Chapter 7
Sampling Distributions
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Introduction
Generally, we are interested in population parameters.
When the census is impossible, we draw a sample
from the population, then construct sample statistics,
that have close relationship to the population
parameters.
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Introduction
Samples are random, so the sample statistic is a
random variable.
As such it has a sampling distribution.
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8.1 Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Example 1: A die is thrown infinitely many times. Let
X represent the number of spots showing on any
throw. The probability distribution of X is
x 1 2 3 4 5
6
p(x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1/6
E(X) = 1(1/6) +2(1/6) + 3(1/6)+………………….=
0 3.5
V(X) = (1-3.5)2(1/6) + (2-3.5)2(1/6) +….……. …= 2.92
Suppose we want to estimate m from the mean
of a sample of size n = 2.
What is the distribution of x?
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Throwing a die twice – sample mean
These are And these
all the are the
possible means
pairs of each
of values for pair
the 2 throws
Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean
1 1,1 1 13 3,1 2 25 5,1 3
2 1,2 1.5 14 3,2 2.5 26 5,2 3.5
3 1,3 2 15 3,3 3 27 5,3 4
4 1,4 2.5 16 3,4 3.5 28 5,4 4.5
5 1,5 3 17 3,5 4 29 5,5 5
6 1,6 3.5 18 3,6 4.5 30 5,6 5.5
7 2,1 1.5 19 4,1 2.5 31 6,1 3.5
8 2,2 2 20 4,2 3 32 6,2 4
9 2,3 2.5 21 4,3 3.5 33 6,3 4.5
10 2,4 3 22 4,4 4 34 6,4 5
11 2,5 3.5 23 4,5 4.5 35 6,5 5.5
12 2,6 4 24 4,6 5 36 6,6 6
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The distribution of x when n = 2
Calculating the relative frequency of each value
of x we have the following results
(1) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Frequency 6.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2
Relative 1
freq (1+3)/2 = 2
(1+1)/2 = 1 (1+2)/2 = 1.5 Notice there are 36 possible
1/36(2+1)/2
2/36 = 3/36
1.5 4/36 =
(2+2)/2 5/36
2 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36
pairs of values:
1/36 (3+1)/2 = 2 1,1 1,2 ….. 1,6
2,1 2,2 ….. 2,6
………………..
6,1 6,2 ….. 6,6
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n= 5 n = 10 n = 25
µ x = 3.5 µ x = 3.5 µ x = 3.5
2 σ 2x σ 2x 2 σ 2x
σ = .5833(= )
x
2
σ = .2917(= )
x
σ = .1167(= )
x
5 10 25
As the sample size changes, the mean of the
sample mean does not change!
n= 5 n = 10 n = 25
µ x = 3.5 µ x = 3.5 µ x = 3.5
2 σ 2x σ 2x 2 σ 2x
σ = .5833(= )
x
2
σ = .2917(= )
x
σ = .1167(= )
x
5 10 25
As the sample size increases, the
variance of the sample mean decreases!
Demonstration: Why is the variance of the
sample mean is smaller than the population
variance?
Mean = Mean = Mean =
1.5 2. 2.5
Population 1 1. 2 2. 3
5 5
Compare
Let usthe range
take of the population
samples
to the range
of two of the sample mean.
observations.
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The Central Limit Theorem
If a random sample is drawn from any population, the
sampling distribution of the sample mean is:
– Normal if the parent population is normal,
– Approximately normal if the parent population
is not normal, provided the sample size is
sufficiently large. The larger the sample size, the
more closely the sampling distribution of will
x
resemble a normal distribution.
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The mean of X is equal to the mean of the parent
population
μx = μx
The variance of X is equal to the parent population
variance divided by ‘n’.
2
2 σ x
σ =
x
n
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n Sampling Distribution
1 Population distribution
30
30
50
70
90
120
Census
n Sampling Distribution
1 Normal
Pop distribution
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Example 2: The amount of soda pop in each bottle
is normally distributed with a mean of 32.2 ounces
and a standard deviation of .3 ounces.
Find the probability that a bottle bought by a
customer will contain more than 32 ounces.
0.748
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P(x> 32)
x= m=
32 32.2
x − μ 32− 32.2
P(x> 32)= P( > ) = P(z> −.67)= 0.7486
σx .3
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Find the probability that a carton of four bottles
will have a mean of more than 32 ounces of soda
per bottle.
x − µ 32 − 32.2
P( x > 32) = P( > )
σx .3 4
= P( z > −1.33) = 0.9082
P(x > 32)
x = 32 µ x = 32.2
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Example 3: The average weekly income of B.B.A
graduates one year after graduation is $600. Suppose
the distribution of weekly income has a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability that 35 randomly selected
graduates have an average weekly income of less than
$550?
x − μ 550− 600
P(x < 550)= P( < )
σx 100 35
= P(z< −2.97)= 0.0015
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