ZOONOSES FUNGAL ZOONOSES
- Not restricted to whose agents are consistently and readily transmitted between vertebrates and people. Dermatophytosis: localized in skin, nails, hair (keratin); Dermatophytes are plants living in skin
- Includes such diseases where the causative agent has skipped once (e.g. HIV), or every now and again Systemic mycoses: usually found in lungs and internal organs, via bloodstream so it also goes to the liver
(e.g. influenza) from their animal-to-animal cycle to people with then an almost person to person cycle. Aspergillus - if chicken immunocompromised, it can go thru nares, which cause excess immune response
- Study of diseases that cause infections in vertebrate animals and transmissible naturally to humans. resulting to cytokine release and infection. (sometimes look like caseous necrosis in the lungs)
ZOONOSES RISK HISTORY
1. Agents responsible for global mortality (HIV-1, HIV-2, Influenza virus) 30 A.D.: first historical reference
2. Agents that cause limited deaths but result in high case fatality rates and no effective therapies or Aulus Cornelius Celsus: described a suppurative lesion in the skull cause by dermatophyton
vaccines exist (Ebola, Hantavirus, Nipah virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Tinea – old term for dermatophytosis (also known as circular patch)
PATHOGENESIS TRANSMISSION Ringworm – first used around 16th century – (19th century – mycotic etiology described)
1. Animal must be infected (not diseased) 1. Through the air – respiratory, dust, fomites 2018 – Y. Graser & de Hoog proposed new phylogenetic classification for dermatophytes
2. Must be transmitted to people 2. Through the physical environment – food, PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY CHANGES
3. People must be ill (not just infected) water, soil and pasture. OLD NEW
NOTE: all animals should be considered as 3. Through biological vectors – mosquitoes, sand 3 genera 6 genera
potential sources of infections that can be flies, tsetse flies, ticks Microsporum nanum Nannizia nana
transmitted to other animals or man. 4. Through direct contact – bites, iatrogenic Trichophyton mentagrophytes Arthroderma vanbreseghemii
*The closer the phylogenetic relationship, the (corneal & dura mater transplant), blood Trichophyton mentagrophytes [Link] Trichophyton erinacei
greater risk for zoonoses. (apes as lab animals)* transfusions and via wounds Trichophyton mentagrophytes [Link] Trichophyton interdigitale
CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES NOTE: Transmission falls into more than one of Trichophyton benhamiae Arthroderma benhamiae
these categories (Y. pestis or flavivirus) Microsporum gallinae Lopophyton gallinae
[Link] of transmission
Transmitted by vectors (indirect contact) = zoonotic CLASSIFICATION
2. Natural cycle
(fungi are transmitted by vectors, helminths are Aspergillus flavus: common in peanuts that cause necrosis, important in livestock (grows during storage)
3. Etiology
rarely transmitted by direct contact), suggesting Microsporum, Trichophyton: common skin fungal infection in all animals
4. Occupation or risk group
that these transmission routes may be associated Woods lamp: Microsporum fluoresce (only 50% fluoresce, use other tests: scotch tape technique)
5. Animal reservoirs
with lower host specificity. b. Epidermophyton: human pathogen which is keratophilic in nature
1. MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION
ANTHROPOZOONOSES ZOOANTHROPONOSES AMPHIXENOSES 1. In contact with: Anthropophilic: T. tonsurans, T. rubum
Animals to Man Man to Animals Animal <-> Man • Arthrospores (Arthroconidia): asexual spores Zoophilic: [Link], T. equinum
Rabies, TB, brucellosis Diptheria, amoebiasis Staphylococcus, influenza formed in the hyphae of the parasitic stage Geophilic: M. gypseum, M. nanum
2, NATURAL CYCLE OF ZOONOSES • Conidia: sexual/asexual spores formed in the
DIRECT ZOONOSES CYCLOZOONOSES METAZOONOSES SAPROZOONOSES “free-living” environmental stage M. canis: usually derived from dogs
2. Growing hairs or skin are infected T. verrucosum: usually derived from cattle
Involves single Require >1 vertebrate, Require both vertebrate Requires non-animal
• stratum corneum (contain essential nutrients) A. vanbreuseghemii: usually derived from cats and
vertebrate species no invertebrates and invertebrate development site
3. Modes of transmission dogs
Rabies, trichinella, Echinococcus WEE&EEE Cryptococosis
• direct contact, airborne hair/scales, fomite, soil A. benhamiae: usually derived from guinea pigs
brucellosis (IH: sheep, DH: dogs) (culiseta-horse-human) (bird droppings), larva
Occupational mycozoonosis: dairymen, animal
taeniasis plague, schistosoma migrans, histoplasma
handlers, livestock farmers, pet owners, vets, etc.
TYPES OF METAZOONOSES TYPES OF SAPROZOONOSES
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
1. Vector-borne: leishmania (sandflies), simian 1. Agent propagates in non-animal site
1. Optimal conditions: tropics/subtropics (PH), warm, humid environment
malaria, chagas disease (t. cruzi), schistosomiasis -coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis
2. Some worldwide: M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, T. equinum, T. simii – old
2. Food-borne: opistorchis, fasciola, trichinella 2. Agent requires non-animal site (life cycle)
world monkey
-ancylostoma, ascarid, toxoplpasma
3. Some regionally limited
3. Agent requires non-animal site & invertebrate
3. ETIOLOGY 4. OCCUPATIONAL RISK GROUPS
Bacteria: Salmonella Fungal: Histoplasma Occupational - Abattoir workers - Anthrax
Rickettsia: Bartonella Parasite: Schistosoma Recreational - Campers - Giardiasis
Viral: Ebola Prion: BSE, Scrapie Health care workers - Veterinarians – Rabies
Immunosuppressed – AIDS patient - Toxoplasmosis
5. ANIMAL RESERVOIRS