Dats,

GOMPLETE NOTES
ON
Python
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Instagram: @orious-proqrammer
leleqram : QCurious-Coder
Written by z
Damini Patil (CSE Student)
 deat

Sr-No
Index Page No.
Chapters
1
Thtoducion
11 Ahat is
to Python
python ?
12 Features of python 1-5
13 Aplícations oF python
1-4 Fython Installation
15 First python program

|Modules, Comment and Pip

21 Modules in python. 6-9
laa Comments in pyihon
R3 What is a pip
| Varidbles ,Data Tipes keyusords Operatos
|81Variables in python
31:1 Tdenlfier in python Jo- 20
32 Data Tjpes in pithon
33 kewords in python
84 Operators in pathon

4: |ol, Dichonat [Link] . Tipe. Canversion 1-25

41 List
4 Dichiongry
43 get
 Data.
Pagt

Paqe No.
SR No.
chapters
4:4 Tuple
45 Tupe conversion

5. Flow Corttol 6-33

5.1 If: statement
|52 IF- [Link]
|53 elF statement
54 Nested i statement

6 Loops
34-4|
ls1'Ahile loop
|6 2 Forloop
63 For loop using_range) function:
6-4 Nested For loop

Shing 42-46
|71Python sting
74 Creatingq sting in pgthon
z8 Shingindexinq and splitting
|78
7:4 Deletinq the string
|75 Shring törmating
SR No. chaplers Ruge No
8Funcions
8:1 Funchong in python 41-51
|34 Crealing a uncion ,funcion callinq
82 Return staBement
84 Scope o variables

9:le Hadling
91 Jrtroducion to fle hput loutput 52- 54
94 Openinq and dosing fles
|93 Reading and riting tert files
|94 Wbrking with binars fles
9-5 Erceplion handling Tn ile Operations.

Jo:|Oject Oienled Prgumming (o)

|107 Trroduchion to 00p in pyhon 55- 58
1o4 dlas_es and abjects
103 Conshuctors and destructors
l|0 4 Inheritance and Polgmorphism
|o:5 Encapsu lation and data Hiding
D6 Melhod Orevidinq and overloadlíng:
11 Erepton Hardling
M totroductHon Exrertion tandling
11:4 Exception handling mechanism 59-61
(13 Handling Muliple exceptions
114 Custom Emcehon
115 Eror Handling stoatcajes
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4 Introducioh

hon
IAhat is puthon ?
1 Jdhat
Pythan isa qeneral -purpose., dynamic, hiqh-leve.
and interpreted proqramming lahguage
Tt is desiqped to be sinople and easy to learn,makin it
an ideal chaice for beqioners One of the keystren qths
Of Python is its versatility
Python suppatts the obiec - oriented proqfamming approach,
alauing Hevelopers
and redsablecode
to ceale applicatibns with ogahized

Readabilikyi-Rthonts suptax is desiqned to be clear and reusob

le making H eass forboth beginners cind experienced praq
ammers to understand and write code.

Simplicity =Python emphasixes simplicityond draids complex

Synfaxmakíng it edss for learn and use ampared t
other pragiamming lanquage
Qpamic typingPgthon is aynamically typed, meaning you can't
need to explicitly declare variabie. pes
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Latqe slabdard librars: Pathon prouides a vast sBandard kbrcuy

lh ready-ta- ase nodulas and funcions for variousCammon
Hasks,
Saxing developers time and effor in imlementing
foncianalilies
Ohjec - Orienhed Rrogamming (oop) :- Rathan suppatks he objec
-oriented praatam oing paradigrn,allauing fat the creaian
and manipilatian of obËechs, classes and inberitance
Coss-Platform Campalibilty:- Pyhon is avail able. on multple.
platforms, incuding lindous nnacS,and Linux.,making it
highly partable gnd Yersatile.
Extensive Third-Parhs libradies, Pythan has a vast ernsystern
OF third- pdry libraies and frameuwoks that expand its
mpabililies. n ditferent domains, such as web derelapment,
data anassis, and machine learninq
Thterpreked NaBure : Pythan is an interpretcd Ianguaqe,mednin
t does nat require compiaian This resalhs in a faster
ceyelopment cde as code can be exeruted directly ithout
he need far aa sepate compilation step
Tblearation Caynbilities - Pgbon can easilh intenate with
other lanquages like C, Ctt, dnd T¡va,llowinq derelopers
to leverane existinq mdebases and librarias:
1:3 Appliations OF Pathon
Rgthon is widely used in sarious domains
and affers numerous applicaians due ta its, flexibilits
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edse ot uSe Here are Some key areas where

finds appicaion ythan
Ach deuelopment Rython is exlensivelu_ used in eb deveo
pment tramewaks such as Dianao and Elgsk Jhese framewo
ks provides efcient tosls andibuies to buid cynamic
Mebaites and ueh aplicaions
Dala Analysis and Visualizaion ': Pgthan's rich ecosystem of
Gbraries nduding NunmPyPandas. .and Matplatlib.,nake it
a popular choice for data analysis and visuali ration-T
enables poessianals to pocess manipulaBe. and nisualize.
data
Machine leauDing_ and Artcial Inhelligence Rythan has beco
me the go-to language for machine leaminq_ an AL Projecks
Libiaies hke Tensorlaw, keras and saikit -learn piovide 'pawer
ful tola
madels
Fa implemenling complex alaptithmá and ftainim
Autamaion and Scipting: Pythan's eass- ka- read suntax
and rapid derebpmeht aucle make it an ideal chaice for
autonation and saipling tasks t is commanly used foc
tasks such as file manipulation, data parsinq_and sstem
administiaion.
|:4 Palhon Iostallaian
T6 download and install Pyhan_follouw these ste

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 it process
he for instructions an step Cunio
elassAute -arg "Windows_x&6-64 Linux cick
simple
pyhapyout select installer" etselect installation
Obutu excitinq Code
Date your -
the double Herels
a
wwN matchas paqe. box,
executablesystem. onon
follow thehe an ky
falder
folder and completedoseis Cop
at Nindow
lalest
Pyhon_Rxx
relecise. lis intiate
and down 3X pragram
websitethat the
x&. Nindouds enter
started.
Ianquaqe
installerfor either installer Ubantu) drop- to Python Prog1am
_Pathon Releases "Nindous sofkudre button puhoh
choose. gaut the
python dounlaaded
(specifically
souare for is installation
install 5Fitst
Palhonfinst
oFficial andthe
on Ubuntu entrs leatning
qef
to
example
the Python 64-bitor python All Hhethe folder your
For
WindguSthe [Link] 4:Sroll_down Hhethe the
uirements
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Writing
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1 1 |R
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5.

# Prining Hella laorld using puthan.

print (" Hello alarld1)

Let's break_ doun the code:

The puint) FuncBian is sed to display the specified messaqe
or value on the cansole
Ih this ase., we pass the stinq"Hello, horld<" as an
arqument to the pint) funchion The shing is encdosed io
dauble quoBeg
The #'sym bol indicates a commert in Pyhan- Comments
are iqnored b4 heinterpreler and are lised to praxide
explainaions or Dotes Ho the ode.

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2 Hodtes
Gomnent & Prp
R1 Modules (n patbon
Modules prpvide a was to orqanize your code. loqically,
Ihstkad o having al youL cade inq single le, you con
split it inta mutiple modules based on their purpase
khen you want th use the funcignalits frorth a module
ucan import it into your cuntent proarcam or anather
module
This allou)S_ you to access and use funchionscasses
and vaziables defincd hithin hat madue. you can auaid
laiting the same. odle repeatcals and instcad reuse the code
deined in he module
Three main tupas o£ modules:
Modules

Built-in modules! External Mocules User-dekned Modules

Bail -in madules:
These are modules Hhat come pre -installed
o the standard libzans axd
uith pyhon. Tiey are parl op nd
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plovide a wide ranqe of uncionalitias Buill in modules are

teadils_ aailable o ule uithat the need fo additiona
instalations
Exlernal Madules :
These ars moules that are ceated by
thitd=parfs ceelopers and ate not patt o the staidard
Tiayealeneled Pyhon's capabiliies by povidip qdditiona
funcionalities, for specifc pupasas Extcinal modules Can
be dounloaded and instaled 'uusing
sing package
package. manaqoks like.
pip(pghan
Popular
ackaqe index)
exlenal nadules include nump4 tor numerical comput=
ations
(Aser Deined Mocuales
These modhales are aedted by the
puthon poqiammers themselves Thes allou) Uses t arganize
Iheir code ito seprcte files and reASe
qciass muliple proqrtns
functionalit
ser-deined radlules can contain functons, classes, laiables,
and oher code that an be imported and used in othet
IPylbon scuipls or moduleas
*Q.2 Comments in Patbon
Cammenks in Python are uSed to pinvide. erplanatoy
Lpotes cuithin the coce that are not execued
ar inhetpreted
by the conmputer Theu are help for impravin code.
headabilits_and for eaving reminders ar explainotians
for oher deyelo pers wbo might work with the code.
in the Patane.
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In Aythan, Comments are denated by the hash Sumbol G

folloued bs the comment text When the Rathan inte
preBer encounters a comment,it iqnares it abd mayes
on to the next linas o? [Link] an be placed
at the end o line or an a line bs themselves
Is imporlan to that commenks are meant for human
readersand are not exeutcd by the Rython inkrpreBar
TherePore, theq bave ng
ho impacf on he pragram's
Runchionaliky or petfomanke

Tgpes of Comnenks
Single-line Camms IMulti -line Comment

i Sinale -line. comments

Sinale-line comments dre used to add
explaibatozu_ notes or comments on a single line op
code. Thes start aith a hash Sumbol(# and continue
until the end a the Jine Anythinq weitton ater he
lhash sumbol is consideed a comment and is iqnored by
he pitthon inkerprete
Here's an Okampei
# T6is is a single-line comment
x=5 Assigpinqaa value to the vaiabb x

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2Multi-line Commens:
Muti-line comments also known as block cam
ments allau uou to add comments that sam multiple
lines Puthon daes Dot have a buiH- in suntax Specil
fcally for muti-Jline comments, but you can acheiye
Hhis bs using tiple quotes either sinqle or coable)
to create a shing that is not assiqned to any
Variable Since it AS not sed elseohere in theode..
it acts as a Commeht
Here's an example.
This isa muti-line comment.
IF can spah acnmss muHiple line s
and is endosed cutthin tiple quotes
X= 5 Assigning a value to the ariable X.
8 Ahat is a pip 2
In simple
Th simple erns
terms, pip js a packaqe managet
ls Packages
for pugthon It stands for "pip Installs Packaqes' or "pip
instd Paton'
When woking with puthonyou mas heed to ikse external
libraies or madules hat bravide additiona funchionaliHies
beijaDd uhat the standard libxas atters. These libarie
are aten dereloped hy the phon amnaunits and are
available to dnigone to use.
Pip makes Vit ess to install apackaqe, manaqe
ahd uninstall these external libraties IE hlps you
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find and dounload he libtaies bu need fiom he Puthon

Package Index (yP),ubich is drepository ot ithon
packages maintained by the Communtty
JAith pip, yoL can instal a package. by ninning a simple.
± wil
oamabd Tn uour termina or cammand prompt
auzomaicalyetch the packaqe fom PaPi bhnd install
it on gauL sstcn, along ith ans dependenciesit
requires

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6VartabtesData ypzs
Keyaords &Greators
8:1 Vaiables in Pthon
Th Pathon, Vaiables_are used to store yalues
bat an te usedater ina progtam You can think oF
yariables ds containers tha bold datq: JWbat makes
puthon Lnique is that you dant need to explkitHy decare
me tupe of a vari able. ou simply qssign a value to.
vaiabBe usinq the "=" operoator.
For example, you Can createa variable called "pame"
and ascign it a yalue like this:

name = "Yadnyesh

Here. "pame" io the Yariable. bame, and Yachyesh' is

Hhe yalue assigped to it Python wjll automatulls decim
ibe he upe of vanable based on the value assiqned
to it

Variables in Rathon can hold diterent tupes o data,such.

as gumbers shings, lsts o even marc. complex objets.
You can chanqe fhe alue ata variable al ime by

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Q8sianin a ne) yalue to . For instance :

qge5
age =26 # Updating the value c aqe vaviable

Pyhon alsa alla uns you to_ perform_ aperations on yaricable

"Rr example, you ban add, ubstrdet,mullipls, or divide
yanables ontaining_ pumbers ou can even am bine
variablas o dieent types using operators For instance

Y= 8
2=t The value of' will be &.

qreeting ="Hello
ngme - "Joh"
message = greetinq + "+name #The valueof 'message'
will be "Helln John"

Variables povide. a way to store and manipulate.

data in pythan making it easier to wock with infor
nation hroughput you program- By givinq meaninq tul
hames to atiables, you' can make you cade
tnoie ieadable and understandable

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13.

3-11 Tdenhier n Puhon

HPython, an identiier js q
g name uised to
identiy a xqriable ynchion.,[Link]., or. any, other.
Usel-deined abject An ideiier can be made up of
Ieters (both uppercase and louercase),digits and
underscorss (-)Howeyer it must start wih a leter ar
dn underScore

Here are Some imporant rules to heep in mind when

alakin uih identfers in python
1 Yalid_charachers An idenliier can conhain lelers (a-zAZ)
digit (o-9 and underscores(-). Hcanno conain spaces
specia) chatacters like @,#,or $
R- Case Sensitiviks : Pathon is case-sensitive meaninq uppet
Case and loweraase letterS are Lonsidered [Link],
Mmular" and "myvar" dre treated as tus dikerent iden
[Link] JAords: Pyton has raseXved words, qlso knoOD
as keuwords that have predefined meanings in the language
These uatcs canna be dsed as idenifiers Examples of
reseved uwords indude "if"Nhile" and "deF".
4 Length ldenhifiets can be of any_length. Howeyer, it is
eammended to use meaningfal and desbaiptiye. nane hoct
are not gxcessively lonq:
[Link]: iss qod praciceta chacse dasuiptive
names for idenifiess tbat conved their purpase. ot
Imeaning This helps make the cae mate readable and
Understandable.
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Here are some. examples a

o valid identiiers in ptthon
os variable
Count
"total_Sum.
-PL
- Mgclas
LAbd here are sme examples oF inyalid ideniies:
1R3abc (starts with a digit).
- variable( cantains a hspen)
IÂ (a reseLved word)
ns varcontains a Space)
Undersanding and follouing these tules for identitiets in
Pgthon is impartant to ensure clatits, reddabils and
pfaper ibcioring oF yaur
uout code
g-2 DaBa Tipes in Pylhah
Data types in Pgthan tefer ta the diteren
kinds of yalues that can be assiqned to variables.
They dete1 mine, the nature o the data and the
operations that can be perFotmed on them
IAthon provides several butlt in-data tqpea induding
numerid, dicionais, Boalean, sesequence typer
and numeric has Inteqer, Complex Number, Aloat
and Soquence Tgpe has shing-. lis and Tüple
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Numerie. Ibtcaer

Dicionary Complex Nrnber

loat!
Boolean

pthon Data
get
Gting.
List

Tuple
1: Numerici
Pathon supparts different numerical data Types,
indudinq intcers (dihole numbers), Floatin -paiot pumbers
Ldecimal oumbers).and complex nunbers (numbexs with.
real and imaginars_ parks)
alnkcqers (int) Ihegeks reprasent whale numbeks
withauzt ans ranciona.l part For example, aae =25.
b- Floaing-Point Nurmbers (Elaat) : Floaih- point
Durpbers epresent numbers with decima aint of
traciong For exanple ,pi =-4
[Link] Nurbeks('omlex): Complex Dumbers bave
qrea and inmagingr part o ex: z= 2taj
ulhere is suffix th

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 tlassmste

ADictianar_
Diclianarias_are key- yalue pais. encosed bs
cls braces Each value io associated with a unique
kes allouing -or eicient lookup_andretrieval, For
exahnple. person=name': 'John,'aqe'25,'city;
'Neu York'
3: Boolean :
Boalean (boal): Boaleans depresents tuth values
either Tiue or False. Thes are used for losica aperations.
and conditians for example, [Link] =True
4:Se:

Sels(cet) sets are, ubordered aleclions g unigue.

elements endosed in curls braces. Ieus ahe uset tot
mathemaical operatians ach as unon, intersection
Land dikleengd For example fruits =4'aple!, Banana'
'orange'
5-Seauence Tipes
Sequences represent a ollecHon o elemenks and
nclude data types Hke shing s., licts and tuples shings
are used tostore textua data, wlhile. ists bnd uplex
are ysedto store ordered collections o items
a shrings st): Srings represent seqdences af chatacten.
enclosed aithin sngle dr dauble quatas. Far example
name= Tohn.
b-ListCist): Lists are orgered sequences o
elernent endosed in square brackes. Each element
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be of any data tupe ar EXample numbers =1.3l

C- Tüples (tuple): Tuple are. simila to ishs but a r e
iomutab,le,meaníng their elernentscannot be.
changed ance deened Tey at enclosed in 'O para
hesis

keyusords in pthao are Speial NDIds that are.

having speciic meadings and putpases within the Python
JangiaqeThes are resened andcann st be ysed as
Nariable ngmes or idenihers:
keuords play a cucia role in defining the structure.
and bebaviauk o python proqtammers
keyunrds are like huilding'block that allow us to create
onditiona statements., lonps funchions .ç[Link]
enors and perfm other nportant opefations
List of all he keyuards [Link]
False. qwait else import pass
None break excepti raise.
Tue. class inalls is eturn
and ontnue for lambda t
nonlocal wbile
def fiom
assertdel qlobal not uith
async eli or yeild

g4 Opetators in Aahon
Operatars in Rython are sumbols
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characters_that are ased to_perfom gpecitic aperations

on variables and values Pythan piovides varioLs tupes
apexatore to manipulafe aind ok with different
data'tapes Here cre some important caeaoyias of
Lopera+ds in Python
Arithmetic Operatars
Camparison Qperators
d Assiapment operators
o Logical 0peíatdrs.
oBi~wise Opetators
Membexship Operators
oldentfy petators
Atitbaehic C¡etatausi
Authmehc Operators in pyBhan_ gre used to
perfom mathematica balculations on numeric Yalues
The basic aithmetic operatozs includei
Addition (+): Adds tuo operands toqether For SxampleiE
we have q=10 and b= 1d, hen ab eduals Qo. the.
Subtachion (-): Subtracs the second aperand tom
first operand If the Hirst aperand is shmaller than the
second operand, the resul oil be neqative For example
iF we have Q= 20 and b=5then d-b equas 15
Division () : Diides te first apeIand by the cBher.
apernnd and retuns he quotent for exannpleiE Ue.
have q=2o and belo hen a/b equals
oMuliplicaion (): Maliples ane operathd by the aher
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For example,if ue hare a=20 and h=4,hen axb equals &o.

Modulu's (2) : Retuns the remaincer, afer duicin the.
first apednd bq he second operand For exmple ,iF
Ne bave a=20 gnd b Jo then a/b eguals 0
| Exponentiation (**) or power : Raises the First operand
to the pouer ah SRCond aper and. For ekample
we have a-2 ahd be 3 then q**b equal's &
| Floor division (/): provides the loa value of he
quoBient obtained bu diving he tun operands it
returns he agest integer that is les s than or
equal to the resulE. oexample,e haye q =20 ahd
b s then g/b ecuals G

lComparison Opaadorg
Compaziaah aperators in puthon are uSused
Pd to
Compare uo values and retutn' a Boolean yalueTiue or
Eals)
"Equal to (==):checks iF tuo apeiahds ae egual
NGt equal to (l=)'check it two hprands are not equa
Gieateh than (>)) checksif the le aperand is qredter
th¡n right operand
less than( : check i the leEt aperand is lass than
right opeIand
Greaer harn or equal to( ) : checks if the le operand
is qreater han oi equals to the right
operand
" ess than or cqua tb (s-): checks if
iE he lett opetand
is less than or equas to the nght
Opergi
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*Assigpmert Qperatas
Asignment Opetatos are used to assin values ta
Variables . Theyinclude
Equal o E): Assigo the value_on the igbt to the
varigble on the let
Campaund assiqnment_ aperato s (+=,-=*=)petforr
he Speiied aibneic opetaions qnd assign the resuE
to vaiable:

Logical operakors
loqica aperaas Boalean ore
in pthanvalues ised to perforn loqical
operatians- on
logical AND (and): Returns tue if both opetands are tue,
otheruwise false.
Loqical OR (o): Rekurns tue iE buth ate gne of hem is true
ohetuuise false
-Logial NoT (nat): Retans he apposile baslean yalue a
Hhe operand
* BiBwise Operators
Bihuise. opetatais petfa1m cperaions on indivslua bits af
binars_ hutabes
-Bikuise. AND(¢): Perfoms a bitwise AND Gperatians_ on the
bibary represenkaions oF the aperands
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Bilwise 0R(): Ferforrms a bituise. OR aperasion on the

biras repESenka-ions oF the bperands
Bitwise XoR (A): Perorms a biwise exclusire. 0R operation
On the binans represenalion o the operands
apetandr
Bitwise complement( :Ihverts Hhe bits cf heoperand to he
Left shift (k<) :shits the bit o the Jef
ef by the number f positions cpecified by he
right operahd
Rigbt shie(>>) shifH the bit of the left opetane to the
vigbt by the nunber a7 positions dpecihed by tha

* Mernbership Operators
Membeship_ peraors._ ane used o dest wheher a value is
amember dË a seduence
In :Returns thue i both opetands refer to the sume
abËec (sequence)
- Not InReturns true i bah apetands co not refers to
he sane abyec (sauenst)
* Jdenkiks Opetators
ldentty OetaBots ahe used to cormpare the idenity af twa
ohiecis
ls Rehusns Tie if both operands refer to the same
obËect
Iels notRcutns Thue if both apetands do not refers to
the same abjed
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4List,Dietlonar set
ahdl Igpe onversion
Lt List

In Puthan a list isa veksatile data stucure

Hhat allous you fo ore and organixe. mulliple items in a
Lsingle variable. Lishs ake deined bybs endasind aa sequence of
eements uithin scudie brackets I and Geprating' Hhem
with commas.
Lists in pthop are otdered callecions o elemenks ubere
each elemet is jdentied by its pasition or index.
lists are mtablewhich mens_ou can modiy add or
kemoye elemenks attar the list s cteated
ist decaraion
Tn putho. you. can cleclare alistby endiosing a sequence
Lo elements wthin square brackets ( ) Here ate a feu
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hurabers =LR,3,4,5
FnuitsT'apple"," banana", "otanqe", "qape"

Ti this example, we have two Jists. The numbers

list conhains intcqer s, 'specificaly the numbers1,.3,44
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-- _ IL+h ~--coodi-\: \Cn_js._:fufse.--,:lhe_lo op- 1:.s_el(Ctt~ _cm_d _-H: e.._
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-_ _ _--+l - - - ' -' code.. blo_c~k J - - - - -- - - - - -

I Hlli.Jb_e._jtem rept e£etl:bs__J1b LJ OOf _lldri ab ILihctl--

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i--------+-;Emm~LU leta..k_ltli-l-h_CLCYJom_rctt:i2e.-_c\JlLcii-cr---- -
e---- 'l i=====::=:::;===: :;;:::::=== = = = = = = = = = r- -
r.---~ ' _ lti_j_o_ ra nje_U_J.lO1~ :

r.--------....i-,--p_rio± (i)_____ _
r- -.Lout T,( ~.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . !
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---· ('op1.(dqhte. LtYIOLlo • Corn

 n_4hi-s _exornp\.e,Jh; _r~~~ (1, 1o ,aj "tuncfion _gener?-fe.,s ~
. _ae.[Link].,_ ot-;_niJm~ers _-&om 1 -1:o. __9 wi+h ~ e-kp -s1~ or
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1just \ihe \n ma~'\ ol11eY pro_srqmrni~ \dn.3UCA.q_~ · fay lnsict.Y7ce.,
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--
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