2AGE No:

SOURCE OF WATER
Soupee oFWate
L
Suvtuee Sovvce Sub suaee s60vce
1. Pond and Lake 1. Spminas
2. Riven 2. TnEltmation Gallenizs
3. SFovage Re sev (soi 3. Intil mation Well
4. 0eeons 4. Wells am Tobe wells

Sueace Saurce The &Urtaee soUnees ot water ame Hrese the

SoUvees i n ohieh waten FuT)S Over h e eamth's SUmtuee.

The qpan iky ot surfate uoater depends mainly upon mainfell.

Thene ane two Fypes o impumihes in atem
SUSpended and di solved. 8upply,ie
The suv fate watens have suspended impuniHes ohieh
eontai ns the pathogenie on disease proodocing bachenia.
So, s Un taee wateo eemnot be u4ed in aten subbu
i thout meotment.

Subsupteee Souree: the watem sovmees whieh nemain

Undeo MoUnd.
Does not need omy meatm ent genenally .

Tempenatume me ma ins eomsant fhnouxhout fhe year.

Gmound watem UsUally oee oom sus
pended impuni i&s,
SNote
the uali y oF 0ate imlake is
geninaly qerd
and do eS net m2ed mueh
pUni Heo Hon
Lanqen and older lakes , hoever, pmouide com-
panahvely þUne woter than smaller and newer
Lokes
River s m ost imbontant sovnces
ame
pubue yater supply sehemes becauseof
a t e r fom
Cou) The quai ky oniver oaer is
due to sel pUmiFeeRon and dees eenenelly gecd
puniHeaken .
not need mueh

)Mest ot eiHes a e seted near the mivers

here water is easiy
avoai la ble for wafev
SUppli2S,
ER. ABHILASH
dANA, M.E. JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, 8100407226
PAGE NO:
sophce
water ot eanh's
n g s , The natunal outHe ot qroond
i6 soid to ovm a
spminT
' l s i6 also ealled out-eropping ot the water f b
The
Some spmings di schavnge hot we-ter dve to
prnesence o sulphun and ohen motenioLs

The 6pming may be gmauiy spving CSurfale spn"[Link]

avtesian on deep 6pmina
a Shclloid sping and
deep seated spm in

Spoing
Gmauiy spming Atesian spoina
(Deup setd spin)
T
SUrfaee Shollo
spming Spoin
Svn faee 3þminga -

Some Hmes n
i mpemeious ebamue Hon om smatom
supponHng the Under gmaund stomagE Sunaee2
beeomes ineined , eåusin the Sproing
aten texlble to go up and etxposed
to he nound sUTtec, th1s type ot
Spring
Sprin is ealled awleee sbminga tmpenuioe
cye
Shallouo Spning- th2 qnound water
i8 eolleeted in he fomn oeseovio
and omees h e water e ovev leto Waten
ent the sum oce 6F me mound.

ConHned
Artesian Spmin-hen pevoiovs or
water becring stnatum îs elosed bekoun
aqui er Teouious

t oimpenuioUS statumg cnd have ro

much hydnauie qmadient and octer Flurs
duF auome helly.

ATniltostien Gialle pieg Naten

unden impenuioUS
A honizental tunmels eonsoue ked at oessue
Shallow depths aLong the banks of e viver to intevee pt the qncund
wate teuble ame ealled inFl»eahen glleries. (3 to 5 m depYh)

The quan i y ot weten avcaile ble mOTn intiltnestion galle ny

depends upon yield oF the s0 UN Ce , Natuyt oF sail and si2e
Falleny.
.The yield oF the qallery mey be cbouE i5 o00 o e s bep
metme unath s t me Telleny.
Tn H tnoatHon zallenies a n e mos sui able fon ineneeasina
thesup eee sounee supply in dmy season
ER ABHILASH JANA, M.E. JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, 8100407226s
 AGE NO:

.Disehanqe mom Pentious Riveo

intltmaHon qallenigs ban k
Ae ecn be eom pufed WT
Rec sleb
SI Daney' s law aS InHlaHen
/tallenies
Masenny
Rive

EEE-JB
GaveL
FoundaHen

Eniltatign Wells
.the shallow wells eomstrvcted in senies along the banks ofa
iver in onder to eollect the niver waten see ping thnough
thei bo tom .

These Nells dmao aDound e t e r indny secason e nd peneo late

etem in naimy season.

These ane also ealled noiny weil.

.The vaniovg inHlmatiom Nells ane eomnee ted by pono u

pipes o a sump welL, ealled as a c k ne lL.

These wellg ame veny v s e l fon dmawing 6a e r mom

polloted smeam and veriy eomman in Fmanee

In HloaHon ell

Pomous pipes
mom difevent
inHimaHon
NLlL
Nole: A yey new
teehniqve' Ronney
well' that was vecen tly
stem ted 16 Fo
eomsmueted a venHcal wall 3 o 6 m
diameter wi th honi 20n fal madioL eollee tor, ond î6 in)
Knocon as mad igl LLL

4 Wels A vev Heal hole dug out om dwi lled inlo the oound
toet sub-sunface "om qmound water is knon aS
well
Wells

Open Nels Tube'Wetts

halow Dep GamavelL

wel
Shoainev Cavi ty
vell Type Type Poek
Type
ER. ABHILASH JANA, M.E. JADAVPUR
LUNIVERSITY, 81o0407226
PAGE NO:
Open Wells on Dug Wells A masanny twells havineompana Hve
v
b d iome tev°and ane suitablu
qen uw dischg fov
These kind ot wells ean be eneava ted only Umiked depth,
n e n f h e qmoUnd water soraa i s also m i 4

To inenease the qield oFan open Note..In oben well

well, & to l0 e m diameter bowe nole (diame ter vaniks t to2m
he 20m.
i cenme oF he Well to and depth 10m

diggd, So he ep the addihonal- Oben wl may0 bniek

wati mom an aquien, ov made
rom ined ( bý
SsUes in the mock, masoymmy , 3 Fone.
masonmy, P m e e a s t

Thene ane vo tybes ot open wel RO,wing,eather

ine nina ) amd vnune
6) Shalloo wells dne ohich mest (conshoud ted in ham
in a peooious 3tmata and dnatns o i l md in hilly
iF8upPues mom the sUmYOUndim CAmea
matenial
bDee Nell-6me which nests om on imperviouSo
O maqason' ayen and doaws tts suPply oom Fhe
pevUiouS omaHon ayine below the mo t Lay<Y,
fhwoUh a bore hole madè ino themo ba la y*V

Note: ghallow well mighHbe having mone depth

than a deep we. T} w2 s e e m o t layev
is Vmy eto se fo d îm
sneplare

CLnd l8t
3
uiou
t pev ious "Layer t r gund watev
b is an beloud, then m2 depth ean
be vaYY
A
[Link] otan 0pen WelL: The yield oFan open well eam be
eleulated by
a) theomehieal Method
-Pumping tesk
b)PoacHel Method
Recopevatin test
e) By eamy ing out pmaehical Fests and ealeolating
iF om the obsev ua Hon
a) theomeHeal Method: nn Va Ashene, n-Povosi y
Va- aetuaLvzloei'y
VAAs As SuY aee ames
V m Va nS penin in Fo
thewel
b) PnaeHeal Meth od
i) Pumping test; A pumb is, Hnst of all, înstalUrd so as
dmc sufticient supplias oF o a r mom the open welL, áando
eause héavy dnawdoon in i s ateYeval. The noate st
pumpin% is then ehanged and so adjus ted thaF h e a t e r
uvel in the walL becomes eonstant.
ER. ABHILASH JANA, M.E. JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, 8 1 0 0 4 0 7 2 2 6
I n this condition ot equil brium, he pate [Link] be
equal to the vate oE yield, and hence rate of pumping will
weL a t a pawievlay drauodown,
diveety aive vs theyield oF fhe
From Daney's Law
KiA
Static WaterLevel
on, Kx xa i: Depressien
head
Watepp (H)
Wheve, A- eross - gee Honal LeveL
anea of per meable Layer ater
thwouah which water entre pumpin
the wel.

C- Percolaion intensiy

Note
eo i e i e n t . TE
In case ot eaviy tormed, he area A is Fouk en
Cas 4/3 Hmés the a e t u a l eposS- seehonalLarea
the bo Hom oF he wel.
oF
f h e valwe of H, fon whien the veoei ky becomes ewaL
to the enîHeaL valve ,is ealled the epiHcal deppession(
hecad.
fhe depme ssion heod is kept eqvaL to /3 Hmes the
eiHiaL depme ssion head and this head is knouon
os won king heed

i) Recupe vaion Test As it is veny difHeult to adjust the nate

of pumping to main tain the eonstount Level in fhe Well, h e
eeu perahon test is odopted o deteymine Hhe yield ot
open well,

I n this fest, the water fnoa the

well is pumped ro a depmession head
H and the þumping is stopped. The
Nater Level mises due o the qround
water low,
- The lo tel Hme taken by the waler lo
each s a i e level is noted.

.Then the wate of yield may be dH

ealevloted mom the expmession
dedueed below
Let, H- Deþmession head ohen
pumpima was stopped.

H-De pme ssion head atter a

eer ain pem iod
T- Time aken by the waten v e l tó i s e rom H o t2
PABE N0

H-Debmession heod at Hmet.

H- Deevease in depnession head in Hme dt,
So, in Hme t ' waten meeubenated (H- t t ) and in>t hme

. Vowme of woter (ov) Ax&H A- e/s aunea oF bo Hom

Well
NGU V [Link] and «H
Rate ot meeharge at Hme
' KH tundev head H
v
KH t , K eons kant =

KH St Ax8S4
&t C-ve siqn indeate t increase, H

deenease)
St- N te Specifie yield u calwe)
T loge to diffenent y pe ot
eLay- 0 25
ov TK A o eL Fine scund O.5
eoanse scund-O0
ge A

SpeeiFe yield oF e l pev unit aunea. un1- m/no/m*

. 8:kH AH
A

Third Method; his method ts useful too detenmini ng-

the yield oFopen wel Cie, fom UneonHned aqui er)ag Nell
as those of tube wel cic, fon eon Hned oqwi er) is
based on Duþuit's and Theim's femuto.

ER. ABHILASH JANA, M.E. JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, 8100407226

 I t is a Long pipe atube, bored one
Ov and d»i led
A lube Wells intercephng, on move
deep in to the qround,
s r a t a to obtain lange discharge
water bearin
mechanicolly.

OTube wells in Awuial solLs-

nost of o u r Land, espeeially the
o Víñdhya moun toin (Tndo
-

en ive aLrea oom Himalayas

Gnangeic plain).
Deep tobewells ane as deep as to o 300mn.
tubewelLs mainly eonsmueted bythe Stute 6ovennm ent
Deep
oLnd aSo ealled Seite wbewell. .

State tubewelL may yield as high aS 2 00 Fo 220 u/See

In genenal, avevage yield Note

fmom skanddnd ube Yie Ld oF an open welL
OFa t e n o 6
Nel 40 to 45 Lt/see. S enenolly3 use
Fon ghallow tube weu, deþth Marimum disenange in
vapies 20 o 70 [Link] Hh yîeld tubeweL 50 uklsee.
15 o2out/seee
Tubewell consists of T pipes
oFdiameter ucmy 3 75 em to 15 em and length uanyina rom
To mn
The diameter of hole is o 6m vpo 6O m deph, and then
O 56 m below 60 m.

T u b e wels in Hard Rocky soil - Mostly eonsoueked in Souh

ndian [Link] tubewelL eonstmueted on ly when no
alter nate opkons eve heveNote

aneas, only isoLatedd Deep tobetoeL- heavy

nocky
hole o f o to 15 cm dia ane duy no tany dwi Lina
igs Cdineet ma eny
eonstmue ted As e l L as mevevse
.Bored Wells boming hole in potuny)
deep mock) also USed in this Rocky bored well-Doun,
type oF sails. the h0 le nammer 8S
CorH migs)
Types of Tube wells Sha low Fubewell- ight
Tu be Wells i83, cable hool d»Ls,
atevjet methad and
hand boning deuce.,
Cavity hype Sereen ty pe

Sainer Stotted i'pe qravelpack

. Caui y tupe tubewelL fhis Fype e t tube wetl dmaws wan

Fnom tne botom of the nell and not nom the sides as
is dome by seneen well.
PAGE NO:
The Hos in a eavi ty
thene tone, is weu,
essenkally
Spheni cal cmd not MadiaL
k e tthat oF
seveen wel.
Such a tubewelL,
howeven
8 veny econom icalL a s it
Yeqwínes only plain weu
pipe hich is Lowened into
he bope, made thwough
fhe movnd smata vpo the
equined depths, 3o as to
tap the mequisíte agquife.
(Note éaui ty Fype tobewell
Can be vsed only fom smal
SUpplies, par Reulan Ly fon
domeshe supbLy
. Sereen tuþe tube w e l Sereen bype tv be wels ane m ost
i d e t y adopted and have been ertensively comsmuctfed in
OUY eoUn my papicu lanly for îmifahon purpose.
a) Stmainen tubewetls, Astnainen
tuoe well vses assem bled Sfoainer
en aths oven per tonated pipe which
amLocoemed in o the bone hole
Located opposite fo h e water bea-
i n a formaHon cwhemeas plain
pipe ame [Link] o the
non water beapina Stmatu.

a t e n enters into the wel thwough

these stmainens oand perfovations
and
in
pipe foom the sides the How in
the wel isthus mad ial.

A stmoainer eonsists ofa pe fovaBes

pipe wih a fne wine mesh wnapper
povnd the pipe whieh pmevents sand
pa Hees of size Lavgew thon mesh
en tenina înko the well.
Note: Smainer tupe oF tube welL i& enenclly Unsuí ba blu
For Hne sand smato dve o ehoeking Problem ot shnaine

b) Slotted pîpe Gupauel pack ubeweu, A qnavel paek

slo ted pipe obewel Uses a sleHed pife wi thout being
eovered by Ony uine mesh.

A sloten pipe is Locoened in to the bone hole and the

extennal qap bekoeen the bove hale and slotted pipe
i6 Hled up wih qmaded maveL.

ER ABHILASH JANA, M.E. JADAVPUR UNIVERsITY, 8100407226