points. Show how GMPPT method can track global peak power point.
Soln.
18
19
20
Subject: Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation (EEN-16102)
[Link] – VI Sem. Electrical
Session: 2025-26
Sample Problems and Solutions-3
Course Coordinator: Prof. Rajesh Gupta
Prob. 1 A typical residential premise consists of the following electrical loads: AC loads-one
refrigerator, one lap-top charger, one mixer, two heating air blower, one air conditioner, one
exhaust; DC loads-two mobile charger, ten LED light, three DC fans.
Based on the energy efficient device and average operating hours, calculate the total power
rating, energy consumption, and peak current rating. Design a suitable solar PV system with
DC output terminal and AC output through a suitable single-phase inverter/transformer, for
DC and AC load respectively. Each batteries are rated 12V, 100 Ah and PV modules
available with 340 W, peak power voltage and current rating of 40 V, 8.5 A, respectively.
Draw the complete configuration of the system, indicating their rating. Peak sunshine hour is
considered 5 hours at Allahabad.
Soln.
1
Prob. 2 The table below illustrates the daily usage of power consumed by various loads in a
commercial installation.
S. No. Name of Appliance Power (W) Numbers No. of hours
1 Linear inverter Air 2000 1 5
Conditioner
2 AC charging points 100 4 5
3 DC LED 25 10 20
4 DC Fan 50 4 10
Design a solar PV system with DC output terminal and a single-phase AC output. The
available batteries are rated 12V, 100 Ah and PV modules available with 320 W, peak power
voltage and current rating of 40 V, 8 A, respectively.
Soln.
2
3
Prob. 3: The table below illustrates the daily usage of power consumed by various loads in a
commercial installation.
S. No. Name of Appliance Power (W) Numbers No. of hours
1 Water Pump 3-phase AC 2000 1 4
2 DC LED 25 10 20
3 DC heating load 750 2 10
5 DC Air Blower 500 2 10
Design a solar PV system with DC output terminal and AC output through a suitable 3-phase
inverter/transformer. The water pump is rated 440 V, 50 Hz and has inrush current of 4-times
that of steady state current. Each batteries are rated 12V, 200 Ah and PV modules available
with 320 W, peak power voltage and current rating of 40 V, 8 A, respectively. Consider one-
day of autonomy for battery backup.
4
Soln.
5
6