Class 10 Mathematics

Complete Formula Sheet

1. Real Numbers
Euclid's Division Lemma a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < b

HCF × LCM HCF(a,b) × LCM(a,b) = a × b

Rational decimal Terminates if denominator = 2^m × 5^n

Irrational numbers Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals (√2, π, e …)

2. Polynomials
Linear p(x) = ax+b Zero: x = −b/a

Quadratic p(x) = ax²+bx+c Sum of zeros α+β = −b/a | Product αβ = c/a

Cubic p(x) = ax³+bx²+cx+d α+β+γ = −b/a | αβ+βγ+γα = c/a | αβγ = −d/a

Division Algorithm p(x) = g(x)·q(x) + r(x)

3. Pair of Linear Equations

General form a■x + b■y + c■ = 0 and a■x + b■y + c■ = 0

Unique solution (intersecting) a■/a■ ≠ b■/b■

Infinitely many (coincident) a■/a■ = b■/b■ = c■/c■

No solution (parallel) a■/a■ = b■/b■ ≠ c■/c■

Cramer's rule – x x = (b■c■ − b■c■) / (a■b■ − a■b■)

Cramer's rule – y y = (a■c■ − a■c■) / (a■b■ − a■b■)

4. Quadratic Equations
Standard form ax² + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0)

Quadratic Formula x = [ −b ± √(b²−4ac) ] / 2a

Discriminant D D = b² − 4ac

D>0 Two distinct real roots

D=0 Two equal real roots (x = −b/2a)

D<0 No real roots

Sum of roots α + β = −b/a

Product of roots α · β = c/a

Quadratic from roots x² − (α+β)x + αβ = 0

5. Arithmetic Progressions (AP)
n-th term a_n = a + (n−1)d

Sum of n terms S_n S_n = n/2 · [2a + (n−1)d]

Sum (first & last term) S_n = n/2 · (a + l), l = last term

Common difference d d = a_n − a_(n−1)

Middle term (odd n) t = a_((n+1)/2)

3 terms in AP Use: a−d, a, a+d

4 terms in AP Use: a−3d, a−d, a+d, a+3d

6. Triangles
Basic Proportionality Thm (BPT) DE ■ BC ■ AD/DB = AE/EC

AA Similarity Two pairs of equal angles ■ triangles similar

SAS Similarity ∠A = ∠D and AB/DE = AC/DF

SSS Similarity AB/DE = BC/EF = AC/DF

Ratio of areas (similar ∆s) Ar(∆1)/Ar(∆2) = (corresponding side)²

Pythagoras Theorem In rt ∆: hyp² = base² + perp² (c²=a²+b²)

Converse of Pythagoras If c²=a²+b² ■ right angle opposite c

7. Coordinate Geometry
Distance formula d = √[(x■−x■)² + (y■−y■)²]

Distance from origin d = √(x² + y²)

Section formula (internal) P = [(m·x■+n·x■)/(m+n) , (m·y■+n·y■)/(m+n)]

Mid-point formula M = [(x■+x■)/2 , (y■+y■)/2]

Area of triangle ½|x■(y■−y■) + x■(y■−y■) + x■(y■−y■)|

Collinear points Area of triangle = 0

Slope of line m = (y■−y■)/(x■−x■)

8. Introduction to Trigonometry
sin θ Opposite / Hypotenuse

cos θ Adjacent / Hypotenuse

tan θ Opposite / Adjacent = sin θ / cos θ

cosec θ 1 / sin θ

sec θ 1 / cos θ

cot θ 1 / tan θ = cos θ / sin θ

Identity 1 sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

Identity 2 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ

Identity 3 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ

sin(90°−θ) cos θ

cos(90°−θ) sin θ

tan(90°−θ) cot θ

Standard Angle Values

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 —

cosec — 2 √2 2/√3 1

sec 1 2/√3 √2 2 —

cot — √3 1 1/√3 0

9. Applications of Trigonometry
Height of object h = d · tan(angle of elevation)

tan(angle of elevation) tan θ = Height / Horizontal distance

tan(angle of depression) Same as angle of elevation (alternate interior angles)

Angle of elevation Angle above horizontal looking UP at object

Angle of depression Angle below horizontal looking DOWN at object

10. Circles
Tangent ⊥ radius At point of contact, tangent ⊥ radius

Tangent from external point Two tangents are equal in length

Length of tangent l = √(d² − r²), d = dist. from centre

Angle in semicircle Angle subtended = 90°

Alternate segment theorem Angle between tangent & chord = inscribed angle

11. Constructions (Key Steps)

Draw ray at acute angle; mark m+n equal parts; join last to B; draw
Division of segment in m:n
parallel through m-th point

Find centre O; bisect OP; draw circle with OP/2 as radius;

Tangent from external point
intersections give tangent points

Draw radius to point; construct perpendicular to that radius at the

Tangent at a point on circle
point

12. Areas Related to Circles

Circumference C = 2πr

Area of circle A = πr²

Area of semicircle A = πr²/2

Arc length (θ in degrees) l = (θ/360) × 2πr

Area of sector A = (θ/360) × πr²

Area of minor segment A_segment = A_sector − A_triangle

Area of major segment A = πr² − A_minor segment

Area of ring / annulus A = π(R² − r²)

13. Surface Areas and Volumes

CUBOID
LSA 2h(l+b)

TSA 2(lb+bh+hl)

Volume l×b×h

Diagonal √(l²+b²+h²)

CUBE (side a)
LSA 4a²

TSA 6a²

Volume a³

Diagonal a√3

CYLINDER (r, h)
CSA 2πrh

TSA 2πr(r+h)

Volume πr²h

CONE (r, h, l=slant)

CSA πrl

TSA πr(r+l)

Volume ■πr²h

Slant l √(r²+h²)

SPHERE (r)
SA 4πr²

Volume 4/3 πr³

HEMISPHERE (r)
CSA 2πr²
TSA 3πr²

Volume 2/3 πr³

FRUSTUM (R, r, h, l)
CSA π(R+r)l

TSA π[(R+r)l + R² + r²]

Volume h/3 · π(R²+r²+Rr)

Slant l √[h²+(R−r)²]

14. Statistics
Mean – Direct method x■ = Σf■x■ / Σf■

Mean – Assumed mean x■ = a + (Σf■d■ / Σf■), d■ = x■ − a

Mean – Step deviation x■ = a + h·(Σf■u■ / Σf■), u■ = (x■−a)/h

Median (grouped) M = l + [(n/2 − cf) / f] × h

Mode (grouped) Mo = l + [(f■−f■) / (2f■−f■−f■)] × h

Empirical relation Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean

Ogive – median n/2-th value on cumulative freq. curve

Note: l=lower class boundary, cf=preceding [Link], f=freq of modal/median class, h=class width

15. Probability
Probability of event E P(E) = No. of favourable outcomes / Total outcomes

Range 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

Complementary event P(■) = 1 − P(E)

Certain event P(E) = 1

Impossible event P(E) = 0

Sum of all probs P(E■) + P(E■) + … = 1 (exhaustive events)

Playing cards total 52 cards: 4 suits × 13 cards each

Dice (1 die) 6 outcomes: {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Dice (2 dice) 36 equally likely outcomes

Class 10 Mathematics • Complete Formula Sheet • All chapters (CBSE / NCERT)