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Defination Science

The document provides definitions and key concepts from the Class 10 Science NCERT curriculum, covering topics in Chemistry, Biology, Environment & Energy, and Physics. It includes essential terms and their explanations related to chemical reactions, life processes, reproduction, ecosystems, energy sources, and electrical principles. Each chapter summarizes foundational knowledge necessary for understanding the respective scientific fields.

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prakashkamble
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3 views3 pages

Defination Science

The document provides definitions and key concepts from the Class 10 Science NCERT curriculum, covering topics in Chemistry, Biology, Environment & Energy, and Physics. It includes essential terms and their explanations related to chemical reactions, life processes, reproduction, ecosystems, energy sources, and electrical principles. Each chapter summarizes foundational knowledge necessary for understanding the respective scientific fields.

Uploaded by

prakashkamble
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CLASS 10 SCIENCE – NCERT DEFINITIONS

🧪 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations


 Chemical Reaction: A process in which one or more substances called reactants are
converted into new substances called products.
 Chemical Equation: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
 Balanced Chemical Equation: A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of
each element is equal on both sides.
 Combination Reaction: A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a
single product.
 Decomposition Reaction: A reaction in which a compound breaks down into simpler
substances.
 Displacement Reaction: A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element.
 Double Displacement Reaction: A reaction in which there is an exchange of ions
between two compounds.
 Oxidation: Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
 Reduction: Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
 Corrosion: The slow destruction of metals by the action of air and moisture.
 Rancidity: Oxidation of fats and oils that causes bad smell and taste.

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts


 Acid: A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.
 Base: A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solution.
 Salt: A compound formed from the neutralization of an acid and a base.
 Neutralization Reaction: Reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water.
 Indicator: A substance that shows different colors in acidic and basic solutions.
 pH Scale: A scale used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.
 Water of Crystallization: The fixed number of water molecules present in a crystal.
 Plaster of Paris: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate used for making casts and toys.

Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals


 Metal: An element that loses electrons to form positive ions.
 Non-metal: An element that gains electrons to form negative ions.
 Ore: A mineral from which a metal can be extracted profitably.
 Mineral: Naturally occurring substance containing metal compounds.
 Corrosion: Eating away of metals due to reaction with the environment.
 Rusting: Formation of reddish-brown iron oxide in the presence of air and moisture.
 Alloy: A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.
 Reactivity Series: Arrangement of metals in decreasing order of reactivity.

Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds


 Organic Compounds: Compounds containing carbon.
 Covalent Bond: A bond formed by sharing of electrons.
 Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
 Saturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having single bonds.
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having double or triple bonds.
 Homologous Series: A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar
chemical properties.
 Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms that determines the chemical properties
of a compound.
 Ethanol: An alcohol used as a solvent and fuel.
 Ethanoic Acid: An organic acid present in vinegar.
 Soap: Sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
 Detergent: A cleansing agent effective in hard water.

🌱 BIOLOGY

Chapter 5: Life Processes


 Life Processes: Basic activities necessary to maintain life.
 Nutrition: Process of obtaining food for energy and growth.
 Autotrophic Nutrition: Mode of nutrition in which organisms make their own food.
 Heterotrophic Nutrition: Mode of nutrition in which organisms depend on other
organisms.
 Photosynthesis: Process by which green plants prepare food using sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water.
 Respiration: Breakdown of food to release energy.
 Aerobic Respiration: Respiration in the presence of oxygen.
 Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration in the absence of oxygen.
 Transportation: Movement of materials in the body.
 Excretion: Removal of waste products from the body.

Chapter 6: Control and Coordination


 Control and Coordination: Regulation of body activities in response to stimuli.
 Hormones: Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
 Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into blood.
 Nervous System: System that controls activities using electrical signals.
 Reflex Action: A quick and automatic response to a stimulus.
 Stimulus: A change in environment.
 Tropism: Directional growth movement in plants.

Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce


 Reproduction: Process by which new individuals are produced.
 Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction involving single parent.
 Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction involving fusion of gametes.
 Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
 Fertilisation: Fusion of male and female gametes.
 Binary Fission: Division of one cell into two daughter cells.
 Multiple Fission: Division of one cell into many cells.

Chapter 8: Heredity and Evolution


 Heredity: Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
 Gene: Unit of heredity.
 Trait: A characteristic feature of an organism.
 Genotype: Genetic constitution of an organism.
 Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism.
 Dominant Trait: Trait that appears in first generation.
 Recessive Trait: Trait that is masked in first generation.
 Evolution: Gradual change in organisms over generations.
 Speciation: Formation of new species.
🌍 ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY

Chapter 9: Environment
 Ecosystem: Interaction between biotic and abiotic components.
 Food Chain: Sequence of energy transfer between organisms.
 Food Web: Network of interconnected food chains.
 Trophic Level: Each step in a food chain.
 Biodegradable Substances: Substances that can be decomposed by microorganisms.
 Non-biodegradable Substances: Substances that cannot be decomposed.
 Ozone Layer: Protective layer that prevents ultraviolet radiation.

Chapter 10: Sources of Energy


 Renewable Sources of Energy: Sources that can be replenished.
 Non-renewable Sources of Energy: Sources that get exhausted.
 Thermal Power Plant: Plant that converts heat energy into electrical energy.
 Biogas: Fuel produced from organic waste.
 Solar Energy: Energy obtained from the sun.
 Wind Energy: Energy obtained from moving air.
 Hydroelectric Energy: Energy obtained from flowing water.

PHYSICS

Chapter 11: The Human Eye and the Colorful World


 Retina: Light-sensitive layer of the eye where image is formed.
 Iris: Controls the amount of light entering the eye.
 Pupil: Small opening through which light enters the eye.
 Myopia: Defect of vision in which near objects are seen clearly.
 Hypermetropia: Defect of vision in which distant objects are seen clearly.
 Dispersion of Light: Splitting of white light into its constituent colours.
 Scattering of Light: Deflection of light in different directions.

Chapter 12: Electricity


 Electric Current: Rate of flow of electric charge.
 Electric Circuit: A closed conducting path for electric current.
 Potential Difference: Work done to move a unit charge.
 Resistance: Opposition offered to the flow of electric current.
 Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature, potential difference is directly proportional to
current.
 Electric Power: Rate of consumption of electrical energy.

Chapter 13: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current


 Magnetic Field: Region around a magnet where magnetic force is experienced.
 Electromagnet: A temporary magnet produced by electric current.
 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule: Rule to find the direction of force.
 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: Rule to find the direction of induced current.
 Electric Motor: Device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Electric Generator: Device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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