BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

of fetal oxygenation and maternal

comfort.
PRECIPITATE LABOR
●​ The side-lying position enhances
Precipitate dilatation - is cervical dilatation placental blood flow and reduces the
that occurs at a rate of 5 cm or more per effects of aortocaval compression;
hour in a primipara or 10 cm or more per the added benefit of the side-lying
hour in a multipara. position is to slow the rapid fetal
descent and minimize perineal tears.
Precipitate birth - occurs when uterine ●​ Additional measures to enhance
contractions are so strong a woman gives fetal oxygenation include
birth with a few, rapidly occurring administering oxygen to the mother
contractions, often defined as a labor that is and maintaining adequate blood
completed in fewer than 3 hours volume with nonadditive
●​ IV fluids. If oxytocin is being used
Rapid labor - is likely to occur with grand when rapid-fire contractions begin, it
multiparity, or it may occur after induction of should be stopped. A tocolytic drug
labor by oxytocin. Contractions can be so may be ordered.
forceful they lead to premature separation of
the placenta or lacerations of the perineum, PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE
placing the woman at risk for hemorrhage.
PREVENTION TIPS:
●​ Rapid labor also poses a risk to the 1.​ Quit Substance Abuse
fetus because subdural hemorrhage 2.​ Connect with social system
may result from the rapid release of 3.​ Find effective anger management
pressure on the head 4.​ Keeping busy with meaningful
activities such as sports, church
A Precipitate labor - can be predicted
programs or other groups
from a labor graph if, during the active
5.​ Spend time for higher power
phase of dilatation, the rate is greater than 5
6.​ Ask help
cm/hr (1 cm every 12 minutes) in a nullipara
7.​ Be aware/Beware of consequence
or 10 cm/hr (1 cm every 6 minutes) in a
multipara.

●​ Caution a multiparous woman by PROBLEMS WITH FETAL

week 28 of pregnancy that, because POSITION AND PRESENTATION
a past labor was so brief, her labor
this time also may be brief so that
she has time to plan for adequate CEPHALOPELVIC DISPROPORTION
transportation to the hospital or
alternative birthing center.
●​ Both grand multiparas and women ●​ Narrowing of the birth canal
with histories of precipitate labor ●​ Disproportion between the size of
should have the birthing room the normal fetal head and the pelvic
converted to birth readiness before diameters
full dilatation is obtained. ●​ Results in failure to progress in labor
●​ Even if a sudden birth should occur,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
it can be accomplished in a
controlled surrounding. ●​ In primigravidas, the fetal head
●​ one in which birth occurs within 3 normally engages between 36 to 38
hours of its onset. weeks’gestation.
●​ Intense contractions often begin ●​ When this event occurs before labor
abruptly rather than gradually begins, it’s assumed that the pelvic
increasing in frequency, duration, inlet is adequate.
and intensity, as is typical of most ●​ When the fetal head engages or
labors. proves it fits into the pelvic brim, it’s
●​ Precipitate labor is not the same as likely that it will also be able to pass
a precipitate birth through the midpelvis and through
●​ Priority nursing care of the woman in the outlet.
precipitate labor includes promotion
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

●​ In multigravidas, the fetal head possible trial labor to determine

usually engages when labor begins; whether labor can progress normally
previous vaginal delivery of a ●​ If descent of the presenting part and
full-term neonate without problems is dilation of the cervix are occurring:
●​ substantial proof that the birth canal possible continuation of trial labor
is adequate. ●​ If labor doesn’t progress or
●​ With cephalopelvic disproportion complications develop: cesarean
(CPD), the fetus’s head doesn’t delivery
engage.
●​ The head remains a floating entity, NURSING INTERVENTIONS
possibly resulting in malpositioning,
further complicating the condition ●​ Instruct the primiparous patient to
●​ If membranes rupture, the possibility maintain her prenatal visit schedule.
of cord prolapse greatly increases. ●​ Monitor the progress of trial labor; if,
after 6 to 12 hours, adequate
CAUSES progress in labor can’t be
documented or if fetal distress
●​ Size of the patient’s pelvis (major occurs, prepare the patient for
contributing factor) cesarean delivery.
●​ Inlet contraction (occurs when the ●​ Remember that it may be difficult for
narrowing of the anteroposterior the patient to undertake a labor if
diameter is less than 11 cm or the she knows cesarean delivery is
maximum transverse diameter is 12 essential.
cm or less;may result from maternal ●​ Be alert to the patient’s feelings
pelvic fracture, malformation, or about trial labor; she may express
small size) self-consciousness or the perception
●​ Outlet contraction (narrowing of the that she’s being judged.
transverse diameter [located at the ●​ If dilation doesn’t occur, the patient
distance between the ischial may feel discouraged and
tuberosities] at the outlet to less than inadequate if she believes herself to
11 cm; can also be a contributing be responsible for perceived
factor) “failure.”
●​ Allow the patient to verbalize her
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS feelings and beliefs related to being
needlessly subjected to pain.
●​ Lack of fetal head engagement in a ●​ If the trial labor fails and cesarean
primigravida due to a fetal delivery is scheduled, explain why
abnormality, such as a it’s necessary.
larger-than-usual head, or a pelvic ●​ Provide support for the patient’s
abnormality, such as a family,who may feel frightened and
smaller-than-usual pelvis. helpless when a problem occurs in
labor and delivery.
TEST RESULTS
●​ Explain that cesarean delivery isn’t
●​ Anteroposterior diameter measures an inferior birth method; remind the
less than 11 cm, and the maximum patient and her family that it will
transverse diameter is 12 cm or less facilitate a successful outcome for
(inlet contraction). both mother and neonate.
●​ Transverse diameter at outlet is less
TRANSVERSE LIE
than 11 cm.
●​ Ultrasonography reveals a Fetal position is transverse, with the fetal
larger-than-usual fetal head. long axis oblique or perpendicular rather
than parallel to the maternal long axis.
TREATMENT
Transverse lie is often accompanied by
●​ If the pelvic measurements shoulder presentation, which requires
(especially the inlet measurement) cesarean delivery.
are borderline or just adequate, and
the fetal lie and position are good:
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

SHOULDER

Although a fetus may adopt one of several

shoulder presentations, examination can’t
BREECH differentiate among them; thus, all
transverse lies are considered shoulder
In the breech, or head-up, presentation, the presentation.
fetus’s position may be classified as;

a. complete, where the knees and hips are

flexed

b. frank, where the hips are flexed and

knees remain straight

c. footling, where neither the thighs nor

lower legs are flexed

d. incomplete, where one or both hips COMPOUND

remain extended and one or both feet or
knees lie below the breech In compound presentation, an extremity
prolapses alongside the major presenting
OCCIPITOPOSTERIOR POSITION part so that two presenting parts appear in
the pelvis at the same time.
●​ Fetal position is posterior rather than
anterior
●​ This is, the occiput (assuming the
presentation is vertex) is directed
diagonally and posteriorly, either to
the right (ROP) or to the left (LOP)
●​ During internal rotation, the fetal
head must rotate not through a 90°
arc, but through an arc of
approximately 135°.

Rotation from a posterior position can be

aided by having the woman assume a
hands-and knees position, squatting, or
lying on her side. SHOULDER DYSTOCIA

In shoulder dystocia, the fetus is positioned

normally (head first) for delivery, but the
fetus’s shoulder becomes lodged against
the woman’s pubic bone as the fetus’s head
comes out. (The two pubic bones are part of
the pelvic bone. They are joined together by
cartilage at the bottom of the pelvis, behind
the vaginal opening.) Consequently, the
head is pulled back tightly against the
vaginal opening. The baby cannot breathe
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

because the chest and umbilical cord are ●​ The fetal presenting part
compressed by the birth canal. As a result, compresses the cord at the pelvic
oxygen levels in the baby’s blood decrease. brim.
●​ Compression leads to impaired
Shoulder dystocia is not common, but it is perfusion.
more common when any of the following is ●​ Prolapse of the cord to the outside
present: leads to drying,with subsequent
atrophy of the umbilical vessels or
a.​ A large fetus is present. cord developing vasospasm, due to
b.​ Labor is difficult, long, or rapid. change in temperature or manual
c.​ A vacuum extractor or forceps is handling.
used because the fetus's head has
not fully moved down (descended)in
the pelvis.
d.​ Women are obese. CAUSES
e.​ Women have diabetes.
f.​ Women have had a previous baby ●​ Cephalopelvic disproportion
with shoulder dystocia preventing firm engagement
●​ Factors interfering with fetal descent
●​ Fetal presentation other than
cephalic
●​ Hydramnios
●​ Intrauterine tumors preventing the
presenting part from engaging
●​ Multiple gestation
●​ Placenta previa
●​ Premature rupture of membranes
●​ Small or preterm fetus
Cephalopelvic disproportion
preventing firm engagement
●​ Factors interfering with fetal descent
●​ Fetal presentation
●​ Intrauterine tumors preventing the
●​ presenting part from engaging
PROLAPSED UMBILICAL CORD ●​ Multiple gestation
●​ Placenta previa
●​ Premature rupture of mem
DESCRIPTION
●​ Descent of the umbilical cord into
the vagina before the presenting
part.
●​ May occur anytime after the
membranes rupture. (especially if
the presenting part isn’t fitted firmly
in the cervix)

ALERT:

Umbilical cord prolapse is an emergency

requiring prompt action to save the
fetus; the cord may become compressed ●​ Umbilical cord prolapse with the cord
between the fetus and the maternal remaining within the uterus
cervix or pelvis, thus compromising ●​ Umbilical cord prolapse with the cord
fetoplacental perfusion. appearing at the perineal area

PATHOPYSHIOLOGY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

●​ A loop of the umbilical cord slips ●​ Cord possibly palpable at the

down in front of the fetal presenting perineum during vaginal examination
part. or visible at the vulva
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

●​ Fetal heart rate (FHR) showing complicated by a prolapsed cord

variable or prolonged decelerations because the feet and legs are small
and do not fill the pelvis well)
TEST RESULTS ●​ Transverse lie
●​ Hydramnios (often associated with
●​ Ultrasonography confirms a prolapse abnormal presentations; also, the
unusually large amount of fluid
TREATMENT
exerts more pressure to push the
ALERT: cord out)

Measures to relieve pressure on the cord SIGNS OF PROLAPSE

are initiated immediately. The patient is
1.​ Prolapse may be complete, with the
placed in the Trendelenburg (if cord isn’t
cord visible at the vaginal opening.
palpated in posterior cervical area) or
2.​ A prolapsed cord may not be visible
knee-chest position (if evidence
but may be palpated on vaginal
demonstrates uterus hasn’t ruptured) to
examination as it pulsates
cause the fetal presenting part to fall
synchronously with the fetal heart.
back from the cord. Or, a sterile gloved
3.​ An occult prolapse of the cord is one
hand may be inserted into the vagina to
in which the cord slips alongside the
elevate the fetal head up and off the
fetal head or shoulders.
cord.
4.​ The prolapse cannot be palpated or
●​ Oxygen, usually seen but is suspected because of
●​ Continuous FHR monitoring (if not changes in the FHR, such as
already in place), with frequent sustained bradycardia or variable
observations for decelerations decelerations.
●​ Saline-soaked sterile dressings over
VARIATIONS OF PROLAPSED
any exposed portion of the cord
UMBILICAL CORD
●​ Vaginal delivery if the patient’s cervix
is fully dilated; cesarean delivery if
cervical dilation is incomplete
●​ A prolapsed umbilical cord slips
downward after the membranes
rupture, subjecting it to compression
between the fetus and pelvis
●​ It may slip down immediately with
the fluid gush or long after the
membranes rupture. Interruption in 1.​ Occult (hidden) Prolapse - The cord
blood flow through the cord is compressed between the fetal
interferes with fetal oxygenation and presenting part but pelvis cannot be
is potentially fatal. seen or felt during vaginal
●​ Prolapse of the umbilical cord is examination.
more likely when the fit is poor 2.​ Cord Prolapse in front of the fetal
between the fetal presenting part head - The cord cannot be seen but
and the maternal pelvis. can probably be felt as a pulsating
●​ When the fit is good, the fetus fills mass during vaginal examination.
up the pelvis, leaving little room for 3.​ Complete Cord Prolapse - The cord
the cord to slip down. Although can be seen protruding from the
prolapse of the cord is possible vagina.
during any labor.

PROMPT ACTIONS REDUCE CORD

CAUSES OF PROLAPSE UMBILICAL COMPRESSION AND INCREASE FETAL
CORD OXYGENATION

●​ A fetus that remains at a high station 1.​ Position the woman’s hips higher
●​ A very small fetus than her head to shift the fetal
●​ Breech presentations (the footling presenting part toward her
breech is more likely to be
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

diaphragm. Any of these methods ●​ Monitor uterine contractions and

may be used: FHR patterns closely; notify the
physician of any variable
a: Knee-chest Position decelerations.
●​ Cover any exposed areas of the
b: Trendelenburg Position cord with sterile saline-soaked
dressings as ordered.
c: Hips elevated with pillows, with side-lying
●​ Prepare the patient for delivery.
position maintained
●​ Explain to the patient and her family
2.​ Maintain vaginal elevation of the what’s happening and any
presenting part using a gloved hand treatments and procedures.
while the woman is transferred to the ●​ Offer emotional support
operating room (OR) until the
physician orders cessation of vaginal
elevation, usually just before
cesarean birth. Minimize cord SEXUAL HARASSMENT
compression from the hand that is
elevating the presenting part as
much as possible during the RA. 7877 “ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT
woman’s transport to the OR. ACT OF 1995”
3.​ Avoid or minimize manual palpation
or handling of the cord as much as What is RA NO 7877?
possible to minimize cord vessel
vasospasm. Republic Act No. 7877, otherwise known as
4.​ Ultrasound examination may be the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
used to confirm presence of fetal is an act declaring sexual harassment
heart activity before cesarean unlawful in the employment, education or
delivery. training environment, and for other
purposes. (Section 1, R.A. 7877)
MEASURES THAT MAY BE USED TO
RELIEVE PRESSURE ON A PROLAPSED The Anti-Sexual Harassment Law
UMBILICAL CORD UNTIL DELIVERY CAN ●​ (February 14, 1995)
TAKE PLACE ●​ Prohibits all forms of sexual
harassment
●​ A gloved hand in the vagina pushes ●​ Workplace,
the fetus upward and off the cord ●​ Education or
●​ Knee-chest position uses gravity to ●​ Training environment
shift the fetus out of the pelvis. The
woman’s thigh should be at right Declaration of Policy
angles to the bed and her chest flat
on the bed. The State shall value the dignity of every
●​ The woman’s hips are elevated with individual, enhance the development of its
two pillows; this is often combined human resources, guarantee full respect for
with the trendelenburg (head down) human rights, and uphold the dignity of
position. workers, employees, applicants for
employment, students or those undergoing
NURSING INTERVENTIONS training, instruction or education. ​
(Section 2, RA 7877)
ALERT:
WHAT IS SEXUAL HARASSMENT?
Always auscultate fetal heart sounds
immediately after rupture of the
The term "sexual harassment" was coined
membranes occurring either
by Lin Farley during a consciousness
spontaneously or by amniotomy.
-raising session for a Cornell University
●​ Assist with measures to relieve cord course on women and work, where the
compression. women in the discussion group repeatedly
●​ Administer oxygen at 10 L/minute by described being fired or quitting a job
face mask as ordered. because they were harassed and
●​ Anticipate the use of a tocolytic. intimidated by men.
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

In her works, Farley recognized the sexual ●​ Any person who directs or induces
coercion women experienced at work as a another to commit any act of sexual
"social order that situates sexual relations harassment
between men and women in relations of ●​ Any person who cooperates in the
economic dependency." ●​ commission of the act by another
without whom it would not have
G.R. No. 211962, July 06, 2020 ​ been committed
JOSE ROMEO C. ESCANDOR,
PETITIONER, ​ Where Committed
VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
-​ Sexual Harassment may take place:
Sexual harassment is any form of in the premises of the workplace or
unwelcome sexual behaviour that’s office or of the school or training
offensive, humiliating or intimidating. institution;
-​ in any place where the parties were
found as a result of work or
As defined by RA No. 7877 education or training responsibilities
-​ is committed by an employer, or relations;
employee, manager, supervisor, -​ at work or education or
agent of the employer, teacher, training-related social functions;
instructor, professor, coach, trainer, -​ while on official business outside the
or any other person who, having ​ office or school or
A - authority, I - influence or ​ -​ training institution or during work or
M - moral ascendancy school or training related travel;
over another in a work, or training or -​ at official conferences, for a
education environment, symposia or training sessions; or
-​ by telephone, cellular phone, fax
-​ demands, requests or otherwise machine or electronic mail
requires any sexual favor ​
from the other, Forms of Sexual Harassment
-​ regardless of whether the demand, PHYSICAL
request or requirement for -​ Malicious touching
submission is accepted by the object -​ Overt sexual advances
of said act. ​ -​ Gestures with lewd insinuation
(Section 3, RA 7877)
VERBAL
Who are covered by this Act? -​ requests or demands for sexual
●​ Workers or Employees favors,
●​ Applicants or Candidates for -​ and lurid remarks
Employment
●​ Students OTHERS
●​ Trainees
-​ Use of objects, pictures or graphics,
letters or written notes with sexual
Who are Punishable by or ​ underpinnings
Held Liable in this Act? -​ Other forms analogous to the
●​ Employer or Head foregoing.
●​ Employee who belongs to a higher
level Work Related Sexual Harassment
●​ Manager/Supervisor
●​ Agent of the Employer In a work related environment:
●​ Elementary or High School Teacher -​ The sexual favor is made as a
●​ College or University Professor condition in the hiring or in the
●​ College or University Instructor employment, re-employment or
●​ Coach/Trainer continued employment of said
●​ Anybody else who has authority, individual, or in granting said
influence, or moral ascendancy over individual favorable compensation,
the offended party terms of conditions, promotions, or
privileges; or
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

-​ The refusal to grant the sexual favor Sexual Harassment = abuse of power
results in: limiting, segregating or and authority
classifying the employee which in
any way would discriminate, deprive RA 7877 does not require that the victim
or diminish employment had acceded to the sexual desires of the
opportunities or otherwise adversely abuser
affect said employee;
It is not necessary that there was an offer
✓ The above acts would impair the for sex for there to be sexual harassment as
employee's rights or privileges under a superior’s conduct with sexual
existing labor laws; or underpinnings, which offends the victim or
creates a hostile environment would suffice.
✓ The above acts would result in an - Anonymous Complaint Against ​
intimidating, Atty. Cresencio Untian, ​
hostile, or ​ April 1, 2019
offensive environment
for the employee. Anonymous Complaint Against Atty.
Cresencio P. Co Untian, Jr. ​
Education/Training Related Sexual April 10, 2019
Harassment
FACTS:
In an education/training environment: ​
On May 14, 2002, an anonymous complaint
-​ Against one who is under the care, was made against Atty. Cresencio P. Co
custody or supervision of the Untian, Jr., alleging that he has sexually
offender; harassed three (3) ​
-​ Against one whose education, of his students in Xavier University.
training, apprenticeship or tutorship
is entrusted to the offender; Aimed that respondent initially expressed
-​ When the sexual favor is made a amorous interest when he sent her flowers
condition to the giving of a passing anonymously through another law student.
grade, She noted eventually that respondent texted
-​ or the granting of honors and her through his own phone where he would
scholarships, send romantic messages, poems, love
-​ or the payment of a stipend, notes and sweet nothings.
allowance or other benefits,
privileges, or consideration; She said that respondent also invited her to
-​ When the sexual advances result in go to Camiguin with another law student but
an intimidating, hostile or ​ she turned it down. Toyco explained that
offensive environment ​ while she was never sexually assaulted,
for the student, trainee or respondent's unwelcome advances made
apprentice. her feel degraded as she could not easily
ignore respondent for fear of reprisal.
Demands for sexual favor
Dal recounted that in one of her recitations
SC: The demand, request, or requirement of during respondent's class, she clarified a
a sexual favor need not be articulated in a question propounded to her saying "Sir,
categorical oral or written statement and come again?"
instead may already be sufficiently
discerned from the offender’s acts. Respondent retorted "What? You want me
- Domingo vs Rayala, ​ to come again? I have not come the first
February 18, 2008 time and don't you know that it took me five
minutes to come, and you want me to come
again?"

She later learned that respondent would

narrate the said incident to almost all of his
classes. Dal felt offended that she was
subjected to such sexually charged
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

language and the fact that her Atty. Untian abused the power and authority
embarrassment was retold in other classes. he possessed over the complainants. His
sexually laced conduct had created a hostile
ATTY. UNTIAN’S POSITION and offensive environment which deeply
prejudiced his students. In what was
-​ He lamented that the complaints for supposed to be a safe place for them to
sexual harassment was made by learn and develop, they were instead
disgruntled students who failed their subjected to unwarranted sexual advances.
classes for the 2001-2002 school
year. -​ Atty. Untian was SUSPENDED from
-​ Atty. Untian denied sending flowers the practice of law for five (5) years
and text messages with romantic and ten (10) years from teaching law
undertones to Toyco. in any school effective upon the
-​ He added that texting "luv u" and finality of the SC Resolution
"miss u" are friendly text messages -​ STERN WARNING that a repetition
sent without malice especially of the same or similar act will be
considering that they were dealt with more severely.
misspelled.
Duties of the Employer (Section 4)
On the other hand, Atty. Untian explained
that Dal answered disrespectfully when she (a) Promulgate appropriate rules and
was called for recitation uttering "Come regulations in consultation with and jointly
again?" approved by the employees or students or
trainees, through their duly designated
He posited that to inject humor during class, representatives, prescribing the procedure
he responded "Never use slang language in for the investigation or sexual harassment
my class because you might be cases and the administrative sanctions.
misinterpreted. What do you mean by 'come
again?' It takes me several minutes before I These shall include:
come again."
-​ Guidelines on proper
Atty. Untian expounded that the joke was decorum in the workplace
directed at himself and that Dal never and educational or training
showed any resentment or showed any sign institutions.
of humiliation as she even laughed at the -​ Employee Code of Conduct
joke and continued to sit in front of the -​ Other internal policies
class.
Administrative sanctions shall NOT be a bar
ISSUE: ​ to prosecution in the proper courts ​
for unlawful acts of sexual harassment.
Whether or not Atty. Untian
committed sexual harassment (b) Create a COMMITTEE ON DECORUM
against his students. AND INVESTIGATION (CODI) OF CASES
​ ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT.
(YES)
The committee shall CONDUCT: ​

Ruling of the Supreme Court -​ meetings, as the case may be, with
other officers and employees,
The essence of sexual harassment is not teachers, instructors, professors,
the violation of the victim’s sexuality but the coaches, trainers and students or
abuse of power by the offender. trainees to increase understanding
and prevent incidents of sexual
What the law aims to punish is the undue harassment.
exercise of power and authority manifested -​ the investigation of the alleged
through sexually charged conduct or one cases constituting sexual
filled with sexual undertones. harassment.
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

2nd offense - Fine or suspension not

Liability of the Employer, Head of Office, exceeding thirty (30) days
Educational or Training Institution 3rd offense - Dismissal

The employer or head of office, educational

or training institution shall be solidarily liable Ruling of the Supreme Court
for damages arising from the acts of sexual ●​ The dismissal of a criminal case
harassment committed in the employment, against an accused who is a party
education or training environment in an administrative case on the
(Section 5, RA 7877) ground of insufficiency of evidence
does not foreclose the
Action for Damages administrative proceeding against
him.
-​ Nothing in this Act shall preclude the
Republic Act No. 11313 ​
victim of work, education or
Safe Spaces Act ​
training-related sexual harassment
(Bawal Bastos Law)
from instituting a separate and
independent action for damages and
Republic Act No. 11313
other affirmative relief.
●​ April 17, 2019 – signed into law
(Section 6, RA 7877)
●​ defines and penalizes gender-based
sexual harassment in streets, public
Prescriptive Period
spaces, online, workplace, and
educational or training institutions.
-​ Any action arising from the violation
●​ expands the meaning of ‘safe
of the provisions of this Act shall
spaces’ to the public domain—from
prescribe in three (3) years.
public places to cyberspaces, from
schools to workplaces, and from
Penalties
streets to high-rise buildings.
●​ expanded the meaning of sexual
-​ Any person who violates the
harassment and who can be
provisions of this Act shall, upon
considered as an offender.
conviction, ​
be penalized by :
First degree offenses
●​ Cursing, Catcalling, Wolf-whistling,
●​ 1 – 6 months of imprisonment, or a
●​ Leering and intrusive gazing
●​ fine of 10 - 20k, or both such fine
●​ Taunting, unwanted invitations
and imprisonment at the discretion
●​ Misogynistic, transphobic,
of the court. ​
homophobic, and sexist slurs
(Section 7, RA 7877)
●​ Persistent unwanted comments on
one’s appearance and requests for
Classification of Sexual Harassment
personal details
●​ Use of words, gestures, or actions
-​ Grave Offense
that ridicule on the basis of sex,
-​ Less Grave Offense
gender, or sexual orientation; identity
-​ Light Offense
and/or expression
●​ Persistent telling of sexual jokes
Administrative Sanctions
●​ Use of sexual names, comments,
and demands
1. Grave offenses - Dismissal
●​ Invasion of a person’s personal
space or safety
2. Less grave offenses
1st offense - Fine or suspension for
Penalty
thirty (30) days but not exceeding six (6)
months
●​ 1st offense: P1,000-fine and 12-hour
2nd offense - Dismissal
community service with Gender
Sensitivity Seminar
3. Light offenses
●​ 2nd offense: 6-10 days in
prison/P3,000 fine
1st offense - Reprimand
BSN 2-L SKILLS REVIEWER

●​ 3rd offense: 11-30 days in prison abuse reports to online platforms to

and P10,000-fine silence victims

Second degree offenses Penalty

●​ Making offensive body gestures
●​ Public masturbation ●​ The penalty of prisión correccional​
●​ Flashing of private parts (6 months – 6 years imprisonment ) ​
●​ Groping in its medium period or
●​ Similar lewd actions ●​ A fine of not less than P100,000 but
not more than P500,000
Penalty ●​ If the perpetrator is a juridical
person, its license or franchise will
●​ 1st offense: P10,000-fine and be revoked
12-hour community service with
Gender Sensitivity Seminar Protection against ​
●​ 2nd offense: 11-30 days in Sexual Harassment
prison/P15,000 fine
●​ 3rd offense: 1 month and 1 day to 6 ●​ Reject the advance being made
months in prison and P20,000 fine firmly but politely but loud and
conspicuous enough for potential
Third degree offenses witnesses to hear and see it.
●​ Stalking ●​ Tell the perpetrator that this is an
●​ Sexual advances, gestures unwelcome conduct of a sexual
●​ Touching, pinching, or brushing nature
against the genitalia, face, arms, ●​ Take note of the event by recording
anus, groin, breasts, inner thighs, the date, exact time and specific
face, buttocks, or any part of the location in the workplace where it
victim’s body happened.

Penalty ●​ Report it to your immediate

supervisor unless he/she is the
●​ 1st offense: 11-30 days in offender.
prison/P30,000-fine with attendance ●​ Go to your HR personnel in your
to Gender Sensitivity Seminar immediate supervisor’s absence or if
●​ 2nd offense: 1 month and 1 day to 6 he is the person in question.
months in prison and P50,000-fine ●​ File a complaint.
●​ 3rd offense: 4 months and 1 day to 6
months in prison/P100,000-fine How can you help in preventing ​
sexual harassment?
Gender-based online ​
sexual harassment ●​ Be familiar with the laws and policies
relevant to sexual harassment
●​ Physical, psychological, and ●​ Share the information you gained
emotional threats from this lecture to others
●​ Unwanted sexual misogynistic, ●​ Be supportive of people you know
transphobic, homophobic, and sexist who are experiencing or have
remarks and comments online experienced sexual harassment and
whether on public posts or through encourage them to take the
private messages appropriate action
●​ Invasion of the victim’s privacy
through cyber stalking and incessant
messaging
●​ Recording or sharing any of the
victim’s photos, videos, or
information without permission
●​ Impersonating victims’ identities
●​ Posting lies about victims to harm
their reputation, and filing false