GRAVITATION

• Gravitation is defined as the force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe.

• The earth attracts or pulls all objects lying on or near its surface towards its centre. The force with which the earth
pulls the objects towards its centre is called as the gravitational force of the earth or gravity of the earth.

• UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

• Given by Issac newton

• ACCORDING TO THIS LAW

Every object in the universe attracts other object by a force of attraction, called gravitation, which is directly
proportional to the product of masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of distance between
them. This is called Law of Gravitation or Universal Law of Gravitation.

• The direction of the force is along the line joining the centres of two objects
• DERIVATION

Let masses (M) and (m) of two objects are distance (d) apart. Let F be the attractional force
between two masses.
• GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT

• ITS VALUE DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE medium between two bodies and the
masses of the bodies or the distance between them .

• Suppose the masses of two bodies are 1 kg each and the distance ‘d’ between them
is 1m then,

• F=G [SINCE m=M=1 kg and d=1m]

• Hence the UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT IS DEFINED AS the

gravitational force between two objects of unit masses and separated by a unit
distance from each other placed anywhere in space .

• The S.I. unit of G is N-m𝟐kg2.

• The value of G was found by Henry Cavendish by using a sensitive balance.

• Importance of The Universal Law of Gravitation

•It binds us to the earth.

•It is responsible for the motion of the moon around the earth.

•It is responsible for the motion of planets around the Sun.

•Gravitational force of moon causes tides in seas on earth.

•Flow of water in rivers is also due to gravitational force of the earth on

water
Centripetal force :-
• When a body moves in a circular path, it changes its direction at every point.
• The force which keeps the body moving in the circular path acts towards the centre of the circle.
• This force is called centripetal force.
• If there is no centripetal force, the body will move in a straight line tangent to the circular path.
• The motion of moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force.
Freefall
• When an object falls down towards the earth under the gravitational force alone, we say
the object is in free fall.
• The velocity of a freely falling body changes and is said to be accelerated.
• The uniform acceleration produced by a freely falling object due to gravitational force of
earth is called as acceleration due to gravity, it is denoted by ’g’ and Unit is m/[Link]
always acts towards the centre of the earth.

• VALUE OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY:

• DERIVED FROM NEWTON’s second LAW OF MOTION
• Force = mass x acceleration
• Acceleration here refers acceleration due to gravity.
• ma=mg
KEPLERS LAWS of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Laws

Kepler’s first laws of planetary motion states that planets move around the sun in such a way that sun always remains at one of its focus.

Kepler’s second law

According to second law the line joining planet to the sun sweeps out equal area in equal time interval, as the planet revolve around the sun in a elliptical orbit.

Kepler's Third Law

It states that square of time period is proportional to the cube of its semi major axis.

Let A and B be the two planets whose time period are

T1
and
T2
. If
r1
and
r2
be their distance from the sun/then
T12T22=r13r23
 Orbital Velocity
The velocity required for an object to revolve around the planet in its orbit is
called its orbital velocity. The orbital velocity of the earth is given by
V=gRe−−−√
.
Its numerical value is 7.92 km/sec. The orbital velocity is independent of the
mass of the object. If the velocity is less than orbital velocity, then the object
will fall back on the earth and if the velocity is more than the orbital velocity,
then it will get lost into the space.

Escape Velocity
The minimum velocity with which an object must be projected so that it
escapes the gravitational pull of the earth is called the escape velocity.
It is given by
Ve=2gRe−−−−√
. The numerical value is 11.2 km/sec.
 MASS & WEIGHT
Mass is the measure of object’s inertia, more the mass more the inertia.

It is a property of material , so it does not change with place.

SI unit is ‘kg’.

It is a scalar quantity.

Weight of an object on earth is the force by which it is attracted towards earth.

As it is force so it has both magnitude and direction (i.e. downwards).

SI unit ‘N’.

W = mass x g.

g changes with location, so does weight.

What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight?
Solution:

The differences between the mass of an object and its weight are tabulated below.

Mass Weight

1. Mass is the quantity of matter 1. Weight is the force of gravity acting on

contained in the body. the body.

2. It is the measure of inertia of the body. 2. It is the measure of gravity.

3. It only has magnitude. 3. It has magnitude as well as direction.

4. Weight is not a constant quantity. It is

4. Mass is a constant quantity.
different at different places.

5. Its SI unit is the same as the SI unit of

5. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).
force, i.e., Newton (N).
6. Mass can never be zero
6. Weight can be zero
According to the law of gravitation
Thrust and Pressure
Thrust
•The force that acts in the perpendicular direction is called thrust.
•It is similar to force applied to an object
•It is a vector quantity.

Pressure
•The force that acts per unit area of the object is pressure.
•It is the thrust per unit area.
•Pressure is denoted by ‘P'
•P = thrust/ area = force/ area = F/A
•SI unit: N/m2 or Pa (Pascal)

Why do nails have sharp edges?

We know that pressure is inversely proportional to area. As area increases, pressure decreases and vice versa. So, nails' sharp edges
make it easier for them to get into the wall because more pressure is exerted on the wall from a single point.
•Solids - They exert pressure on the surface because of their weight.
•Fluids (gases and liquids) - They also have weight, therefore, they exert pressure on the surface and the walls of the container in
which they are put in.
DAILY LIFE APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE.
Factors affecting the Buoyant Force:
Magnitude of the buoyant force depends on two factors:
1. Volume of the object immersed in liquid:
•As the volume of the object immersed inside the liquid ,the upward buoyant force acting
on the object also the increases.
2. Density of the liquid
•Higher the density of the liquid the buoyant force or upthrust it exerts also increases. That
is why it is easy to swim in sea water in comparison to normal water
 Buoyant force or up thrust acting on any object = weight of liquid displaced by the object
OR
The apparent loss of weight OF an immersed object=weight of the liquid displaced by it.
OR
Apparent weight= Weight of object in the air – Thrust force/ buoyancy

 Hence - An object will float in a liquid, if the weight of object is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by it. This is called as law of floatation.
 Even gases like air exert an upward force or buoyant force on the objects placed in them.
 It is buoyant force or up thrust due to displaced air which makes a balloon rise in air.
Archimedes Principle Formula
In simple form, the Archimedes law states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object. Mathematically written as:

Fb = ρ x g x V
Where Fb is the buoyant force, ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the submerged volume, and g is the
acceleration due to gravity.

Archimedes Principle Derivation

The mass of the liquid displaced is.
Mass = Density × Volume = ρ × V
This is because density (ρ) is defined as
Density, ρ = Mass x Volume = MV
Thus the weight of that displaced liquid is:
Weight = Mass × Acceleration due to gravity

W = M × g = ρ × V × g
Thus, from the Archimedes principle, we can write:
 The apparent loss of weight = weight of water displaced = ρ×V×g
 Thus, the Thrust force is,Thrust = ρ × V × g
Where ρ is the density of the liquid and V is the volume of liquid displaced.
The thrust force is also called the buoyant force because it is responsible for objects to
float. Thus, this equation is also called the law of buoyancy.

Submarine:
The reason why submarines are always underwater is that they have a component called ballast tank which
allows the water to enter making the submarine be in its position underwater as the weight of the
submarine is greater than the buoyant force.
Hot-air balloon:
The reason why hot-air balloons rise and float in mid-air is because the buoyant force of the hot-air balloon
is less than the surrounding air. When the buoyant force of the hot-air balloon is more, it starts to descend.
This is done by varying the quantity of hot air in the balloon.
How does the Archimedes principle apply to ships and boats?
A boat or a ship will float when the weight of the water it displaces equals the weight of the ship or boat
Hence it is shaped to displace its own weight of water such that the weight of the ship or boat reaches the point
where it will submerge.

Q-1 If an iron object is immersed in water, it displaces eight kg of water. How much is the buoyant force acting on
the iron object in newton? will it float or sink

Q-2 A solid of 6OO gm has volume 45O cm3

1. find its density.
2. what will be the mass of water displaced by it.
3. will it float or sink.