Procedure for Radiographic

Examination.
Attachments – 1) Annexure I
2) Annexure II
3) Annexure III

Sr. Date Details Revisi ASME Developed Reviewed Reviewed By

No (DD-MM- on Code & Approved & Accepted AI
YYYY) Edition By NDE By QCM
Level III
This Radiographic Examination procedure has revised from Revision 0 to Revision 1 as
follows:

Paragraph Details of Revision.

Number
Table of Added.
Page 2
1.3 Added.
8.1.1 The word ‘manufacturer’ changed to ‘organization’.
8.2.1 The word ‘manufacturer’ changed to ‘organization’.

This Radiographic Examination procedure has revised from Revision 1 to Revision 2 as

follows: All changes shown in Bold & Italic.

Paragraph Details of Revision.

Number
1.4 Added.
1.5 Added.
2.6 Added.
3.2, 3.3 & Modified and Added.
3.4
7.0 Revised & Modified.
8.0 Modified.
9.2 & 10.0 Modified.
11.7 Added.
14.7 Added.
20.0 Added.
20.3.1, Added.
20.3.2 &
20.3.3
21.1 to Added Acceptance & Repair Requirements
21.5 &
22.0
23.2 Modified and Revised.
Tables Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 & Table 5 Added.
Annexure I Added For Radiography Techniques and Location Markers
Annexure Added Acceptance Criteria for Rounded Indications.
II
Annexure Acceptance Criteria For Welder Performance.
III
This Radiographic Examination procedure has revised from Revision 2 to Revision 3 as
follows:

Paragraph Details of Revision.

Number
9.1 Revised and update as per Code Edition change 2019
14.7 (a) Revised and update as per Code Edition change 2019
14.9 Revised and update as per Code Edition change 2019
19.2 & 20.3.1 Revised and update as per Code Edition change 2019
1.0 SCOPE:
1.1 This procedure covers the requirements for Radiographic Examination
of Welded joints and other pressure parts of pressure retaining
equipment using Iridium – 192 Gamma Radiation or X-Ray Machines as
the Radiation source.
1.2 This procedure is applicable to all carbon steel, alloy steels as well as
stainless steel material having thickness up to 150 mm.
1.3 All applicable definitions of I-121.1 of ASME Section V, shall be
applicable to this procedure.

1.4 The extent of radiography shall be as per Code and Customer’s requirement.

1.5 PROCEDURE DEMONSTRATION:

Demonstration of the Density and Image Quality Indicator (IQI) requirements of
this written procedure on production or technique radiograph shall be
considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with this procedure.

2.0 REFERENCE STANDARDS :

Use applicable editions of the following Reference documents
-
2.1 ASME SECTION I.
2.2 ASME SECTION V - Article 2.
2.3 ASME SECTION VIII Division 1.
2.4 ASME SECTION IX.
2.5 ASME B 31.1
2.6 COMPANY Written Practice No. COMPANY-WP-001.

3.0 NDE Personnel Certification:

3.1 NDE Personnel certification shall be as per Written Practice number:
COMPANY-WP-001– latest revision meeting with the requirement of
ASNT recommended practice – SNT-TC-1A of applicable edition and
addenda.
3.2 Radiography Testing shall be performed by NDE Level I (Radiography
Examination) / NDT Level II (Radiography Examination - RT) certified
person as per approved Radiographic Technique Documentation details
sheet.
3.3 Radiography Technique Documentation details sheet for radiographic
examination shall be developed and approved by NDE Level II- RT or
NDE Level III (RT) certified persons as per COMPANY Written Practice.
3.4 Interpretation & evaluation of Radiographs shall be carried out by at
least NDE Level II – RT, qualified and certified by COMPANY Written
Practice.
4.0 Surface Preparation
4.1 For radiographic examination of welded joints, the weld ripples or weld
surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside
of welded joint shall be removed by any suitable process to such a
degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be
confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting
radiograph. The finished surface of all butt-welded joint may be flush
with the base material or may have reasonably uniform crowns, with
reinforcement not to exceed that specified maximum limit of applicable
construction Code.
4.2 For radiography other than weld, the surface shall satisfy the
requirement of applicable material drawing, specification or applicable
Code. Additional surface conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable
process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities
cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the
resulting radiograph.
5.0 Radiation Energy
5.1 Radiographic examination shall be done using X ray or Gamma ray
radiations as specified by the customer. If no such information
specified by the customer, radiographic examination shall be carried
out with Iridium – 192 Gamma ray radioactive sources.
5.2 The Radiation energy employed for radiographic technique shall
achieve the density and IQI image requirements of this procedure.

6.0 Radiographic Film

6.1 Radiographic Examination shall be carried out by industrial radiography
films specified by the customer.
6.2 If no such films are specified by the customer, then for radiography
with Iridium – 192 Gamma ray radioactive sources, Agfa Structerix D7
films shall be used for radiographic examination.
6.3 For radiography with X- ray equipment, Industrial Radiography Film
specified in X-ray exposure chart should be used for Radiographic
Examination.
6.4 Only one film shall be used in each film holder.
6.5 The radiographic films employed shall achieve the density and IQI
image requirements of this procedure.
6.6 All films to be used for radiography shall be visibly in good condition
and within the period of usefulness as indicated by the manufacturer’s
prescribed expiry date marked on each individual carton.
6.7 Unexposed films shall be stored vertically one behind another in a
manner, so that they are protected from the effects of Light, Pressure,
Heat, excessive Humidity, Fumes or penetrating radiation.
7.0 Intensifying Screens AND Films –

7.1 Lead intensifying screens shall be used for exposures, the front
and back screens shall be 0.1mm thickness.

7.2 Approved Industrial Radiographic films are as indicated in the following

table:

Sr. Film Brand Designation

No.
1 KODAK / CARESTREAM MX 125,T 200,AA 400
2 LASER D4, D5, D7
3 AGFA D4, D5, D7

8.0 Identification of Radiographs

8.1 The following identification marks shall appear on each radiograph as
radiographic images / hand written permanent record using indelible ink A
system of radiographic identification shall be used using lead markers
or other type of markers to produce a permanent and traceable record
of individual part or Welds to include,
8.1.1 Organization Name or Symbol - COMPANY
8.1.2 Manufacturer Serial Number / Job No.
8.1.3 Seam No. with Segment No.
8.1.4 Welder Number.
8.1.5 Date of Test
For Example - COMPANY 001 C1 W2 A-B 24 05 2019
8.2 For welder qualification radiographs following details shall be recorded
on radiograph:
8.2.1 Organization Name or Symbol – COMPANY.
8.2.2 Date of Test
8.2.3 Welder Number.
8.2.4 Welding Position details
8.2.5 Welding Procedure Specification.

An NDE Subcontractor’s (RT Agency) name or symbol may also be used together
with that of the Manufacturer.
8.3 Radiographs after weld repair shall be identified by the additional
symbol R1 for first repair and be numbered R2, R3 for subsequent
addition of repair thereafter for same location.
8.4 Re-taking of radiograph due to poor quality of image or due to
confusing artifacts or for any other reasons shall be identified by the
 symbol RT1 for first re-take and be numbered RT2, RT3 for subsequent
addition of re - taking thereafter.
8.5 Re-shooting of radiographs after weld dress up (not repaired by
welding) shall be identified by the additional symbol RS1 for first dress
up and be numbered RS2, RS3 for subsequent addition of weld dress
up thereafter for location.
9.0 Back Scatter Radiation
9.1 As a check for Back Scattered Radiation, a lead letter ‘B’ with minimum
dimension of 11 mm in height and 1.5mm in thickness shall be
attached to the back of each film holder. The letter B shall be put in
such a way that its image shall not merge with weld image.
For panoramic exposure by keeping source at center and radiography
films around the circumference. The lead symbol “B” shall be
places in a location so that it would appear within an area on
the radiograph that meets the requirements of 20.0.
9.2 If a light image of the letter ‘B’ be clearly appear on dark back ground
on the Radiograph, corrective actions shall be taken and the area shall
be re-radiographed till satisfactory results are obtained. The lead symbol
“B” shall be placed in a location so that it would appear within an area on the
radiograph that meets the requirements of 20.0.
9.3 A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is not a cause for
rejection. However if this dark image appears on weld image or Hole
Type IQI image, the radiograph shall be re-taken such that the dark
image of letter ‘B’ should not fall on weld image or Hole Type IQI
image.
10.0 Radiographic Techniques
10.1 A single wall exposure – single wall viewing technique shall be used for
radiography wherever practical. (As per Annexure I)
10.2 Where it is not practical to use a single wall exposure – single wall
viewing technique a double wall exposure – single wall viewing
technique shall be used for weld joint having nominal diameter more
than 89 mm. For complete coverage for double wall exposure – single
wall viewing technique for circumferential welds, a minimum of three
exposures at 120o to each other shall be made. (As per Annexure I)
10.3 For welded joint having nominal diameter equal to or less than 89 mm,
either of following Double Wall Exposure Double Wall Viewing
technique shall be used:
10.3.1 Double wall exposure – double wall viewing technique by
offsetting the radiation source at an angle sufficient to
separate the image of source side and film side portion of
weld. For complete coverage for double wall exposure –
double wall viewing technique, minimum of two exposures at
90o to each other shall be made.
 10.3.2 Double wall exposure double wall viewing technique with
super imposed image of both walls. A minimum 3 exposures
at 120O to each shall be performed for the same. (As per
Annexure I)
11.0 Location Markers (As per Annexure I)
11.1 Location marker – Lead letters – ‘A’ , ‘B’, ‘C’ …..shall be used to identify
the weld increment / region covered by specific radiograph.
11.2 Location markers shall appear as Radiographic images.
11.3 Lead location markers shall be placed on source side of the part at
clearly marked intervals in all cases except when the source is on
concave side and film is on convex side of the curvature job with
source to object distance (D as per paragraph no. 12) is more than
inner radius of curvature.
11.4 When location markers are placed on film side, they shall be placed on
the part and not on the exposure holder cassette. First put location
markers on the film side of the job and then put radiography film on it.
11.5 The locations of location markers shall be marked on the surface of
the part being radiographed in a manner permitting the area of interest
on a radiograph to be accurately located on the part, so as to provide
guidance on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region
being examined has been obtained.
11.6 All location markers for Double Wall technique, Double Wall viewing
shall be positioned prior to commencing radiography and shall remain
in position throughout radiography of that weld, to enable the
interpreter to be fully aware of the direction and orientation of
successive exposures.
11.7 The letter size shall be smaller than the lead letter ’B’ used for backscatter
and shall not obscure area of interest.
12.0 SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE CALCULATION.
12.1 As far as possible, minimum source to object distance shall be as
follows. This shall be re-calculated for verification of geometric
unsharpness as follows:

Sr. Radiographic Description Minimum Source

No. Technique to Object
Distance
1. Double Wall Pipe diameter up to 1 inch 350 mm
Exposure Double with double wall exposure
Wall Image. double wall image.
2. Double Wall Pipe diameter greater than 450 mm
Exposure Double 1 inch and up to 2 inch.
Wall Image.
3. Double Wall Pipe diameter greater than 475 mm
 Exposure Double 2 inch and up to 3 inch.
Wall Image.
4. Double Wall Pipe nominal OD more than (OD - Single Wall
Exposure Single 89 mm Thickness)
Wall Image.
5. Single Wall Film length up to 6 inch 250 mm
Exposure Single
Wall Image.
6. Single Wall Film length greater than 6 300 mm
Exposure Single inches and up to 9 inches.
Wall Image.
7. Single Wall Film length greater than 9 300 mm
Exposure Single inches and up to 12 inches.
Wall Image.
8. Single Wall Film length greater than 12 350 mm
Exposure Single inches and up to 15 inches.
Wall Image.
9. Single Wall For panoramic exposure for Source shall be at
Exposure Single circular joint center of joint
Wall Image. (SOD =inner radius
of the circular
joint).
12.2 Minimum source to film distance / focus to film distance shall be
calculated as follows:-
SFD / FFD (Minimum) = SOD (D) + OFD ( d )
SOD (D) (Minimum) = F x d
Ug
Where,
SFD = Source/ Focal spot to film distance (SFD / FFD)
D = Distance from the source of radiation to weld or object being radio graphed.
F = The maximum projected dimension of the radiation source in the plane
perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radio graphed or
effective focal spot in case of an X-ray machine. (Value of ‘F’ can be obtained
from Gamma Ray Source Certificate or X-Ray manufacturer manual).
d = Distance from the source side of weld to the film.
Ug = Geometrical Unsharpness as per paragraph number 12.
D and d shall be measured to the approximate center of the area of interest

13.0 Geometrical Unsharpness

13.1 Radiography shall be performed so that Geometrical Unsharpness of
the radiograph does not exceed the following limits.
 13.1.1 Under 50 mm thickness, allowable maximum value of
unsharpness is 0.51 mm.
13.1.2 For thickness 50 mm inclusive thickness through 75 mm
inclusive thickness, allowable maximum value of unsharpness
is 0.76 mm.
13.1.3 Over 75 mm to 100 mm inclusive thickness, allowable
maximum value of unsharpness is 1.02 mm.
13.1.4 Greater than 100 mm thickness, allowable maximum value of
unsharpness is 1.78 mm.
13.1.5 Thickness for unsharpness calculation shall be the thickness
on which the IQI is based. (i.e. nominal single wall thickness
plus estimated reinforcement within maximum allowable
limit).
14.0 Image Quality Indicators: -
14.1 Either Hole Type or Wire Type Image Quality Indicators shall be used
for judging sensitivity of radiographs.
14.2 The material of the IQI shall be of similar Radiographic density to that
material under examination.
14.3 When the Weld metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation
attenuation that differs from the base material, the IQI material
selection shall be based on the weld metal for radiographic
examination of weld and be in accordance with 14.7 on each side of
weld joint.
14.4 The construction / dimensions of Hole Type IQI shall be as per ASME
Section V, Article 22, SE-1025. (As per Table 5)
14.5 The construction / dimensions of Wire Type IQI shall be as per ASME
Section V, Article 22, SE-747 (As per Table 2).
14.6 IQI shall be placed on source side except where inaccessibility
prevents hand placement of the IQI on the source side, a film side IQI
may be used and letter F shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI.
14.7 IQI Selection - The IQI shall be selected based on nominal single wall
thickness plus estimated reinforcement within maximum allowable
limit as per applicable construction Code (As per Table No. 1)

a) Weld with reinforcement: The thickness on which the IQI is

based is the nominal single-wall material thickness plus the
weld reinforcement thickness estimated to be present on
both sides of the weld (I.D. and O.D.) . The values used for
the estimated weld reinforcement thicknesses shall be weld
representative of the weld conditions and shall not exceed
the maximums permitted as per Table No. 3
 Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness
in IQI selection.

b) Welds without reinforcements: The thickness on which the IQI is

based is nominal single wall material thickness. Backing rings or strips
shall not be considered as part of thickness in IQI selection.

c) Actual Values. With regard to (a) and (b) above, when the actual
material/weld thickness is measured, IQI selection may be based on
these known values.
14.8 The Hole Type IQI number or required diameter shall be as per Table T-276 of
Article 2 of ASME Section V. A thinner or thicker Hole Type IQI than the required
IQI may be substituted, provided an equivalent or better IQI sensitivity, as listed
in Table T-283 of ASME Section V. (As per Table 4).
14.9 Wire type IQIs shall be placed on the weld so that the length of
the wires are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the
weld..The Hole Type IQI shall be placed adjacent to and parallel to the
weld seam.
14.10 For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal
shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed so that the
radiographic density throughout the area of interest is no lighter than
the radiographic density through the designated IQI adjacent to the
essential hole.
14.11 When IQI(s) is / are placed at the end(s) of radiographic location the
required hole / wire shall be towards extreme end of radiograph.
14.12 Number of IQIs:
14.12.1 Minimum one IQI shall be used on each radiograph when
radiographic examination shall be carried out with single
film holder in one exposure.
14.12.2 If the density of the radiograph through the length of the
area of interest varies by more than minus 15% or plus
30% then additional IQIs shall be placed in the areas
where the densities are beyond the limitations and the
radiographs shall be retaken.
14.12.3 When radiographic examination is carried out for job
having considerable variation in section thickness, more
than one IQI shall be used as per paragraph number T-
277.2 (a) one for lightest area of interest and another for
darkest area of interest on single radiograph.
14.12.4 When radiographic examination shall carried out by using
more than one film holder in one Exposure, the number
of IQIs used shall be as per paragraph number T-277.2
(b) – special cases and also as per Non Mandatory
Appendix D of Article 2 of ASME Section V.
15.0 Radiography Exposure Time:
15.1 Exposure time for X-Ray Radiography shall be calculated as per X-Ray
exposure chart of the X-Ray equipment employed.
15.2 For Gamma Ray Radiography, exposure time shall be calculated as per
following formula for achieving density 2.0:

15.2.1 Exposure time in minutes = F.F x 2(n .thk/hvt)x(SFD)2X60

Curie x rhm

F.F. = Film Factor = 1.9R for Agfa Structrix D7 film and 3.4R for Agfa
Structrix D4 film.
n= number of walls exposed to radiation. (n = 1 for single wall
exposure, n = 2 for double wall exposure)
Thk =nominal single wall thickness plus maximum allowable
reinforcement as per referring Code sections.
HVT=Half Value of Thickness of the material cause attenuation
between source to film.
For all Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel as well as Stainless Steel material
the HVT value shall be 12.5 mm for Iridium – 192 radioactive source.
SFD=Source to film distance in meter.
Curie=Source Strength.
rhm= RHM value of the gamma ray source (RHM Value for Iridium- 192
– 0.55)
16.0 Radiography Film Processing:
16.1 Radiography films shall be processed manually in the dark room under
safelight condition.
16.2 Safe light condition in radiography film processing room shall be
evaluated as per procedure of RT subcontracting agency.
16.3 Development of film is to be done following the Time / Temperature
conditions as recommended by Film Manufactures.
16.4 Films shall be agitated for first 10 sec. of each minute during
development.
16.5 Following developer solution, the film shall be immersed completely in
the stop bath solution for 0.5 to 1 minute with agitation for first 10 sec.
16.6 Films will then be immersed in fixture solution for at least twice the
development time with agitation for the first 10 sec of each minute.
 16.7 After fixation films shall be washed in running water for sufficient time.
16.8 After washing, films shall be dipped in wetting agent for 1 min.
16.9 After wetting agent, films shall be dry in air.
17.0 Radiographs Viewing Facilities:
17.1 All radiographs shall be viewed in subdued background lighting of an
intensity that will not cause reflections, shadows or glare on the
radiograph that interfere with interpretation process.
17.2 Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a
variable light source sufficient for the essential IQI hole or designated
wire to be visible for the specified density range.
17.3 The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer
edge of the radiograph or coming through low-density portion of the
radiographs does not interfere with interpretation.
18.0 Quality of Radiographs
18.1 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other
artifacts to the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the
image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being
radiographed. Such images include but are not limited to: -
18.1.1 Fogging.
18.1.2 Processing defects such as water or chemical marks.
18.1.3 Scratches, Finger marks, Crimps, Static, Smudges or
Tears.
18.1.4 Loss of details due to poor screen to film contact.
18.1.5 False indication due to defective screen.
18.1.6 Light image of back scatter letter “B” on dark back
ground anywhere on radiograph.
18.1.7 Dark image of back scatter letter “B” on light back
ground on area of interest.
19.0 IQI Sensitivity
19.1 Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient
sensitivity to display the designated hole type IQI image and the
essential hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQI as per Table T-276 of
ASME Section V in area of interest. The radiographs shall also display
the IQI identifying numbers and letters.

19.2 If the designated hole type IQI image and essential hole, or
essential wire of a wire type IQI, do not show on any film in a
multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing,
interpretation shall be permitted by composite film viewing.
For Wire type IQIs, the essential wise shall be visible within the
area of interest representative the thickness used for
determining the essential wise, inclusive of the allowable
density variations described in clause no. 20.2.
20.0 Radiographic Density
20.1 Density Limitations - The transmitted film density through the radiographic
image of the body of the designated hole-type IQI adjacent to the essential
hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire-type IQI and the area of
interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made
with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs made with a gamma
ray source.
For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite
set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be 4.0
for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is
allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
20.2 Density Variation –
20.2.1 The density of the Radiograph anywhere through the area of
interest shall not vary more that –15% or + 30% form the density
through the body of the hole type IQI adjacent to the essential hole
or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire IQI within the range
mentioned in serial no. 20.1. If it exceeds these limits, an additional
IQI shall be used for those areas and the Radiographs shall be
retake.
20.2.2 When shim under hole type IQI is used the +30% density
restrictions of 20.2 may be exceeded, and the minimum density
requirements of 20.2 do not apply for the IQI, provided the required
IQI sensitivity is displayed.
20.2.3 When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation
may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in
paragraph number 20.1 above.
20.3 Calibration -
20.3.1 The calibrated Densitometer shall be used for measuring
density of radiographs. The densitometer calibration shall be
done at every 3 Months as per procedure number:
COMPANY-RT- 003 – Latest Revision. The densitometer
calibration shall be verified at the prior to beginning of shift,
after completion of density check and at every interval of 8
hours during radiography film interpretation.

20.3.2 Verification of Source Size: Equipment manufacturer’s publication

such as technical manual, decay curves or written statement
documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot, shall
be acceptable as source size verification.
20.3.3 IQI Size Verification: IQI size verification shall be done on the basis
of manufacturer's certificate as per SE 1025 or SE 747 as
applicable.
21.0 Acceptance Criteria:
All the radiographs shall be examined and interpreted to assure the
compliance as follows:
21.1 Paragraph Number: PW-51 for ASME Section I and ASME Section VIII
Div. 1, UW 51 –
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds & characterized as
imperfections are unacceptable under following conditions :

i) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion

or penetration.

ii) Any other elongated indication on radiograph which has a length

greater than

a. ¼” (6 mm) for ‘t’ up to ¾” (19 mm)

b. 1/3 of ‘t’ for ‘t’ from ¾” (19 mm) to 2¼” (57 mm)
c. ¾” (19 mm) for ‘t’ over 2 ¼”(57 mm)
Where ‘t’ is the thickness of weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement .For a butt weld joining two members having different
thickness at the weld. ‘t’ is the thickness of the thinner of these two
thicknesses. If full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the
thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in ‘t’.

(iii) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length

greater than ‘t’ in length of 12t, except when the distance between
the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where ‘L’ is the length of
the longest imperfection in the group.

(iv) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance

standard given in Annexure III.
Any indication with max. length less than or equal to three times
the width of indication are defined as Rounded indication.

21.2 Acceptance Standard For Spot Radiography. (ASME Sec VIII Div-1
UW-52)

(i) Weld in which indications are characterized as cracks or zone of

Incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.

(ii) Weld having indications characterized as slag inclusions or cavities

shall be unacceptable, when the indication length exceeds 2/3t,
where ‘t’ is defined as shown in 19.1 (ii), For all thicknesses,
indication less than ¼” (6 mm) are acceptable, and indications
greater than ¾” (19 mm) are unacceptable. Multiple aligned
indications meeting these acceptance criteria are acceptable when
the sum of their longest dimensions indications does not exceed t
within a length of 6t (or proportionately for radiographs shorter than
6t), and when the longest length L for each indication is separated
by a distance not less than 3L from adjacent indications
 (iii) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds
not required to be fully radiographed.

21.3 Following acceptance criteria shall be applicable for

radiographs interpreted & evaluated as per ASME B 31.1
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds & characterized as
imperfections are unacceptable under following conditions :

i) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete

fusion or penetration.
ii) Any other elongated indication on radiograph which has a length
greater than
a. ¼” (6 mm) for ‘t’ up to ¾” (19 mm)
b. 1/3 of ‘t’ for ‘t’ from ¾” (19 mm) to 2¼” (57 mm)
c. ¾” (19 mm) for ‘t’ over 2 ¼”(57 mm)
Where ‘t’ is the thickness of weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different
thickness at the weld. ‘t’ is the thickness of the thinner of these two
thicknesses. If full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the
thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in ‘t’.
(iii) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length
greater than ‘t’ in length of 12t, except when the distance between
the successive indications exceeds 6L where ‘L’ is the length of the
longest imperfection in the group.
(iv) Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as
indicated on the radiograph..
(iv) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance
standard given in Annexure II.
Any indication with max. length less than or equal to three times the
width of indication are defined as Rounded indication.
21.4 Paragraph Number: QW-191 for ASME Section IX Code as per Annexure
III.

21.5 REPAIR:

21.5.1 FULL RADIOGRAPHY

Any unacceptable indication in the weld joint shall be removed by mechanical
or thermal gouging processes, re-welded and again radiographed as
mentioned above.

21.5.2 SPOT RADIOGRAPHY

When a spot radiographed as required above, discloses indications, which are
unacceptable, two additional spots shall be radiographed in the same weld
increment at locations away from the original spot. The locations shall be
decided by the Authorized Inspector or by COMPANY with prior permission
from Authorized Inspector.
If these two additional spots are acceptable, then the entire weld increment
represented by three radiographs is acceptable provided the defects shown
by the first of the three radiographs are removed, repaired by welding and
again radiographed as per the above requirements.
 If either of the two additional spots examined shows unacceptable
indications, the entire weld increment shall be rejected. The entire rejected
weld joint shall be removed and re-welded or at the option of COMPANY, the
entire increment of weld represented shall be fully radiographed and only
defects need be corrected.
Repair welding shall be performed using qualified procedure and in a manner
acceptable to the Authorized Inspector.

22.0 EVALUATION BY MANUFACTURER :

Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation and
acceptance of the completed radiographs to assure compliance with requirement
of Article 2 and the referencing Code section. Radiographic technique
documentation required by clause 22 shall be completed prior to the evaluation.
Radiograph Examination Report shall be completed during evaluation. The
Radiograph technique detail and the Radiograph Examination Report
documentation shall accompany the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed
prior to presentation of radiographs and accompanying documentation to the
Authorized Inspector.
23.0 DOCUMENT.
23.1 Documents and Records
Radiography Technique Documentation details sheet shall be prepared
by NDE Level II (Radiography Testing) or by NDE Level III (Radiography
Testing) as T-291 of ASME Section V. Radiography Technique
Documentation Details sheet format is as shown in Annexure A to this
procedure
23.2 Radiographic Review Form
Radiograph review form shall be prepared as per T-292 of ASME
Section V. Evaluation shall be performed by NDE Level II (Radiography
Testing) / NDE Level III (Radiography Testing) and submitted to AI with
radiographs. The Manufacturer (COMPANY) shall be responsible for the
preparation of a radiograph review form. Radiograph review form format is as
shown in Annexure A to this procedure.
24 Retention of Radiograph
The radiographs shall be retained till the Manufacturer’s Data Report
(MDR) has been signed by the AI. However, the Radiographic
Examination reports shall be stored for minimum period of three years
from date of signing of MDR for equipment manufactured as per ASME
Section VIII Division 1 Code.
The radiographs along with radiographic examination reports shall be
stored for minimum period of five years from date of signing of MDR for
equipment manufactured as per ASME Section I Code as well as ASME B
31.1 Code.
 TABLE 1 – Selection of IQI
NOMINAL IQI
SINGLE-WALL MATERIAL SOURCE SIDE FILM SIDE
THICKNESS Hole-Type Wire-Type Hole-Type Wire-Type
RANGE, mm Designation Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire
Up to 6.4,incl 12 5 10 4
Over 6.4 thro’ 9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 9.5 thro’ 12.7 17 7 15 6
Over 12.7 thro’ 19.0 20 8 17 7
Over 19.0 thro’ 25.4 25 9 20 8
Over 25.4 thro’ 38.1 30 10 25 9
Over 38.1 thro’ 50.8 35 11 30 10
Over 50.8 thro’ 63.5 40 12 35 11
Over 63.5 thro’ 101.6 50 13 40 12
Over 101.6 thro’ 152.4 60 14 50 13
Over 152.4 thro’ 203.2 80 16 60 14
Over 203.2 thro’ 254 100 17 80 16
Over 254 thro’ 304.8 120 18 100 17
Over 304.8 thro’ 406.4 160 20 120 18
Over 406.4 thro’ 508 200 21 160 20

TABLE 2
WIRE IQI DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, AND WIRE IDENTITY
SET A SET B
WIRE DIAMETER WIRE WIRE DIAMETER WIRE IDENTITY
(mm) IDENTITY (mm)
0.08 1 0.25 6
0.1 2 0.33 7
0.13 3 0.41 8
0.16 4 0.51 9
0.20 5 0.64 10
0.25 6 0.81 11

SET C SET D
WIRE DIAMETER WIRE IDENTITY WIRE DIAMETER WIRE
(mm) (mm) IDENTITY
0.81 11 2.54 16
1.02 12 3.20 17
1.27 13 4.06 18
1.60 14 5.08 19
2.03 15 6.35 20
2.54 16 8.13 21
 TABLE 3 – Reinforcement as per Applicable Codes Table 3.1 –
Reinforcement as per Section VIII Div. 1
Material Nominal Thk. (mm) Maximum Reinforcements (mm)
Category B & C Butt Weld Other Welds
Less than 2.4 2.5 0.8
2.4 to 4.8 incl. 3 1.5
Over 4.8 to 13 ,incl. 4 2.5
Over 13 to 25 incl. 5 2.5
Over 25 to 51 incl. 6 3
Over 51 to 76 incl. 6 4
Over 76 to 102, incl. 6 5.5
Over 102 to 127, incl. 6 6
Over 127 8 8
Note : The thickness of the weld reinforcement on each face shall not
exceed the above.
Table 3.2 – Reinforcement as per Section I
Material Nominal Thk. (mm) Maximum Reinforcements (mm)
Category B & C Butt Weld Other Welds
Less than 3.0 2.5 2.5
3.0 to 5.0 incl. 3 2.5
Over 5.0 to 13.0 ,incl. 4 2.5
Over 13.0 to 25.0 incl. 5 2.5
Over 25 to 50 incl. 6 3.0
Over 50 to 75 incl. Note 2 4.0
Over 75 to 100, incl. Note 2 5.5
Over 100 to 125, incl. Note 2 6.0
Over 125 Note 2 8.0
Notes: 1) The thickness of the weld reinforcement on each face shall
not exceed the above.
2) The greater of ¼ in, (6 mm) or 1/8 times the width of the weld in inches (
,\mm)

Table 3.3 – Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds as per B31.1:-
 TABLE 4 - EQUIVALENT HOLE TYPE IQI SENSITIVITY
Hole Type Equivalent Hole Type
Designation 2 Designation
T Hole 1 T Hole 4 T Hole
10 15 5
12 17 7
15 20 10
17 25 12
20 30 15
25 35 17
30 40 20
35 50 25
40 60 30
50 70 35
60 80 40
80 120 60
100 140 70
120 160 80
160 240 120
200 280 140
TABLE 5 – Hole Type IQI
IQI IQI 1T 2T 4T
Designation Thickness Hole Hole Hole
(mm) Diamete Diamete Diameter
r (mm) r (mm) (mm)
5 0.13 0.25 0.51 1.02
7 0.19 0.25 0.51 1.02
10 0.25 0.25 0.51 1.02
12 0.32 0.32 0.64 1.27
15 0.38 0.38 0.76 1.52
17 0.44 0.44 0.89 1.78
20 0.51 0.51 1.02 2.03
25 0.64 0.64 1.27 2.54
30 0.76 0.76 1.52 3.05
35 0.89 0.89 1.78 3.56
40 1.02 1.02 2.03 4.06
45 1.14 1.14 2.29 4.57
50 1.27 1.27 2.54 5.08
60 1.52 1.52 3.05 6.10
70 1.78 1.78 3.56 7.11
80 2.03 2.03 4.06 8.13
100 2.54 2.54 5.08 10.16
120 3.05 3.05 6.10 12.19
140 3.56 3.56 7.11 14.22
160 4.06 4.06 8.13 16.26
200 5.08 5.08 10.16 ---
240 6.10 6.10 12.19 ---
280 7.11 7.11 14.22 ---