Chapter 4: Differential Calculus of Functions of Several

Variables

4.1 Notations, Examples, Level curves and Graphs

In single-variable calculus, we study functions of one variable.
y : D → R, D ⊂ R, R ⊂ R : y = f (x)
A function of several variables is a rule that assigns a real number to
each point in a subset of Rn .
A function of two variables z : D → R, D ⊂ R2 , R ⊂ R : z = f (x, y )
A function of three variables
ω : D → R, D ⊂ R3 , R ⊂ R : ω = g (x, y , z)
The domain of function of two or three variables is the points whose
it defined.
The range is the possible outcomes of the function.

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Example

Find the domainp and range of 1

a) f (x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 b) f (x, y ) = x−yp
c) f (x, y ) = ln(xy ) d) f (x, y , z) = 9 − x2 − y2 − z2
a) Domain D = (x, y ) ∈ IR 2 : 1 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0 ,


Range R = {f ∈ R : 0 ≤ f ≤ 1} = [0, 1]
b) Domain D = {(x, y ) : x 6= y } = x > y or x < y ,
Range R = {f ∈ R/ {0}}
c) Domain D = f ∈ R2 : xy > 0 = x > 0, y > 0 or x < 0, y < 0,


Range R = {f ∈ R}
d) Domain D = (x, y , z) ∈ R3 : 9 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 ≥ 0 ,


Range R = {f ∈ R : 0 ≤ f ≤ 3} = [0, 3]

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Lever curve
Let f be a function of two variables. The equation f (x, y ) = k, where
k is a number in the domain of f , is called the level curve of f .
The graphs of level curves together on the same xy-plane is called
countor map
Example: Sketchp the graph of level curve of
a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 ; k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y ; k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
a) Equation of level curve of f is f (x, y ) = k:
if k = 1 : x 2 + y 2 = 1, k = 2 : x 2 + y 2 = 4, k = 3 : x 2 + y 2 =
9, k = 4 : x 2 + y 2 = 16, k = 5 : x 2 + y 2 = 25

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Cont’...

Lever surface
Let f be a function of three variables. The equation
f (x, y , z) = k, where k is a number in the domain of f , is called the
level surface of f .
Graph
The graph of two variables f (x, y ) is the set of all points
(x, y , z) ∈ IR 3 such that z = f (x, y )
Example: Sketch the graph of
1−x −y
a) f (x, y ) = p
c) f (x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2
c) f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + y 2

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4.2 Limit and Continuity

Limit
1) Formal definition of limit ( − δ definition)
A number l is the limit of f (x, y ) as (x, y ) → (a, b) if for every  > 0
there exists δ > 0:
0 < ||(x, y ) − (a, b)|| < δ implies |f (x, y ) − l| < 
Hence, lim(x,y )→(a,b) f (x, y ) = l.
Example: Show that
a) lim(x,y )→(−1,2) (x + y ) = 1
b) lim(x,y )→(3,−4) (x 2 + y 2 ) = 25
2
c) lim(x,y )→(0,0) x2x y
2 +y 2 = 0 Solution:
a) Let  > 0 be given. WTS. δ > 0:
0 < ||(x, y ) − (−1, 2)|| < δ implies |x + y − 1| < 
|x + 1 + y − 2| ≤ |x + 1| + |y − 2| < δ + δ < 
Choose δ = 2 > 0. Thus, lim(x,y )→(−1,2) x + y = 1

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Cont’...

b) Let  > 0 be given. WTS. δ > 0:

0 < ||(x, y ) − (3, −4)|| < δ implies |x 2 + y 2 − 25| < 
|x 2 − 9 + y 2 − 16| ≤ |(x − 3)(x + 3)| + |(y − 4)(y + 4)| < 
Let δ = 1, then 0 < ||(x, y ) − (3, −4)|| < δ = 1
(x + 3) < 7 and (y − 4) < −7
|(x − 3)(x + 3)| + |(y − 4)(y + 4)| ≤ 7|x + 3| + 7|y + 4| < 7δ + 7δ < 

Choose δ = min(1, 14 ) > 0. Hence, lim(x,y )→(3,−4) x 2 + y 2 = 25
c) Let  > 0 be given. WTS. δ > 0:
2y 2x 2 |y |
0 < ||(x, y ) − (0, 0)|| < δ implies | x2x
2 +y 2 − 0| < x 2 +y 2 < ,
2
but x 2 < x 2 + y 2 implies x 2x+y 2 < 1 and
p p p
y 2 < x 2 + y 2 implies |y | < x 2 + y 2
2x 2 |y |
p
2
x +y 2 < 2 x2 + y2 < 
 2x 2 y
Choose δ = 2 > 0. Therefore, lim(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 +y 2
=0

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2) Informal definition of limit

lim(x,y )→(a,b) f (x, y ) = l if f (x, y ) → l as (x, y ) approaches a point

(a, b) along an infinite number of paths
Example: Evaluate the following limit
2y
a) lim(x,y )→(0,0) x3x
2 +y 2 b) lim(x,y )→(0,0) xy
x 2 +y 2
y4
c) lim(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 +y 2 d)lim(x,y )→(1,1) xx−y
2 −y 2
Solution:
a) Along straight line y = mx:
3x 2 y 2 mx
x 2 +y 2
= x 23x
+(mx)2
= 1+m 3x
2 → 0 as (x, y ) → (0, 0) independent of m
2
Hence, lim(x,y )→(0,0) x3x y
2 +y 2 = 0

b) Along straight line y = mx:

xy xmx m
x 2 +y 2
= x 2 +(mx)2 = 1+m2 → different numbers as (x, y ) → (0, 0)

b/c limit value depends on m

Hence, lim(x,y )→(0,0) x 2xy
+y 2
doesn’t exist

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Continuity

A function f (x, y ) is continuous at (a, b) if

lim(x,y )→(a,b) f (x, y ) = f (a, b).
Example: Show that whether f is continuous at the given point or not
a) ( sin(x+y )
x 2 +y 2
, (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
f (x) =
1, (x, y ) = (0, 0).
b) (
x−y
x+y , (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
f (x) =
0, (x, y ) = (0, 0).
Solution:
a) f is continouns at (0, 0) b) f is not continuous at (0, 0)

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4.3 Partial derivatives; tangent lines, higher order partial
derivatives
Partial Derivative

Let f : Rn → R be a function of n variables. The partial derivative of f

with respect to xi is defined as:
∂f f (x1 , . . . , xi + h, . . . , xn ) − f (x1 , . . . , xi , . . . , xn )
= lim
∂xi h→0 h

Let f : R2 → R be a function of x, y variables.

The partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to x at (a, b) is:
∂f (x, y ) f (a + h, b) − f (a, b)
(a, b) = lim
∂x h→0 h
The partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to y at (a, b) is:
∂f (x, y ) f (a, b + h) − f (a, b)
(a, b) = lim
∂y h→0 h
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Cont’...

Example: Find a) fx (0, 0) b) fy (0, 0) if

x 2 +y 2
(
f (x) = x−y , (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
0, (x, y ) = (0, 0).

Solution: a) fx (0, 0) = 1 b) fy (0, 0) = −1

The partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to x (regard y as
constant):
∂f (x, y ) f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
= lim
∂x h→0 h
The partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to y (regard x as
constant):
∂f (x, y ) f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
= lim
∂y h→0 h

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Cont’...

Example: Find a) fx (x, y ) b) fy (x, y ) if

2)
1) f (x, y ) = 3x 2 + xy + y 2 2) f (x, y ) = sin(xy
1+x 2
3) f (x, y , z) = e xy ln z
Solution: 1 a) fx (x, y ) = 6x + y b) fy (x, y ) = x + 2y
The second partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to x 2 :

∂ 2 f (x, y ) fx (x + h, y ) − fx(x, y )
fxx = 2
= lim
∂x h→0 h

The second partial derivative of f (x, y ) with respect to y 2 :

∂ 2 f (x, y ) fx (x, y + h) − fx (x, y )

fyy = = lim
∂y 2 h→0 h
 
∂ ∂f ∂ ∂f


fxy = ∂y ∂x and f yx = ∂x ∂y

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Cont’...

Example: Find all second derivatives of f if

a) f (x, y ) = e 2x sin y b)f (x, y , z) = g (x + ax) + h(y − az)
Solution: a) fx = 2e 2x sin y , fy = e 2x cos y , fxx = 4e 2x sin y ,
fyy = −e 2x sin y , fxy = 2e 2x cos y , fyx = 2e 2x cos y
Tangent Lines
The slope of tangent line T1 and T2 at (x0 , y0 ) is fx (x0 , y0 ) and
fy (x0 , y0 ), respectively
The equation of tangent plane contains tangent lines T1 and T2 at
p(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
z − z0 = fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ) (*)
But if eqn (*) intersect with the plane y = y0 and x = x0 is
z − z0 = fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) and z − z0 = fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ), respectively

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Cont’...
Example: Find the equation of tangent lines at p(1, 2, 6) in the plane
x = 1 and y = 2 if f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + y 2
Solution: a) fx (1, 2) = 4, fy (1, 2) = 4
The equation of tangent line in the plane y = 2 and x = 1 is
z − 6 = 4(x − 1) and z − 6 = 4(y − 2), respectively
Higher order partial derivatives:
The third order partial derivatives of f (x, y ) are
fxxx , fxxy , fxyx , fxyy , fyyy , fyyx , fyxx , fyxy
Example: Find The third order partial derivatives of f (x, y ) = πxy + e x
Solution: fx = πy + e x , fy = πx, fxx = e x = fxxx ,
fyy = fxxy =xyx = fxyy = fyyy = fyyx = fyxx = fyxy = 0
Clairaut’s Theorem:
If f has continuous second partial derivatives, then:

∂2f ∂2f
=
∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi

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Directional derivatives and Gradients
The partial derivatives fx and fy are the rate change of f in the
positive x and y , respectively.
But directional derivative is the more general, the rate of change of f
at (a, b) in any direction of unit vector v = (v1 , v2 ) is:

Dv f (a, b) = (fx (a, b), fy (a, b)).(v, v2 ) = v1 fx (a, b) + v2 fy (a, b)

If the unit vector v makes an angle θ with the positive x-axis, then
v = (cos θ, sin θ) and directional derivative of f is:

Dv f (x, y ) = cos θfx (x, y ) + sin θfy (x, y )

Maximum value of directional derivative Dv f (x, y ) is

|fx (x, y ), fy (x, y )|
The gradient of f , denoted ∇f , is the vector of all partial derivatives:

∇f = (fx (a, b), fy (a, b))

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Cont’...

Note: Let f (x, y ) be a continuously differentiable with ∇f 6= 0, then

The gradient ∇f is normal to any level curve f (x, y ) = c
The value of f increases and decreases faster in the direction of ∇f
and −∇f , respectively
Example: 1. Find the directional derivative of a) f (x, y ) = x − y 2 at
(2,-3) in v = i + 2j b) f (x, y ) = x 3 − 3xy + 4y 2 in the angle θ = π/6
of unit vector
Solution:
v
a) Unit vector = √i 5 + √2j5 , fx (2, −3) = 1, fy (2, −3) = 6.
|v |
13
Hence, Dv f (2, −3) = √ 5
√
b) Dv f (x, y ) = 23 (3x 2 − 3y ) + 21 (−3x + 8y )
√ √
2. Let u = i − j, v = 3i + 3j, Du f (1, 2) = 6 2 and Dv f (1, 2) = −2 2,
then find ∇f (1, 2)

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Cont’...

80
3. Let T (x, y , z) = 1+x 2 +2y 2 +3z 2 be the temperature at (x, y , z).

a) In which direction does the temp. increase faster at (1, 1, −2)

b) What is the maximum rate of increase? √
5j
Solution: a) ∇T (1, 1, −2) = −5i 15k
8 − 4 + 4 , b) ||∇T (1, 1, −2)|| =
5 41
8
Properties of Gradient and Directional Derivatives:
The gradient ∇f points in the direction of the steepest ascent of f .
The directional derivative of f in the direction of a unit vector u is:

Du f = ∇f · u

If ∇f = 0, then f has a critical point at that location.

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Exercises

1 Compute the partial derivatives of f (x, y , z) = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x.

2 +y 2
2 Find the gradient of f (x, y ) = e x at (0, 0).
3 Verify Clairaut’s Theorem for f (x, y ) = sin(xy ).
3 2

of f (x, y ) = x − 3xy + y at
Compute the directional derivative
4
3 4
(1, 2) in the direction u = 5 , 5 .

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Total differential and tangent planes

Total differential of z = f (x, y ) is

dz = fx (x, y )dx + fy (x, y )dx

If we take dx = x − a, dy = y − b, the formula used to estimate max.

error formed is:
dz(a, b) = fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)
Example:
1. if f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy − y 2 , then find df
2. Estimate the maximum error in calculated volume of cone
2
v (r , h) = πr3 h with r = 10cm and h = 25cm, possible error in
measurement of as much as 0.1cm in each.
Answer:
1. df = (2x + 3y )dx + (3x − 2y )dy
2. Error dv (10, 25) = 20π

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Cont’...

Equation of tangent plane to z = f (x, y ) at p(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is

fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ) − (z − z0 ) = 0
Equation of tangent plane to f (x, y , z) = c at p(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y − y0 ) + fz (z − z0 ) = 0
The gradient ∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is perpendicular to tangent vector
r 0 (t0 ) = (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )|t = t0 , i.e., ∇f .r 0 = 0
Equation of normal line to f (x, y , z) = c at p(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
x−x0 y −y0 z−z0
fx (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = fy (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = fz (x0 ,y0 ,z0 )

Example: Find the tangent plane and normal line to the surface
p
f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 at (1, −1, 1)

Answer: Equation of tangent plane: √ − y√

x−1 +1
+ z−1
√ =0
3 x 3
x−1 y +1 z−1
Equation of normal line: √1
= − √1
= √1
3 3 3

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4.6 Applications: Tangent plane approximation of values of
function

To approximation the value of f (x, y ) as (x, y ) → (x0 , y0 ), let

x = x0 + h, y = y0 + k, then
f (x0 + h, y0 + k) ≈ f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 )
p
Example: Approximate (2.98) + (4.03)2
Answer: Let p
f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , (x, y ) = (2.98, 4.03) → (3, 4) = (x0 , y0 )
f (2.98, 4.03) ≈ 5.012

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Chain Rule and implicit differentiation
Chain Rule for function of two variables:
∂f dy
1) if W = f (x, y ), x = x(t), y = y (t), then dW dt =
∂f dx
∂x dt + ∂y dt
2) if W = f (x, y ), x = g (r , s), y = h(r , s), then
∂f dy
a) dW ∂f dx
dr = ∂x dr + ∂y dr
∂f dy
b) dW ∂f dx
ds = ∂x ds + ∂y ds
Chain Rule for function of three variables:
1) if W = f (x, y , z), x = x(t), y = y (t), z = z(t), then
dW ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
dt = ∂x dt + ∂y dt + ∂z dt
2) if W = f (x, y ), x = g (r , s), y = h(r , s), z = k(r , s), then
∂f dy
a) dW ∂f dx ∂f dz
dr = ∂x dr + ∂y dr + ∂z dr
∂f dy
b) dW ∂f dx
ds = ∂x ds + ∂y ds + ∂z ds
∂f dz

Chain Rule for function of n-variables:

Let f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) and xi = xi (t). Then:
n
df X ∂f dxi
= ·
dt ∂xi dt
i=1
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Examples

1) Let W = xy , x = cos t, y = sin t, then

dW ∂f dx ∂f dy 2 2
dt = ∂x dt + ∂y dt = − sin t + cos t
2) Let W = f (r − s, s − r ), i.e., x = r − s, y = s − r , then
∂f dy
a) dW ∂f dx ∂f
dr = ∂x dr + ∂y dr = ∂x − ∂y
∂f

dW ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f ∂f
b) ds = ∂x ds + ∂y ds = − ∂x + ∂y
3) Let W = xy + z, x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t, then
dW ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
dt |t=0 = ∂x dt + ∂y dt + ∂z dt |t=0 = 2
4) Let W = xyz + 1, x = r + s, y = r − s, z = s − r , then
∂f dy
a) dW ∂f dx ∂f dz
dr = ∂x dr + ∂y dr + ∂z dr = yz + xz − xy
dW ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
b) ds = ∂x ds + ∂y ds + ∂z ds = yz − xz + xy

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Implicit differentiation

dy
1) Let F (x, y ) = 0, y = f (x), then dx = − FFyx
2) Let F (x, y , z) = 0, y = f (x, y ), then
dz
a) dx = − FFxz
dz F
b) dy = − Fyz
Example:
1) Find dy 2 2
dx if y − x = sin xy
dy Fx
Ans. dx = − Fy for F (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2 − sin xy = 0
dz dz
2) Find a) dx b) dy if z 3 − xy + yz + y 3 = 2
Ans. For F (x, y , z) = z 3 − xy + yz + y 3 − 2 = 0
dz
a) dx = − FFxz
dz F
b) dy = − Fyz

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4.8 Relative Extrema of Functions of two variables

If f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y ), then f (a, b) is local minimum value of f

If f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y ), then f (a, b) is local maximum value of f
Critical points: point (a, b) in domain of f where ∇f (a, b) = 0 or
∇f (a, b) does not exist.
Saddle point: critical point (a, b) is Saddle point of f if
f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y ) and f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y )
First derivative test: if f has relative Extrema at (a, b), then
∇f (a, b) = 0
Example: Find the local extreme values of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
Domain f = (x, y ) ∈ IR 2 , fx = 2x = 0, fy = 2y = 0


(0, 0) is the only critical point and local minimum value

f (0, 0) = 0 ≤ x 2 + y 2 = f (x, y )

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Cont’...
Second derivative test: Suppose fx (a, b) = 0, fy (a, b) = 0
i) f (a, b) is local minimum if fxx < 0 and fxx fyy − fxy2 > 0 at (a, b)
ii) f (a, b) is local maximum if fxx > 0 and fxx fyy − fxy2 > 0 at (a, b)
iii) f (a, b) is neither local minimum nor maximum if fxx fyy − fxy2 < 0
at (a, b). In this case (a, b) is saddle point of f
iv) This test fails if fxx fyy − fxy2 = 0
Hessian matrix/discriminant of f :
fxx fxy
| | = fxx fyy − fxy2
fyx fyy
Example: Find the local extreme values of
a) f (x, y ) = xy − x 3 − y 2
b) f (x, y ) = xy
Solution: a) fx = y − 3x 2 = 0 and fy = x − 2y = 0
1
(0, 0) and ( 61 , 12 ) are critical points
fxx (0, 0) = 0, fxy (0, 0) = 1, fyy (0, 0) = −2,
fxx ( 61 , 12
1
) = −1, fxy ( 16 , 12
1
) = 1, fyy ( 16 , 12
1
) = −2
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Cont’...

Discriminant of f at (0, 0) is: fxx (0, 0)fyy (0, 0) − fxy2 (0, 0) = −1 < 0
Hence, (0, 0) is saddle point and f has no local extreme at (0, 0)
1
Discriminant of f at ( 61 , 12 ) is: fxx ( 16 , 12
1
)fyy ( 16 , 12
1
) − fxy2 ( 16 , 12
1
)=1>0
1 1
and fxx ( 6 , 12 ) = −1 < 0.
1
Hence, f ( 16 , 12 ) = 0.02546 is local maximum value
b) fx = y = 0 and fy = 0
(0, 0) is critical point
fxx (0, 0) = 0, fxy (0, 0) = 1, fyy (0, 0) = 0
Discriminant of f at (0, 0) is: fxx (0, 0)fyy (0, 0) − fxy2 (0, 0) = −1 < 0
Hence, (0, 0) is saddle point and f has no local extreme at (0, 0)

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4.9 Largest and smallest values of a function on a given set
To find the absolute extreme values of f on a bounded set D:
1) find critical point(s) and evaluate f at these points
2) find boundary point(s) and evaluate f at these points
Hence, the largest of the values from step i) and ii) is absolute maximum;
the smallest of these values is absolute minimum
Example: Find absolute extreme values of f on a bounded set D:
a) f (x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 on circle D = (x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1


b) f (x, y ) = 2 + 2x + 2y − x 2 − y 2 on triangular region in first

quadrant bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, y = 9 − x
Ans.
a) critical point = (0, 0),
boundary points = (−1, 0), (1, 0), (0, −1), (0, 1)
f (0, 0) = 0, f (−1, 0) = 1, f (1, 0) = 1, f (0, −1) = −1, f (0, 1) = 1
Hence, absolute min. value = −1 and absolute max. = 1
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Cont’...

b) critical point = (1, 1),

boundary points: if x = 0, f (0, y ) = 2 + 2y − y 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 9 and
f 0 = 2 − 2y = 0
(0, 0), (0, 9), (0, 1)
if y = 0, f (x, 0) = 2 + 2x − x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 9 and f 0 = 2 − 2x = 0
(0, 0), (9, 0), (1, 0)
if y = 9 − x, f (x.9 − x) = −61 + 18x − 2x 2 and f 0 = 18 − 4x = 0
(9/2, 9/2)
f (0, 0) = 2, f (0, 9) = −61, f (1, 0) = 3, f (1, 0) = 3, f (9, 0) =
−61, f (9/2, 9/2) = −41/2
Hence, absolute min. value = −61 and absolute max. = 4

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4.10 Extreme values under constraint condition: Lagrange
Multiplier
Lagrange Multiplier for one constraint:
Maximize/Minimize f (x, y ) subject to g (x, y ) = c. Find x, y and λ:
∇f = λ∇g and g (x, y ) = c.
Lagrange Multipliers for two constraints:
Maximize/Minimize f (x, y ) subject to g (x, y ) = c, h(x, y ) = k. Find
x, y , λ and µ:
∇f = λ∇g + µ∇h, g (x, y ) = c, h(x, y ) = k.
Example:
a) For a rectangle whose perimeter is 20m, find the dimensions that
will maximize the area.
b) Find the points on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 80 which are closest to and
farthest from the point (1, 2)
c) Find the maximum value of f (x, y , z) = x + 2y + 3z on the curve
of intersection of the plane x − y + z = 1 and cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1
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Cont’...

Ans.
a) Maximize f (x, y ) = xy subject to g (x, y ) = 2x + 2y = 20
∇f = λ∇g and g (x, y ) = 2x + 2y = 20
(y , x) = λ(2, 2) and 2x + 2y = 20.
Hence, dimensions x = 5, y = 5
p
b) Distance b/n (x, y ) and (1, 2): d(x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2
Maximize/Minimize f (x, y ) = d 2 (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 subject
to g (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 = 80
(2(x − 1), 2(y − 2)) = (2λx, 2λy ) and x 2 + y 2 = 80
y −2
λ = x−1 2
x = y , x + 4x = 80
2

The points are: (−4, −8) and (4, 8)

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Cont’...

c) Maximize f (x, y , z) = x + 2y + 3z subject to

g (x, y ) = x − y + z = 1 and h(x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 = 1
(1, 2, 3) = λ(1, −1, 1) + µ(2x, 2y , 0), x − y + z = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 1
λ + 2xµ = 1...(1),
−λ + 2y µ = 2...(2),
λ = 3...(3),
x − y + z = 1...(4)
x 2 + y 2 = 1...(5)
−1 5
From (3) λ = 3, (1) x = x , (2) y = 2µ ,√(5)
√
29
µ=± √2
2 , x = ∓ 29 , y = ± 29 , z
√5 = √29±729
√ √
Hence, f ( √−2
29
, √5 , √
29
29+7
29
) = 29+3
√ 29
29
is max. value

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