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Selection Statements (Decision Making) These allow the program to choose different paths based on specific boolean conditions. un Unstop +1 ¢ if Statement: Executes a block of code only if the specified condition is true. ¢ if-else Statement: Provides two paths; one executes if the condition is true, and the other (else) if it is false. ¢ switch Statement: Best for multiple fixed choices. It compares a single variable against various "cases" to find a match. @ W3schools +4 2. Looping Statements (Iteration) Loops repeat a block of code as long as a certain condition remains true, reducing code redundancy. @ Smart Programming +12. Looping Statements (Iteration) Loops repeat a block of code as long as a certain condition remains true, reducing code redundancy. @ Smart Programming +1 * for Loop: Used when the exact number of iterations is known beforehand (e.g., counting from 1 to 10). ¢ while Loop: Repeatedly runs code as long as a condition is true; it checks the condition before executing the body. ¢ do-while Loop: Similar to a while loop, but it executes the body at least once because the condition is checked after execution. @ Smart Programming +4 3. Jump Statements Jump statements alter the normal flow by transferring control to another part of the program. @ Smart Programming +1 ¢ break: Immediately terminates the current loop or switch statement and moves control to the next line of code outside that block.Explain exception 9 handling in Java. (5) 1. What is an Exception Marks) An Exception is an unwanted or unexpected event that disrupts the normal flow of program instructions. It is an object thrown at runtime containing information about the error. @® Sentry +3 2. Types of Exceptions ¢ Checked Exceptions: These are checked at compile-time by the compiler. The program will not compile unless they are handled or declared (e.g., IOException , SQLException ). ¢ Unchecked Exceptions: These occur at runtime and are generally due to programming logic errors. They are not checked during compilation (e.g., ArithmeticException , NullPointerException ). ¢ Errors: These represent serious problems that are usually irrecoverable and beyond the program's control (e.g., OutOfMemoryError , StackOverflowError ). @ GeeksforGeeks +45. Advantages e Maintains Program Flow: Prevents the entire application from crashing due to a single error. e Separates Error Logic: Keeps error-handling code distinct from regular business logic. e Easier Debugging: Provides detailed information (stack traces) to identify the rootJDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a standard Java API (Application Programming Interface) that allows Java applications to connect, interact, and manipulate data within a relational database (like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL). Think of it as a translator that converts Java code commands into a language the database understands. @ GeeksforGeeks +2 Here is a 5-mark explanation in a simple way: Explain JDBC in 1. What is JDBC? SME Lc e Java-Based: It is part of the [Link] and [Link] packages. ¢ Bridge Translator: It acts as a bridge between the frontend (Java Program) and the backend (Database). ¢ Purpose: It allows us to perform CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete). @ GeeksforGeeks +4 2. Key Components of JDBC ¢ DriverManager: Manages a list of database drivers and establishes the connection. ¢ Connection: Represents a physical session2. Key Components of JDBC DriverManager: Manages a list of database drivers and establishes the connection. Connection: Represents a physical session with the database. Statement: Used to send SQL queries to the database. ResultSet: Holds the data retrieved from the database after executing a SELECT query. @ GeeksforGeeks +2 3. Steps to Connect Java with Database (5 Essential BS -Y of) oT EAN late teal) ey | aeThink of the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) as a “translator” that lets Java run on any device. It has three main parts: Explain JVM architecture. 1. The Class Loader (The Librarian) Its job is to find your .class files, load them into memory, and check them for errors before the program starts. 2. Runtime Memory (The Storage) This is where the JVM keeps everything while the app is running: ¢ Method Area: Stores the "blueprints" (class code and static variables). ¢ Heap: The “big bin" where all your actual objects (like a User or Car ) live. ¢ Stack: A “private notepad” for each thread to track which method is currently running and its local variables. ¢ PC Register: A simple pointer that marks exactly which line of code is being executed right now.3. Execution Engine (The Motor) This part actually runs the code: ¢ Interpreter: Reads and runs code line-by- line (quick to start). e JIT Compiler: If it sees a piece of code running over and over, it compiles it into “machine code" so it runs much faster. * Garbage Collector: The “cleanup crew" that automatically deletes objects you aren't using anymore to save memory. In short: The Loader brings the code in, the Memory holds the data, and the Engine runs it and cleans up the mess. Would you like to dive deeper into how the Garbage Collector decides what to delete?