Department of Mathematics

Faculty of Engineering &Technology

V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
Prepared by: Dr. Sushil Shukla
Tutorial Sheet
On Ordinary Differential Equation of Higher Order:
Linear differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients, Simultaneous linear
differential equations, Second order linear differential equations with variable
coefficients, Solution by changing independent variable, Reduction of order, Normal
form, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation, Series solutions
(Frobenius Method).
Linear differential equation with constant coefficient
Solve the following differential equation


Q1. D3  6 D 2  11D  6 y  0   Ans. y  c1e  x  c2e 2 x  c3e 3 x 


Q.2 D4  D3  9D2  11D  4 y  0   Ans. y   c1  c2 x  c3 x 2  e x  c4e4 x 
 

Q.3  D3  D2  D  1 y  sin x  1 
 Ans. y  c1e  c2 cos x  c3 sin x  15  2cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
x

 
Q.4 D3  3D 2  4 D  2 y  e x  cos x

 1 
 Ans. y  c1e  e  c2 cos x  c3 sin x   xe  10  cos x  3sin x  
x x x

 
   Ans. y  c1  c2e  c3e  12  2 x  9 x  21
x 2 x x
Q.5 D3  3D 2  2 D y  x 2 2

d 2y
 A Cos x  B Sin x  .
dy 2 x
6. Solve 2
 4  5y  0. Ans: y  e
dx dx
x 2 3 x
 
1
7. Solve D 2  6 D  9 y  5e 2 x  e 3 x . Ans: y   C1  C2 x  e 3 x  e 2 x  e .
5 2

D  4  y  x .Ans: P.I . 
2 x
8. Find P.I. to the differential Equation .
4
9. Solve the differential Equation  D 2  3D  2  y  6e3 x  Sin 2 x

1
Ans: y  C1e x  C2e2 x  3e3 x   3Cos 2 x  Sin 2 x 
20

10. Solve the differential Equation  D 2  4 D  1 y  e2 x Sin 2 x


Ans: Y  C1 Cosh 3x  C2 Sinh 3x e2 x  e2 x Sin 2 x 1
7

11. Solve the differential Equation  D 2  3D  2  y  e5 x

1 5x
Ans: y  C1e x  C2 e 2 x  e .
12
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation with Variable Coefficient (Cauchy-
Euler Equation):
d3y 2
2 d y dy
Q.1 x
3
3
 3 x 2
 x  y   x  log x 
dx dx dx
 1  3  x 
 Ans. y  c1  c2 x cos  c3  log x    log x 
 x  2  2 

d2y dy
 2 x  20 y   x  1
2 2
Q.2 x 2
dx dx
 5 4 1 2 1 1
 Ans. y  c1 x  c2 x  14 x  9 x  20 

d2y dy  x
Q.3 x
2
2
 4x  6 y  x  Ans. y  c1 x  c2 x  2 
3 2

dx dx

d3y  c3 log x 
2
3 d y dy
  x2  xy  1  Ans. y   c1  c2 log x  x  x  4 x 
4
Q.4 x 3
2 x 2
dx dx dx  
d2y dy
5. Solve x
2
2
 4 x  6 y  x 2 . Ans: y  c1 x 2  c2 x 3  x 2 log x
dx dx
d2y dy
6. Solve x 2 2
 2 x  4 y  x 2  2 log x.
dx dx
c1 log x
Ans: y   x c2 cos(log x  c3 sin(log x)  5 x  10
x x
d2y dy
7. Solve x
2
2
 x  y  2 log x. Ans: y   c1  c2 log x  x  2log x  4
dx dx
 d2 y dy
 3 x  4 y  2 x 2 . Ans: y   c1  c2 log x  x 2  x 2  log x  .
2 2
8. Solve x 2
dx dx
d3y  1
2
2 d y
9. Solve x 3
 2x  2 y  10  x   .
 x
3 2
dx dx

  3  3  2
Ans: y  x c1 cos  In x   c1 sin  In x   x .
  2  2  

Legendre ‘s Linear Differential Equation

d2y
 1  x   y  4 cos  log 1  x  
dy
1. Solve 1  x 
2
2
dx dx
Ans: y   c1 cos t  c2 sin t   2t sin t , t  log 1  x  .

d2y dy
2. Solve  2 x  3   2 x  3  12 y  6 x
2
2
dx dx
3 3
Ans: y  x   c1  2 x  3  c2  2 x  3   2 x  3 
1 m m2

14 4
d2y dy
3. Solve  3 x  2   3  3 x  2   36 y  3 x 2  4 x  1
2
2
dx dx
te 2t  1
Ans: y  x   c1e  c2 e 
2t 2 t
.
108
d2y
 1  x   y  2sin  log 1  x  
dy
4. Solve 1  x 
2
2
dx dx
Ans: y  c1 cos (log (1  x))  c2 sin(log (1  x)  log (1  x) cos (log (1  x).

d2y dy
5. Solve 1  2 x   6 1  2 x   16 y  8(1  2 x) 2
2
2
dx dx

Ans: y  (1  2 x) 2 log (1  2 x)  c log (1  2 x)  c .

2
1 2

Solution of Second order differential equation equation whose one solution is

known:
d2y dy e x
      1 dx  c2 )e x .
2
x
[Link] x 2
(1 x ) y e . Ans: y (log x c
dx dx x
d2y dy
[Link] (3  x) 2
 (9  4 x)  (6  3 x) y  0.
dx dx
 c1
Ans: y  e3 x (4 x3  42 x 2  150 x  183)  c2 e x ).
8
d2y dy  x C 
3. Solve x 2  2 x(1  x)  2(1  x) y  x 3 . Ans : y  x    1 e2 x  C2 
 
2
dx dx 2 2

d2y dy
4. Solve ( x  2) 2  (2 x  5)  2 y  ( x  1)e x .
dx dx

 Ce2 x 
Ans : y  e2 x  e x  (2 x  5)  C1  .
 4 

d2y dy
5. Solve 2
 2  y  e x . Ans : y  e x   sin x  c1 x  c2 
dx dx

Normal form (Removal of First derivative)

d2y dy x
[Link]  4 x  (4 x 2
 3) y  e x2
. Ans: y  ( c1e  c2 e x
 1)e x2
.
dx 2 dx
d2y dy
[Link] 2
 2 tan x  y  0. Ans: y  (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x)sec x.
dx dx
d2y dy
[Link] x
2
2
 2 x  ( x 2  2) y  0. Ans: y  (c1 cos x  c2 sin x) x.
dx dx

d2y dy  1 2
 4 x  4 x 2 y  e x . Ans: y   c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   e x .
2
4. Solve
 2
2
dx dx

d2y dy
 4 x  (4 x 2  1) y  3e x Sin 2 x .Ans : y  e x (c1 cos x  c2 sin x  sin 2 x).
2 2
5. Solve 2
dx dx
Simultaneous Differential Equation:
dx dy
1. Solve  5 x  2 y  t ,  2 x  y  0.
dt dt
1 1 2 2
Ans: x(t )   (1  6t )e3t  (1  3t ) ,. y  t     2  3t  e3t  (2  3t )
27 27 27 27
dx dy
2. Solve  2 x  3 y  0,  3x  2 y  2e2t .
dt dt
Ans: x(t )  et  e t , y  t   e  e  sin t .
t t

dx dy
3. Solve  2 y  et ,  2 x  e  t
dt dt
 et 2  t 2e t e  t
Ans: x(t )  c1 sin 2t  c2 cos 2t   e , y  t    c1 cos 2t  c2 sin 2t    .
5 5 5 5
dx dy dx dy
4. Solve  x  2  y  et ,  x   y  1.
dt dt dt dt
Ans: x(t )  c1et  c2e 2t  2e  t , y  t   3c1et  2c2e2t  3et

dx dy
5. Solve  7 x  y  0,  2 x  5 y  0
dt dt
Ans: x(t )  e6t  c1 cos t  c2 sin t  , y (t )  e  c1  c2  cos t   c1  c2  sin t 
6t

Method of Variation of Para Meters:

1. By method of variation of parameters solve the following Differential equation
y" + y = Sec x.
Ans : y = u cos x  v sin x  (log cos x  c1 ) cos x  ( x  c2 )sin x.
2. Solve the following differential equation by method of variation of parameters
d2y 2
y
dx 2
1  ex
Ans : y  C1e x  C2 e x  1  e x log  e x  1  e x log( e x  1) .

3. By method of variation of parameters solve the following Differential equation

y" - y = e2 x sin e x .
Ans : y = (c1e x  c2e  x )  (sin e  x  e x cos e  x ).
4. Solve the following differential equation by method of variation of parameters
d2y dy
2
 2  2 y  e x tan x .
dx dx
Ans : y  ex (c1 cos x  c2 sin x)  e x cos x log Sec x  tan x  .

5. Solve the following differential equation by method of variation of parameters

d2y
 y  x sin x .
dx 2
1 x x2
Ans : y  (c1 cos x  c2 sin x)  cos x  sin x  cos x .
8 4 4
Solution of Second order differential equation by changing independent
variable:
d 2 y dy 1
[Link] x 2   4 x 3 y  x 5 . Ans: y  c1 cos x 2  c2 sin x 2  x 2 .
dx dx 4
d2y dy
[Link] 2
 tan x  cos 2 x y  0. Ans: y  c1 sin(sin x  c2 ) .
dx dx
d2y dy 1
[Link] 2
 (8e 2 x  2)  4e 4 x y  e6 x . Ans: y  c1e(2 3) e2 x
 c2e(2 3) e2 x
 (e2 x  4).
dx dx 8
d2y dy 1 a a 1
[Link] x
6
2
 3x5  a 2 y  2 . Ans: y  c1 cos 2  c2 sin 2  2 2 .
dx dx x 2x 2x a x
d 2 y 1 dy x2
5. Solve   4 x 2
y  x 4
.Ans: y  c1 cos( x 2
)  c2 sin( x 2
)  .
dx 2 x dx 4
d2y dy
[Link] 1  x   1  x   y  4 cos log 1  x 
2
2
dx dx
Ans: y  c1 cos log(1  x)  c2 sin log(1  x)  2log(1  x)sin log(1  x) .

d2y dy
7. Solve cos x 2
 sin x  2 y cos3 x  2 cos5 x.
dx dx

Ans: y  c1e  c2 e    sin x 

2 sin x 2 sin x 2

d2y

8. Solve 1  x 
2 2

dx 2
 2 x 1  x 2   4 y  0.
dy
dx
1
 1
Ans: y  c1 cos 2 tan x  c2 sin 2 tan x   
Picard’s Method
Q.1 Using Picard’s process of successive approximations, obtain a solution up to the fifth
approximation of the equation dy/dx  y  x, such that y  1 when x  0.
x3 x 4 x5 x6
Ans: y5  1  x  x     2

3 12 60 720
Q.2 Find the value of y for x  0.1 by Picard’s method, given that
dy y  x
 , y  0   1.
dx y  x
Ans: y (0.1)  1 – (0.1)  2 log 1.1  0.9828.
 dy
Q.3 Using Picard’s method, solve  2 y with x0  0, y0  1 .
dx

 2x
i
n
Ans: y  
i 1 i!
Q.4 Employ Picard ’s method to obtain solution of the differential equation correct up to
dy
third approximation  x  y 2 for x  0.3, given that y  0 when x  0 .
dx
x 2 x 5 x8 x11
Ans: y     0.0451 at 0.3 .
2 20 160 4400
Q.5 Obtain Picard’s second approximate solution of the initial value problem,

y ' 2 x(1  y), y  0  0 .

x4 x6 x2n
Ans: y  x 2    ........... 
2! 3! n!