Trigonometry

1. Angles:

Vertex

2. Degree Measure: If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side (1/360)th a revolution,
the angle set to have a measure of one degree written as 1°. A degree is divided into 60 minutes,
and a minute is divided into 60 seconds.
i.e.,1°=60 1 =60

Some of the angles whose measures are 360°,180°,270°,420°,–30°,–420°are shown

3. Relation between degree and radian:

4. Trigonometric ratios:
5. Trigonometric Identities:

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A − tan2 A = 1
cosec2 A− cot2A = 1
Note: sin2 A = (sin A)2
Similarly, tan2 A = (tan A)2
This is applicable to all the trigonometric ratios.

6. Trigonometric sign functions are as follows:

sin (−θ) = − sin θ [θ is the angle.]

cos (−θ) = cos θ
tan (−θ) = − tan θ
cosec (−θ) = − cosec θ
sec (−θ) = sec θ
cot (−θ) = − cot θ

7. Periodic identities
When n ∈ z. They are as follows:

sin (2nπ + θ) = sin θ

cos (2nπ + θ) = cos θ
tan (2nπ + θ) = tan θ
cot (2nπ + θ) = cot θ
sec (2nπ + θ) = sec θ
cosec (2nπ + θ) = cosec θ

Note: π radians = 180°

8. Sum and difference of two angles are as follows:

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

sin (A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
cos (A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
9. Double Angle Formulas:

10. Triple Angle Formulas:

11. Signs of trigonometric functions in the different quadrants are shown as follows:
 Linear Equations

An equation is a mathematical statement, which has an equal sign (=) between the
algebraic expression. Linear equations are the equations of degree 1. It is the equation for the
straight line. Linear equations are a combination of constants and variables.

Below are some examples of linear equations in one variable, two variables and three
variables:

Forms of Linear Equation

The three forms of linear equations are

 Standard Form
 Slope Intercept Form
 Point Slope Form

There are different forms to write linear equations. Some of them are:

Where m = slope of a line; (a, b) intercept of x-axis and y-axis.

Solution of Linear Equations in Two Variables

To solve linear equations in 2 variables, there are different methods.

Following are some of them:
1. Method of substitution: the solution can be obtained by using the below steps.

 Simplify the given equation by expanding the parenthesis

 Solve one of the equations for either x or y
 Substitute the step 2 solution in the other equation
 Now solve the new equation obtained using elementary arithmetic operations
 Finally, solve the equation to find the value of the second variable

2. Cross multiplication method: cross multiplication method is used to solve linear equation
in two variables. This is the simplest method and gives the accurate value of the variables.

Let us suppose that a x + b y + c = 0 and a x + b x + c = 0 are the two equations which has to be
1 1 1 2 2 2

solved. By using cross multiplication, we will get the values x and y such as:

3. Method of elimination: The elimination method is one of the techniques to solve the
system of linear equations. In this method, either add or subtract the equations to get the
equation in one variable. If the coefficients of one of the variables are the same, and the sign
of the coefficients are opposite, we can add the equation to eliminate the variable. Similarly,
if the coefficients of one of the variables are the same, and the sign of the coefficients are the
same, we can subtract the equation to get the equation in one variable.
Step 1: Firstly, multiply both the given equations by some suitable non-zero constants to
make the coefficients of any one of the variables (either x or y) numerically equal.

Step 2: After that, add or subtract one equation from the other in such a way that one variable
gets eliminated. Now, if you get an equation in one variable, go to Step 3. Else;
Step 3: Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) to get its value.

Step 4: Substitute this value in any of the given equations to get the value of another variable
Note: Solve the linear equations in above three methods.
6. Factorization & Solving Of Quadratic Equation:

1. 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 (2x + 1)(x + 1)=0 x= -1/2 or -1

2. 2y2 + 7x + 3 = 0 (2y + 1)(y + 1)=0 x= -3/2 or -3

3. 2z2 – 8z – 8 = 0 (2z – 4) (z – 2) = 0 z=2

4. 2a2 – 3a – 5 = 0 (2a – 5) (a + 1) = 0 a = ½ or -1

5. 2b2 – 5b + 3 = 0 (2b – 3) (b – 1) = 0 b = 3/2 or 1

6. 2c2 +7c – 4 = 0 (2c – 1) (c + 4) = 0 c = 1/2 or -4

7. 2d2 -9d + 9 = 0 (2d – 3) (d - 3) = 0 d = 3/2 or 3

8. 2e2 -3e +1 = 0 (2e – 1) (e - 1) = 0 e = 1/2 or 1

9. 2f2 – 6f -8 = 0 (2f +2) (f - 4) = 0 f = -1 or 4

10. 2g2 -g - 10 = 0 (2g – 5) (g + 2) = 0 g = 5/2 or 2

11. 2h2 + 9h + 7 = 0 (2h+7) (h+1) = 0 H = -2/2 or -1

12. 2i2 - i - 3 = 0 (2i – 3) (k +3) = 0 I = 3/2 or -2

13. 2j2 - 13j +6 = 0 (2j – 1)(j – 6) = 0 J = ½ or 6

14. 2k2 – 3k - 9 = 0 (2k – 3)(k+3) = 0 K = 3/2 or -3

15. 2m2 – 7m - 15 = 0 (2m – 3)(m+5) = 0 M = 3/2 or -5

16. 2n2 – 8 = 0 (2n – 4)(n+2)=0 N = 2 or -2