JAMB Prime Rhema '25 (Expla…

JAMB PRIME RHEMA

‘25 Government
Explanations and Answers (to 1000+ Questions)
Compiled By: Afuape, Favour 'Pelumi

1. C. has helped to eliminate obstacles to free movement of persons.

ECOWAS promotes free movement of people and goods within West Africa. This benefits
Nigeria by allowing its citizens easier access to work and trade opportunities in other
member states.

2. A. A.V. Dicey.
A.V. Dicey is a prominent scholar associated with the concept of the rule of law.

3. D. The Richards Constitution.

The Richards Constitution of 1946 introduced a federal system of government in Nigeria.

4. A. PDP (People's Democratic Party).

The PDP is a political party, not a pressure group. Pressure groups aim to influence
government policies, while political parties aim to win elections and hold power.

5. D. The General Assembly.

The General Assembly is the main decision-making body of the United Nations.

6. D. The public service

The public service commission is responsible for managing human resources in the civil
service.

7. C. impartiality before the law

The rule of lawwith
Edit means
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receives fair treatment.
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8. D. Referendum.
A referendum allows voters to directly decide on an issue or law.

9. B. Central laws NO, THANKS GET THE APP

Laws passed by the National Assembly are called federal or central laws.

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 10. C. Flora Shaw
Flora Shaw, wife of a British colonial administrator, is credited with suggesting the name
"Nigeria" in an 1893 article.

11. D. Sir Hugh Clifford - Lord Lugard was replaced by Sir Hugh Clifford as the
Governor of Nigeria in 1919.

12. D. sovereignty.
Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself without
interference from external sources.

13. B. 1960.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960.

14. B. Galadima

15. C. The Administrative class.

The highest office in the structure of the organization of the civil service is typically the
Administrative class.

16. B. Sweden.
The ombudsman originated in Sweden as a government official appointed to investigate
complaints made by citizens against public authorities.

17. A. Baron de Montesquieu.

The theory of separation of powers was first clearly formulated by Baron de
Montesquieu, a French political philosopher.

18. B. divides the country into factions.

One major disadvantage of a two-party system is that it can divide the country into
factions or polarize the political landscape.

19. A. attempt to introduce taxation - The Aba riots of 1929 were a direct consequence of
the attempt to introduce taxation by the colonial authorities.

20. D. totalitarianism.
Fascism emphasizes totalitarianism, a system of government where the state has
complete control over every aspect of public and private life.

21. D. the action is illegal and of no effect.

When a high court declares an action of the executive ultra vires, it means the action is
beyond the legal powers of the executive branch.

22. A. NPC and the NCNC

The Northern People's Congress (NPC) and the National Council of Nigeria and the
Cameroons (NCNC) formed the coalition government in 1959.

23. C. denial of the right to vote in an election

Disenfranchisement refers to taking away the right to vote from someone or a group of
people.

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 24. B. Establishment of legitimate commerce
The objective to establish legitimate commerce was not part of the 1841 Niger
expedition. The focus was on ending the slave trade.

25. A. of the fragmented political structures

Indirect rule struggled in Eastern Nigeria because of the decentralized traditional political
systems, making it difficult to implement a centralized colonial administration.

26. C. Addis Ababa

The headquarters of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now the African Union
(AU), is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

27. C. Eastern Region

The emergency powers under the independence constitution were first used in the Eastern
Region during the crisis in the 1960s.

28. D. The United Nations Organization

The United Nations (UN) was formed after World War II to maintain international peace
and security.

29. C. 1975
Nigeria switched to right-hand driving in 1975.

30. B. Intervention in the killing of twins

Mary Slessor, a Scottish missionary, was known for her work against the killing of twins
in Calabar.

31. B. Economic dependence.

While peaceful co-existence, non-interference, and respect for territorial integrity are
indeed key factors in Nigeria's foreign relations, economic dependence is not typically
considered a factor influencing foreign relations.

32. B. July 29, 1975.

The second military coup d'etat in Nigeria took place on July 29, 1975.

33. A. Guillotine.
The mechanism used to limit a parliamentary debate is known as "guillotine."

34. D. Checks and balances.

Some pre-colonial West African governments were democratic because of the existence of
checks and balances.

35. B. Prime Minister.

The head of the executive branch in a parliamentary system is called the Prime Minister.

36. D. Independence constitution.

Under the Independence constitution, the Supreme Court became the highest Court of
Appeal in Nigeria.

37. A. An economic association.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an economic association.

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 38. D. Activities by which government policies are made and implemented.
Government as an act of governing means activities by which government policies are
made and implemented.

39. C. It ensures the anonymity of each voter.

The major advantage of the secret ballot is that it ensures the anonymity of each voter.

40. A. Disenfranchisement.
The process of depriving persons of the right of voting is known as disenfranchisement.

41. B. Addis Ababa

The question of civil war in Nigeria was first raised at the OAU meeting in Addis
Ababa in September 1967.

42. B. Yakubu Gowon regime

Military governors were members of the Supreme Military Council under the Yakubu
Gowon regime.

43. B. the Regional government

Under the Nigerian Independence Constitution, residual powers were exercised by the
Regional government.

44. A. Providing all the needs of its citizens

It is not the duty of government to provide all the needs of its citizens—only essential
services and basic welfare.

45. C. existence of education elites

The existence of educated elites actually posed a challenge to indirect rule, so it did
not favor its introduction.

46. D. poor economy

Most new African states struggled to stay non-aligned mainly due to poor economy,
which made them rely on foreign aid.

47. C. deconcentration
Delegation of administrative powers to local units under central supervision is known as
deconcentration.

48. E. Nuclear War

Nuclear war is not an accepted way of resolving international conflicts.

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 49. D. Murutala/Obasanjo administration
A unified local government system was adopted under the Murtala/Obasanjo
administration.

50. C. encroaches on parliamentary power

A major criticism of delegated legislation is that it encroaches on parliamentary power.

51. B. large population

A large population is not an objective of foreign policy—it may be a factor but not an
objective like prestige or survival.

52. C. an elective principle

Voting started in Nigeria in 1923 due to the elective principle introduced by the Clifford
Constitution.

53. D. Age
Age is not a component of political culture; attitudes, beliefs, and emotions are.

54. D. France
Nigeria broke diplomatic relations with France in 1963 for conducting a nuclear test in
the Sahara.

55. D. Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) did not recognize Biafra as an independent state.

56. B. Babangida Administration

The Armed Forces Ruling Council came into existence under the Babangida
administration.

57. B. the Regional government

(Repetition of Q43) Residual powers were exercised by the Regional government.

58. A. Providing all the needs of its citizens

(Repetition of Q44) It is not the government’s duty to provide all the needs of citizens.

59. C. existence of education elites

(Repetition of Q45) Educated elites were actually an obstacle to indirect rule.

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 60. D. poor economy
(Repetition of Q46) Poor economies made African states struggle with non-
alignment due to dependency on foreign aid.

61. B. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

He served as the first Executive President of Nigeria from 1963 to 1966.

62. C. January 15, 1966.

This date marks the first military coup in Nigeria.

63. B. AD, APP, and PDP.

These were the first three political parties to be registered in the Fourth Republic of
Nigeria.

64. B. Murtala Mohammed administration.

Murtala Mohammed's regime was credited with a dynamic foreign policy during his
tenure as the military head of state from 1975 to 1976.

65. C. Supreme Military Council.

During the Buhari Regime, the highest organ of the state was the Supreme Military
Council.

66. C. Tafawa Balewa.

He served as the first Prime Minister of Nigeria after independence.

67. B. a party's program.

A political manifesto is a document that outlines a political party's program, goals, and
intentions.

68. A. Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola.

He served as the Premier of the Western region immediately after Independence, from
1960-1966.

69. D. Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP).

It was the first political party in Nigeria, founded in 1923.

70. A. Adoption of Abuja as the New Federal General Elections Capital.

This event did not generate a political crisis in Nigeria.

71. C. Closed-door Elections

Closed-door elections do not align with the transparency required in electoral processes,
which typically involve open and accessible voting procedures.

72. D. executive
The executive branch is primarily responsible for maintaining law and order through
agencies such as the police and other law enforcement bodies.

73. C. Chief Justice of the Federation

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 The Chief Justice of Nigeria heads the Nigerian Judiciary, overseeing the administration
of justice and judicial activities in the country.

74. C. Executive arm of government

The Nigerian Police Force operates under the executive branch of government, tasked
with enforcing laws and maintaining public order.

75. C. Executive.
The executive branch of government implements policies through various agencies and
departments, such as ministries and executive offices.

76. C. Judiciary
Adjudication, which involves resolving disputes and applying the law to specific cases, is a
primary responsibility of the judiciary.

77. A. is not easy to manipulate bills

One advantage of a bicameral legislature is that it provides an additional check and
balance, making it more difficult to manipulate legislation for partisan or narrow interests.

78. C. judicial review

The judiciary exercises control over the executive branch through judicial review,
ensuring that executive actions and laws comply with the constitution and legal principles.

79. A. implementing laws

Commissioners, as part of the executive branch, are responsible for implementing laws
enacted by the legislature and carrying out government policies within their respective
jurisdictions.

80. B. implementing judicial orders

One judicial function performed by the executive is ensuring that judicial orders and
decisions are enforced and implemented effectively.

81. C. legislature.
A bill is a draft awaiting the consideration of the legislature, which is the branch of
government responsible for making laws.

82. C. separated
To ensure the rights and freedom of citizens, the powers of the arms of government must
be separated to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, thus maintaining a
system of checks and balances.

83. B. it hastens the implementation of policy

An advantage of delegated legislation is that it hastens the implementation of policy by
allowing administrative bodies to create detailed regulations and rules under the authority
of primary legislation passed by the legislature.

84. C. mass party.

Political stability, military capability, and economic stability are necessary for a dynamic
foreign policy, but a mass party is not directly related to foreign policy considerations.

85. C. preamble

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 A written constitution must contain a preamble, which typically outlines the purpose,
goals, and foundational principles of the constitution.

86. A. democratic government - Public opinion can function better under democratic
government where there is freedom of expression, free press, and opportunities for citizen
participation in decision-making processes.

87. D. Ghana - Ghana is not an OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries) member state. The other options, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Venezuela, are all
OPEC member states.

88. C. naturalization - Citizenship can be acquired by naturalization, which is the legal

process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen of a country.

89. A. Fredrick Lugard.

The Nigerian council was created by Fredrick Lugard, who was a British colonial
administrator in Nigeria.

90. D. direct rule

The French policy of assimilation in the west was essentially a form of direct rule, where
the colonial power imposed its institutions, laws, and culture on the colonized territories
with the aim of assimilating them into the French culture and society.

91. C. The electorate

In a democracy, sovereignty resides in the electorate, meaning the power ultimately rests
with the people who vote and participate in the political process.

92. B. Prime Minister

The 1954 Lytteleton Constitution of Nigeria created the office of the Prime Minister,
marking a significant shift in Nigeria's governance structure.

93. D. Permanent interest

Permanent interest is a concept in international politics referring to enduring national
interests that remain relatively constant despite changes in leadership or foreign policy.

94. D. Has cumbersome provisions for its amendment

A constitution is said to be rigid if it has cumbersome provisions for its amendment,
making it difficult to change, typically requiring a special procedure or a supermajority
vote.

95. D. Aggregate interest

One of the functions of political parties is to aggregate interest, meaning they gather and
represent the diverse interests and concerns of different segments of society.

96. C. Bye-laws
Regulations made by a local government are called bye-laws, which are local ordinances
or laws governing specific areas or communities.

97. D. Great Britain

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 Nigeria is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations because she was once ruled by
Great Britain, which is a key criterion for Commonwealth membership.

98. C. Trade
The main motive of imperialist penetration was often to exploit resources and establish
trade routes in the colonized regions, benefiting the imperial powers economically.

99. D. Programme of a political party

A manifesto refers to the program of a political party, outlining its policies, goals, and
objectives for governance if elected.

100. C. Spain
Spain is not a member of the African Union. The African Union consists of African
countries, while Spain is located in Europe.

111. B. governor-general:
Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe served as the governor-general under the independence constitution
of Nigeria.

112. C. federal government:

Residual powers in the 1979 Nigerian constitution were vested in the federal government,
granting it authority over matters not specifically assigned to other levels of government.

113. A. makes accountability difficult:

One disadvantage of a one-party system is that it can make accountability difficult since
there is no significant opposition to scrutinize the ruling party's actions.

114. D. Nigeria chamber of commerce:

Unlike the other options, the Nigeria Chamber of Commerce is not a professional pressure
group; it is a business organization advocating for the interests of the business
community.

115. C. declare null and void actions of the other organs:

Checks and balances empower the judiciary to review the actions of the executive and
legislative branches and invalidate them if they are deemed unconstitutional.

116. A. multi-party system:

Proportional representation typically favors a multi-party system, as it allows smaller
parties to gain representation proportional to their level of support among voters.

117. B. executive power:

Under the 1963 Republican constitution of Nigeria, the president exercised executive
power, including the implementation and enforcement of laws.

118. D. concurrent:
In a federal constitution, legislative powers shared by two levels of government are
referred to as concurrent powers, allowing both levels to legislate on the same subject
within their respective jurisdictions.

119. B. Italy:

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 Fascism originated from Italy, particularly under the leadership of Benito Mussolini in the
early 20th century.

120. A. judiciary:
The Ogboni cult in pre-colonial Yoruba political systems played the role of the judiciary,
settling disputes, and enforcing customary laws.

121. C. Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized colonial penetration into Africa by
setting rules for the colonization and annexation of African territories by European
powers.

122. C. third reading

A bill can become a law only after passing through several stages, including the third
reading in the legislative body where it is being considered.

123. B. slowness of action

- Red-tapism in the civil service refers to excessive bureaucracy and administrative
procedures that result in delays and inefficiencies in decision-making and implementation.

124. D. monarchical
The Yoruba traditional government system was primarily monarchical, with various
kingdoms ruled by kings or obas.

125. D. Ethiopia
- The headquarters of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) is located in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.

126. D. swearing in of members of the house of assembly

The swearing-in of members of the House of Assembly is typically not the responsibility
of the Federal Electoral Commission but falls under the jurisdiction of legislative bodies or
judicial authorities.

127. A. their own benefit

Aristocracy is a system of government where power is held by a small privileged class,
often for their own benefit or that of their social group.

128. C. preserving Nigerian unity

One of the most important achievements of the military in Nigeria was preserving
Nigerian unity, particularly during periods of political instability and secessionist
movements.

129. D. stabilize oil price

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 The major objective of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
is to stabilize oil prices by coordinating oil production policies among member countries.

130. A. League of Nations

-The League of Nations was the world organization that existed before the United
Nations, established after World War I with the aim of promoting international
cooperation and peace.

131. B. economic strength

Nigeria's influence in Africa is largely shaped by its economic power, including its role as
a major player in the African economy, particularly in sectors such as oil and gas.

132. B. Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a form of government where power is held by a small privileged class,
often based on hereditary nobility or birthright.

133. D. France
France conducted nuclear tests in the Sahara desert, which led to diplomatic tensions
with Nigeria and other African nations due to concerns about the environmental and
health impacts of the tests.

134. A. IMF
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a significant influence
on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) due to its control over oil production and
pricing, which can affect global economic stability.

135. D. The right to vote.

Franchise refers to the right to vote in political elections.

136. C. Subordinate legislation

Delegated legislation, also known as subordinate legislation, refers to laws made by
bodies other than the legislature, such as government ministers or local authorities, under
powers delegated by an Act of Parliament.

137. D. Rates
Local governments can levy rates, which are taxes imposed on property owners based on
the value of their property, as a means to raise funds for local services and infrastructure.

138. D. A constituency.
An electoral district, also known as a constituency, is a geographic area represented by a
single elected member in a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress.

139. B. Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of the movement for Ghanaian independence and
became the country's first Prime Minister and later its first President after Ghana gained
independence from British colonial rule in 1957.

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 140. A. The community
In a democracy, sovereignty, or supreme power, is vested in the community, meaning that
the authority of the government is derived from and subject to the will of the people.

141. D. Peaceful Co-Existence

Nigeria's relations with African countries are underscored by its policy of peaceful co-
existence, emphasizing diplomacy and cooperation rather than alignment with any
particular bloc or ideology.

142. A. Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe, Chief Obafemi Awolowo & Alhaji Tafawa Balewa
These three leaders were prominent figures in Nigerian politics between 1948 and 1966,
each playing significant roles in shaping the country's history and development.

143. C. Gwandu
The western zone of the Sokoto Caliphate was administered from Ilorin, which was an
important center within the caliphate's governance structure.

144. D. Nigeria
Nigeria significantly contributed to the formation of ECOMOG (Economic Community of
West African States Monitoring Group), a regional peacekeeping force established to
address conflicts in West Africa.

145. B. Concurrent list

Both federal and state governments derive power from the exclusive list, which includes
matters on which only the federal government can legislate.

146. C. 21 states
In 1987, Nigeria attained a federation of 21 states, marking a significant expansion in
the number of states within the country.

147. A. Babangida Regime

The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) was introduced under the Babangida
Regime in Nigeria as an economic reform program in response to various economic
challenges.

148. C. International peace and security

One of the key political achievements of the UN is the promotion of international peace
and security through its peacekeeping efforts and diplomatic initiatives.

149. B. Nigerian Railway Corporation

The Nigerian Railway Corporation is the oldest corporation in Nigeria, playing a crucial
role in the country's transportation infrastructure since its establishment.

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 150. A. Revenue Mobilization, Allocation & Fiscal Commission
The Revenue Mobilization, Allocation & Fiscal Commission is responsible for sharing
revenue based on an agreed formula in Nigeria, ensuring equitable distribution of
resources among the different tiers of government.

151. C. has helped to eliminate obstacles to free movement of persons.

Nigeria's membership of ECOWAS has facilitated regional integration by removing
barriers to the movement of people and goods among member states.

152. C. 1976
Nigeria became a federation of 19 states in 1976 with the creation of additional states to
promote administrative efficiency and equitable representation.

153. A. ministers
Under the 1979 Constitution, members of the Federal Executive Council were referred to
as ministers.

154. A. Olu Falae

Olu Falae was not a frontline fighter for Nigeria's independence. The other options—
Nnamdi Azikwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Tafawa Balewa—were prominent leaders in
Nigeria's struggle for independence.

155. B. there is high degree of centralisation

In a unitary system of government, there is a high degree of centralization where most of
the power is held by the central government.

156. D. establishment of provisional association

The establishment of a provisional association is not a means by which the government
maintains law and order. The other options—law making, maintenance of police and other
security agencies, and provision of socio-economic services—are methods commonly used
by governments to maintain law and order.

157. A. high commissioner

Nigeria’s diplomatic representative in Britain is known as a high commissioner.

158. C. totalitarianism
Fascism emphasizes totalitarianism, which advocates for a centralized autocratic
government headed by a dictatorial leader.

159. D. oligarchy
Government by the few for the interest of the few is known as oligarchy, where a small
group of people holds power over the rest of society.

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 160. C. Montesquieu
The doctrine of separation of powers is associated with Montesquieu, who argued for the
division of governmental responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch
from gaining too much power.

161. (C) Liberia

The ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) was organized to maintain peace in Liberia
during its civil war.

162. (C) clerk

The clerk of the House is not an elected parliamentarian but rather an appointed
administrative official responsible for record-keeping and procedural matters.

163. (C) 1950

The 'Uniting for Peace' Resolution of the UNO was adopted in 1950, providing a
mechanism for the UN General Assembly to take action in case the Security Council fails
to act due to the veto of any of its permanent members.

164. (B) a public bill

Tax laws typically originate as public bills introduced by members of the legislature.

165. (B) political socialization

Political socialization refers to the process through which individuals develop their
political attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

166. (B) made up of all independent ex-colonies of Britain

The Commonwealth is an association of independent sovereign states, most of which are
former territories of the British Empire.

167. (D) General Assembly

The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations where all
member states have equal representation.

168. (A) coalition

A coalition government formed by multiple parties often leads to compromises and can
result in a weaker government compared to a single-party government.

169. (D) age

In democracies, political participation can be restricted based on age, such as minimum
voting age requirements.

170. (D) Chief Awolowo

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 Chief Obafemi Awolowo founded the Unity Party of Nigeria.

171. (B) Secret balloting

Secret balloting ensures that individuals can freely express their choices without fear of
repercussion or coercion, thus contributing to free and fair elections.

172. (B) AU
The Commission for Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration is an organ of the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS), tasked with resolving disputes and
promoting peaceful resolutions within the region.

173. (C) Legitimacy

Power is transformed into authority through legitimacy, which is the belief by individuals
that those in power have the right to govern.

174. (D) Jean Bodin

Jean Bodin is credited with popularizing the concept of sovereignty, particularly in his
work "Six Books of the Commonwealth," where he defined sovereignty as the supreme
power to make and enforce laws within a territory.

175. (B) Absolutely fused

Under military rule in Nigeria, power is typically absolutely fused, meaning the military
controls both the political and administrative aspects of governance.

176. (A) Tourism

Tourism is not typically considered an agent of political socialization, which refers to the
process by which individuals acquire political attitudes, values, and behaviors. Family,
mass media, and peer groups are commonly recognized agents of political socialization.

177. (D) Making and enforcing laws

Government can be described as the art of making and enforcing laws, as it involves the
exercise of authority to regulate behavior and resolve conflicts within a society.

178. (D) Referendum

An election in which people vote for issues of public policy rather than candidates is
known as a referendum. In a referendum, the electorate directly decides on a specific
question or issue put forth by the government.

179. (C) Four

When the elective principle was introduced in 1922, four Nigerians were elected into the
Legislative Council, marking a significant step towards representation and self-
governance.

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 180. (D) Written and rigid
A federal constitution is usually written and rigid, meaning it is codified in a single
document and requires a formal and often difficult amendment process. This rigidity helps
to safeguard the distribution of powers between different levels of government.

181. (A) Case laws.

These are laws created from court judgements in extraordinary or unique court cases and
are made into laws.

182. (D) prorogation, which is the formal ending of a session of Parliament.

183. The individual dismissed from the Action Group at the Jos Congress of February
1962 was (B) Ladoke Akintola.

184. (C) prime minister, who heads the government and is responsible for its functioning.

185. (C) coup d’état

This involves the violent overthrow of a government, which is typically not a tactic used
by pressure groups.

186. (B) legitimate right to be obeyed

Indicates a rightful power to give commands and expect compliance.

187. Zionism resulted in the establishment of the state of (C) Israel, as it aimed for the
establishment of a Jewish homeland.

188. An institution which seeks to redress people’s grievances against abuse of

administrative power is the (A) ombudsman, an official appointed to investigate
individuals' complaints against maladministration.

189. To promote justice in a state, judges must (C) enjoy security of tenure of office,
ensuring their independence from political influence.

190. The two main policies introduced by the French in West Africa were (D)
assimilation and association, which were colonial policies aimed at integrating or
associating the colonies with France while maintaining French culture and values.

191. (B) Jean Bodin

Jean Bodin, a French political philosopher of the 16th century, defined sovereignty as an
absolute power vested in an authority, making him the scholar referenced.

192. (A) Queen Elizabeth II

Queen Elizabeth II serves as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations, a role she has
held since 1952.

193. (A) Senegal and Gambia

194. (C) defense

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 In a federal state, the exclusive list typically includes matters such as defense, which are
under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central or federal government.

195. (D) 3-year

The 1978 Local Government Reform provided for a 3-year term of office for local
government officials.

196. (c) Republican

A government headed by a person elected for a fixed period of time is referred to as a
Republican government, where leaders are chosen through a democratic process for a
specified term.

197. (d) Rates

Local governments can raise funds through rates, which are taxes levied on property
owners based on the value of their property.

198. (d) Legislature

In Unitary states, local authorities derive their powers from the legislature, which
delegates authority to them.

199. (a) Fear of women being taxed

The Aba women riots of 1929 in Nigeria were caused by the fear of women being taxed,
among other grievances related to colonial policies.

200. (c) Does not belong to any of the power blocs

The principle of non-alignment means that a country does not align itself with any of the
power blocs, such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, during the Cold War era.

201. (d) United Nations Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations Organization,
tasked with international public health.

202. (d) According to the laws of the land

A constitutional government is run according to the laws of the land, which are usually
outlined in a constitution, ensuring that power is exercised within legal bounds.

203. (d) Helps the people to exercise their popular sovereignty

Free and fair elections allow people to express their will through voting, thereby
exercising their popular sovereignty, a fundamental aspect of democracy.

204. (c) An unconstitutional way of changing the government

A coup d’état involves the overthrow of a government by non-democratic means, usually
through force, and is therefore considered unconstitutional.

205. (c) Political party

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 A political party is an organized group of people with similar political aims and opinions
that seeks to control power within a state through elections and governance.

206. (b) October 1st, 1960

Nigeria obtained independence from British colonial rule on October 1st, 1960.

207. (c) 1914

The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria were amalgamated in 1914 by Lord
Frederick Lugard, forming the basis of modern Nigeria.

208. (c) 1946 Richards Constitution

The elective principle was introduced in Nigeria through the 1946 Richards Constitution,
which allowed for limited electoral representation.

209. (d) Algeria

Algeria is not a member of the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS). The other countries listed are members of ECOWAS.

210. (d) Brazil

Brazil is not a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

211. (d) Kenya

The Soviet Union, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and China have all experimented with various
forms of socialism in their governance structures at different points in history. However,
Kenya has not practiced socialism as extensively or systematically as the other countries
listed. Kenya has primarily followed a capitalist-oriented economic system, with elements
of socialism incorporated into certain policies but not to the extent seen in the other
countries mentioned.

212. (b) FEDECO

The Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO) conducted elections in Nigeria during the
Second Republic.

213. (c) South Africa

Apartheid, a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination, was
primarily associated with South Africa.

214. (a) an indirect election

When representatives are elected to vote on behalf of the electorate, it is described as an
indirect election.

215. (c) bye election

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 An election conducted to fill a vacant seat in a legislature is called a bye-election.

216. (b) Britain

The cabinet system of government is practiced in Britain, where the executive branch is
composed of members chosen from and responsible to the legislative branch.

217. (C) Code of Conduct Tribunal

Judicial administration in respect of national code of conduct lies with the Code of
Conduct Tribunal.

218. (D) the coming of Christian missionaries

The process of naturalism, or the decline of traditional religions and beliefs, was
accelerated by the coming of Christian missionaries.

219. (A) satisfy British economic interest

The main motivation for British colonization of Nigeria was to satisfy British economic
interests, including access to resources and markets.

220. (A) The United States, Russia, France, Britain and China.
The permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations are the United
States, Russia, France, Britain, and China.

221. C. Joseph Garba

Joseph Garba served as the President of the United Nations General Assembly for its
32nd session from 1989 to 1990.

222. D. Election crisis in the western region

The immediate cause of the 15th January 1966 military coup in Nigeria was the election
crisis in the western region, which led to political instability.

223. B. Supremacy of the constitution

The idea of the rule of law is based on the fundamental assumption of the supremacy of
the constitution, which implies that all actions of government and individuals must be in
accordance with the law.

224. C. Non-legislative bodies

Delegated legislation refers to laws made by non-legislative bodies, such as government
agencies or local authorities, under powers delegated to them by the legislature.

225. B. People or A. Electorate

In a democracy, sovereign authority is exercised by the people, who delegate power to
elected representatives to govern on their behalf.

226. A. State Civil Service Commission

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 The State Civil Service Commission is responsible for running the personal affairs of
senior government staff in Nigeria, including recruitment, promotion, and discipline.

227. C. Baron de Montesquieu

The principle of separation of powers was made popular by Baron de Montesquieu, a
French political philosopher, who advocated for the division of government into three
branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

228. B. Supremacy of the constitution

The idea of the rule of law is based on the fundamental assumption of the supremacy of
the constitution, ensuring that no individual or government entity is above the law.

229. C. Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu

Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu was the leader of the breakaway state of Biafra during the
Nigerian Civil War from 1967 to 1970.

230. B. 1919
The League of Nations was established in 1919 as an intergovernmental organization
aimed at promoting international cooperation and peace following the First World War.

231. EU stands for (B) European Union

The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states located
primarily in Europe.

232. (D) Power of impeachment

Bureaucracy typically involves hierarchy, formal rules, documentation, and
impersonality, but it does not directly relate to the power of impeachment, which is a
function of legislative or judicial bodies.

233. (B) British Civil Service

The Nigerian Civil Service system is largely based on the British model due to Nigeria's
colonial history.

234. (A) Specialization

While corruption, poor remuneration, political instability, and red tape are issues in the
Nigerian Civil Service, specialization is not typically considered a problem but rather a
necessary aspect of efficient functioning.

235. (C) Legislature arm of government

The legislature, which typically consists of elected representatives, is responsible for
making laws in a democratic system of government.

236. (C) Prison

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 The coat of arms, currency, stamp, and flag are symbols associated with national
identity, but prisons are not typically considered part of national identity.

237. (C) Ekiti

During the Obasanjo Administration, six months of emergency rule was declared in Ekiti
State due to security concerns.

238. (E) Prof. Attahiru Jega:

Prof. Attahiru Jega served as the Chairman of the Independent National Electoral
Commission (INEC) in Nigeria.

239. (C) 774

The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria recognizes 774 local government areas in the country.

240. (D) Six geopolitical zones Nigeria is divided into six geopolitical zones for
administrative purposes.

241. (C) By threat of physical punishment, the promise of pecuniary reward, and the
exercise of persuasion
This option covers the three major ways of imposing power as outlined, including
coercion, incentivization, and persuasion.

242. (B) Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

Julius Nyerere, the former president of Tanzania, developed the concept of Ujamaa,
which emphasized communal living and African socialism.

243. (C) Bureaucracy

Max Weber identified three types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
Bureaucracy is a form of organization associated with legal-rational authority, not a
separate type of authority.

244. (A) Boutrous Boutrous-Ghali

Boutrous Boutrous-Ghali, an Egyptian diplomat, served as the Secretary-General of the
United Nations from 1992 to 1996, becoming the first African to hold the position.

245. (D) the colonial officers imposed warrant chiefs on the people.
In Eastern Nigeria, the system of indirect rule failed because colonial officers imposed
warrant chiefs on the people, disrupting traditional power structures and leading to
resistance.

246. (D) Exclusive list.

In a federal system of government, currency, armed forces, and national defense fall
under the exclusive list, which is the responsibility of the central or federal government.

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 247. (B) to the State Government
In a federal system like Nigeria, local governments are directly responsible to the state
government, not the federal government.

248. (A) primary election

A primary election is the electoral process in which candidates are selected by party
members for elective offices before the general election.

249. (A) Oyo Mesi

In the Oyo traditional political system, the Alafin of Oyo was chosen by the Oyo Mesi, a
council of chiefs and counselors.

250. (D) Alaafin

The political head of the Old Oyo Empire was the Alaafin, or king, who held the highest
political authority. The Alaafin was the supreme ruler with the final say on all matters
relating to governance, justice, and religious affairs. The Alaafin was also the custodian of
the customs and traditions of the people of the Old Oyo Empire and was responsible for
maintaining peace and stability within the kingdom.

251. The Igbo political system was based on B. Umunna. Umunna refers to a community
of people who trace their descent from a common ancestor, constituting the basic unit of
Igbo society, which served as the basis for governance, dispute resolution, and social
organization.

252. Nigeria's withdrawal from the Edinburgh Commonwealth Games in July 1986 was
in protest against B. British failure to impose sanctions on South Africa.
She, Britain did not support but in Apartheid regime in South Africa.

253. The act of removing an elected official by the electorate is referred to as C. recall.
Recall is a political process through which voters can remove elected officials from office
before their term is completed.

254. The rights of a citizen can be withdrawn by the state if the person C. is convicted of
a serious crime. Conviction of a serious crime can lead to the loss of certain rights, such
as the right to vote or hold public office, depending on the laws of the country.

255. In the Presidential System of Government, the president is elected to office by D. the
people through direct election. Unlike parliamentary systems where the head of
government is elected by the legislature, in a presidential system, the president is elected
directly by the citizens.

256. One of the principal objectives of the OPEC is to B. harmonize the oil policies of
member countries.
OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, aims to coordinate and
unify the petroleum policies of its member countries to ensure stable oil markets and
secure regular income to producers.

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 257. In which of the following systems is the power of the component units more than
that of the central government? D. Confederal.
In a confederal system, component units such as states or regions retain significant
independence and delegate limited powers to a central government, as opposed to federal
or unitary systems where the central government holds more power.

258. The two leaders that played the most prominent roles in the formation of the
ECOWAS were A. Gowon and Eyadema.
That year, the Nigerian head of state Gen Yakubu Gowon and his Togolese counterpart
Gnassingbe Eyadema toured the region in support of the integration Idea. Thanks to the
drafts that emanated from their efforts. These formed the basis for the emergence of the
treaty of Lagos in 1975 which birthed ECOWAS.

259. A referendum is a device to ensure that C. decisions are effected with the consent of
citizens.
Referendums allow citizens to vote directly on particular proposals or issues, ensuring
that decisions are made with the input and consent of the electorate.

260. The Mid-Western Region was created in Nigeria in C. 1963. The Mid-Western
Region was carved out of the Western Region of Nigeria in 1963 during the First
Republic, following demands for regional autonomy and equitable distribution of
resources.

261. C. USSR
During the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, the Soviet Union (USSR)
was the first world power to come to Nigeria's aid by supplying arms and military support
to the Nigerian government.

262. D. France
France does not operate a federal constitution. Instead, it has a unitary system where
power is concentrated in the central government in Paris.

263. E. Devolution
The transfer of authority to local government councils is known as devolution, which is
the decentralization of power from a higher level of government to a lower level.

264. A. Indirect rule

Indirect rule was a popular principle of colonial administration in British West Africa,
including Nigeria. It involved governing through local traditional leaders and institutions
rather than imposing direct British control.

265. E. Lord Lugard

Lord Frederick Lugard was the first Governor-General of colonial Nigeria. He played a
significant role in the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates, forming
the basis of modern Nigeria.

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 266. A. 1861
Lagos was bombarded by the British in 1851, annexed on 6 August 1861 and officially
declared a colony on 5 March 1862.
The most suitable answer in the options is 1861.

267. A. 1923
General elections were held in Nigeria for the first time on 20 September 1923. The
Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the
legislative council. This election marked an important step towards self-governance and
eventual independence.

268. B. Feudalism
A social system in which power is derived from control over land is called feudalism. This
system was prevalent in medieval Europe and in some traditional societies around the
world.

269. B. Acephalous
Pre-colonial Igbo society was acephalous, meaning it lacked centralized political
authority. Instead, it was organized into autonomous villages and kinship groups.

270. C. Equity
In Nigeria, representation of states in the Upper House (Senate) is based on equity rather
than population or equality. This means that each state is represented equally regardless
of its population size.

271. (D) Sovereign

When a state is subject to no other authority, it is said to be sovereign because it has
supreme power and authority within its own territory.

272. (a) Local rate

Since the 1976 Reform, the main source of local government finance has been local rates,
which are taxes levied on properties within the jurisdiction of the local government.

273. (d) International laws

Sovereignty is limited by international laws, which impose constraints on the actions and
decisions of sovereign states within the global community.

274. (a) State ownership of the means of production

Marxism is directed against state ownership of the means of production, advocating for
the collective ownership of property and the abolition of private ownership in favor of a
classless society.

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 275. (c) Everyone is subject to the law
The rule of law implies that everyone, including government officials and institutions, is
subject to the law and no one is above it.

276. (a) Law of sedition

Freedom of speech in a democratic state is limited by laws such as the law of sedition,
which prohibits speech or actions that incite rebellion against the authority of the state.

277. (b) Capitalism

Liberalism is a philosophy underlying capitalism, emphasizing individual liberty, free
markets, limited government intervention, and protection of private property rights.

278. (c) Diplomatic immunity of their envoys

In international relations, countries have a right to diplomatic immunity of their envoys,
which protects diplomats from being prosecuted or detained by the host country's
authorities.

279. (c) Judiciary

Case laws are made by the judiciary through the interpretation and application of existing
laws to specific cases, establishing legal precedents that guide future decisions.

280. (b) Federal system

Bicameral legislatures are popular in federal systems of government, where power is
divided between a central government and subnational units, and representation is
provided for both the national and regional interests.

281. (b) Executive

The civil service is part of the executive branch of government, responsible for
implementing government policies and delivering public services.

.
282. (b) easy to amend
A flexible constitution is one that is easily amended, allowing for quick amendability in
case of emergencies.

283. (a) Constituency Constituencies are more commonly associated with national or
parliamentary elections, rather than local government elections.

284. (d) The parliamentary system

In a parliamentary system, the executive branch (the government) is fused with the
legislative branch (the parliament), where the executive is drawn from and accountable to
the legislature.

285. (d) Control the government

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 The primary objective of political parties is to gain control of the government through
elections in order to implement their policies and agendas.

286. (c) Influence government policy

Pressure groups aim to influence government policies and decisions by mobilizing public
opinion and advocating for specific interests or causes.

287. (d) The Commonwealth of Nations, OPEC and the OAU

Although option (b) is also technically correct, option (d) is more relevant because it is
more unique to Nigeria.

288. (c) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Before 1963, the highest court of appeal for Nigeria was the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council in London, which was part of the British legal system.

289. (d) recognized right to exercise political power

Political authority refers to the recognized right of individuals or institutions to exercise
political power over others within a specific jurisdiction.

290. (b) Executive

The civil service is a part of the executive branch of government, responsible for
implementing government policies and delivering public services.

291. Gerrymandering means (c) the manipulation of constituency boundaries.

Gerrymandering is the deliberate manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one
party or group, often by creating districts that are oddly shaped or unevenly populated.

292. When a high court declares an action of the executive ultra-vires, it means that (D)
the action is illegal and of no effect. Ultra-vires refers to actions beyond the legal power
or authority of the entity taking them, in this case, the executive branch.

293. Disenfranchisement refers to the (C) denial of the right to vote in an election. It
occurs when individuals or groups are deprived of the right to vote, often through legal or
administrative means.

294. Government as an act of governing means (D) Activities by which government

policies are made and implemented. This encompasses the processes and actions involved
in formulating and executing policies, laws, and regulations to manage a society.

295. The process of depriving persons of the right of voting is known as (A)
Disenfranchisement. This term specifically refers to the removal or restriction of the right
to vote from certain individuals or groups.

296. What year was the first post-independence constitution of Nigeria enacted? (C)
1963. This constitution replaced the Independence Constitution of 1960 and established
Nigeria as a federal republic.

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 297. The first post-independence constitution established Nigeria as a (A) Republic.
Nigeria transitioned from being a British colony to a republic upon gaining independence
in 1960.

298. The 1979 constitution in Nigeria established a (B) Presidential system of

government. This constitution introduced a presidential system, with an elected president
as both the head of state and government.

299. The 1999 constitution of Nigeria was adopted after a period of (B) Military Rule.
This constitution marked the return to civilian rule after years of military dictatorship in
Nigeria.

300. Public corporations are established principally to (C) provide essential services for
the public. Public corporations are government-owned entities tasked with providing
goods or services that are considered essential for the public welfare.

301. The three fundamental rights of citizens are (A) Life, liberty and property. These
rights are often referred to as natural rights and form the foundation of many legal
systems.

302. One of the functions of the Press in controlling the activities of the civil service is (c)
To criticize erring officers, keeping them in check. The press plays a crucial role in
holding public officials, including civil servants, accountable by reporting on their actions
and decisions.

303. One of the primary roles of the administrative and professional class in the civil
service is (B) Implementing policies. This class of civil servants is responsible for
executing and enforcing government policies and programs.

304. The purpose of legislative control over civil servants is (b) To ensure transparency
and accountability by requiring ministers or commissioners to explain their activities
before the legislature. Legislative control helps ensure that civil servants are accountable
for their actions and decisions by subjecting them to scrutiny and oversight by elected
representatives.

305. The body that has the authority to appoint, promote, transfer, discipline, or dismiss
civil servants is (a) The Public Service Commission. This commission is typically tasked
with overseeing the recruitment, management, and discipline of civil servants within a
government.

306. C. Upholding equality before the law

Constitutionalism ensures that all individuals are subject to the same laws and are
treated equally by the legal system.

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 307. B. Codified in a single document
A written constitution is one that is formally documented in a single written instrument.

308. C. Britain and New Zealand

Unwritten constitutions are typically found in countries like Britain and New Zealand,
where constitutional principles are derived from a variety of sources including statutes,
conventions, and judicial decisions.

309. E. Constitutional conferences

Constitutional conferences often serve as the basis for drafting new constitutions, as was
the case with Nigeria's 1979 constitution, which drew inspiration from the American
Constitution.

310. C. Governors-General Under the 1960 Constitution, Governors-General became the

ceremonial head of state for the Queen of England.

311. C. Senate
According to the 1960 Constitution, the Senate had power over money and other bills.

312. C. UNO (United Nations Organization)

After attaining independence, Nigeria joined the United Nations Organization (UNO).

313. C. Privy Council as the highest court of appeal

One of the weaknesses of the 1960 Constitution regarding the judiciary was the
retention of the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal, which limited judicial
independence.

314. C. Equality before the law

The term "rule of law" signifies that all individuals, regardless of their status, are subject
to the law and treated equally by the legal system.

315. C. Delegated authority to elected representatives

Representative democracy involves citizens electing individuals to represent their
interests and make decisions on their behalf.

316. B. Prevent abuse of power by dividing responsibilities

The separation of powers in a democratic government helps prevent the abuse of power by
dividing governmental responsibilities among different branches.

317. A. Constitution
In a democratic system, the primary source of government authority is the constitution,
which outlines the framework for governance and the rights of citizens.

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 318. C. Rule by an elite with complete control over all aspects of life
Totalitarianism is characterized by a ruling elite exercising complete control over all
aspects of society, including political, economic, social, and cultural domains.

319. C. Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel

Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel (SS) were the main proponents of Nazism, an extreme
form of totalitarian ideology.

320. D. Diarchy
Oligarchy and diarchy both refer to forms of government where power is concentrated in
the hands of a few individuals or groups.

321. D) Implementing laws

While budget allocation, oversight of the executive, and conflict resolution are functions
of the legislature, implementing laws is typically the responsibility of the executive
branch.

322. A) Supreme Court of Nigeria

The Supreme Court is usually the highest court in a country and is responsible for
resolving constitutional conflicts.

323. C) Interpreting and applying laws

The primary responsibility of the judiciary in maintaining governance is to interpret and
apply laws.

324. B) Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

The Central Bank of Nigeria is responsible for economic management, including monetary
policy and currency issuance.

325. B) To allow citizens to choose their representatives and ensure accountability

Regular elections serve the purpose of allowing citizens to choose their representatives
and hold them accountable for their actions.

326. B) Voting is done by marking a ballot, while Election involves choosing

representatives
Voting is the act of casting a ballot, while an election is the process of choosing
representatives through voting.

327. A) To ensure privacy and prevent coercion or intimidation

The secret ballot is important in the electoral process to ensure that voters can express
their choices freely without fear of coercion or intimidation.

328. B) All eligible citizens have the right to vote

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 Universal suffrage means that all eligible citizens, regardless of wealth, gender, or social
status, have the right to vote.

329. A) State government

State governments typically have the authority to amend laws regarding local government
since local governments are usually under the jurisdiction of the state.

330. B) Withholding of grants

Withholding of grants is a method of controlling local government mentioned in the text.
This is a way for higher levels of government to exert influence or pressure on local
governments.

331. C) Collection of federal income taxes

Collection of federal income taxes is not typically a duty of local government. This
responsibility usually falls under the jurisdiction of federal or national government
agencies.

332. D) Reduce control of the central government

One suggested solution to reduce interference from the central government is to reduce its
control over local governments. This could involve decentralization or devolution of
powers.

333. c) Regulatory authority

Government plays the role of regulatory authority in the establishment of public
corporations, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations.

334. b) Parliament
Parliament, as the legislative body, typically authorizes the creation of public corporations
through legislation or acts.

335.D) The system by which individuals are chosen to hold public office or decide
important issues within a society through voting.
The electoral process encompasses all stages of elections, including selecting candidates,
casting votes, and ultimately choosing representatives through voting. It refers to the
entire mechanism through which individuals are elected to hold public office or make
decisions through democratic means.

336. C) Generating revenue for shareholders

Public corporations typically do not prioritize generating revenue for shareholders as
their primary function, unlike private corporations. Instead, they often focus on serving
public interests, providing essential services, or fulfilling governmental objectives.

337. C) Committing espionage

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 committing espionage might lead to deprivation of life, as it can be considered a severe
offense against the state's security.

338. b) Uphold the values and principles of the state

Citizens are expected to demonstrate loyalty by upholding the values and principles of
their state, rather than blindly following government directives or ignoring conflicts of
interest.

339. b) Negotiation and communication between countries

Diplomacy, in the context of foreign policy, primarily refers to negotiation and
communication between countries to resolve conflicts, establish agreements, and promote
international cooperation.

340. b) Sovereignty
The principle of sovereignty suggests that nations should avoid interference in the
internal affairs of other countries, respecting their autonomy and self-determination.

341. A. Military service and loyalty.

In feudalism, vassals were granted land (fiefs) by lords in return for providing military
service and loyalty. This was the basis of the feudal relationship and ensured protection
and governance in a decentralized system.

342. C. In states where laws are supreme.

The rule of law means that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. It
applies only in states where laws are recognized as the highest authority, ensuring
fairness and accountability.

343. E. The constitutions of states.

Fundamental human rights are legally guaranteed in the constitutions of individual
countries. These constitutions outline the rights and freedoms of citizens and serve as the
highest law within each state.

344. A. A guide to direct political action.

An ideology is a set of beliefs or principles that guide political behavior and action. It
shapes political goals, strategies, and policies, helping groups or governments make
decisions and mobilize support.

345. C. The West African Currency Board and the West African Airways Corporation.
These were common institutions established by the British during colonial rule in West
Africa to manage currency and transportation, promoting economic coordination and
administrative control across the colonies.

346. A. 1956

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 The (former) Northern Region of Nigeria became internally self-governed in 1956,
marking an important milestone in the country's political development.

347. B. a constituency
An electoral district is commonly referred to as a constituency, which is an area
represented by a single elected member or representative in a legislative body.

348. D. that the branches of government have equal powers and functions
The principle of separation of powers ensures that the branches of government (executive,
legislative, and judicial) have distinct and equal powers, preventing any one branch from
becoming too powerful.

349. D. Lord Lugard

The concept of indirect rule in Nigeria is usually associated with Lord Lugard, who
implemented this system during the colonial period, delegating authority to local chiefs
and rulers while maintaining British control.

350. C. has helped to eliminate obstacles to free movement of persons.

Nigeria's membership of ECOWAS has facilitated regional integration by removing
barriers to the movement of people and goods among member states

351. A. The Conference

The Conference is the highest, most powerful organ of the Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). It holds the authority to make decisions regarding oil
production and pricing policies among member countries.

352. C. Algeria and Morocco

Conflict between Algeria and Morocco threatened the existence of the Organization of
African Unity (OAU) in 1982–1983. The tension stemmed from disputes over the
Western Sahara region.

353. D. Commissions
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is operationally structured
in commissions to facilitate the effective achievement of its objectives. These commissions
oversee various areas such as economic integration, peace and security, and infrastructure
development.

354. C. international peace and security

The political achievement of the United Nations (UN) is primarily the promotion of
international peace and security through diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and
conflict resolution initiatives.

355. B. administrative structures

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 One of the problems of the Commonwealth of Nations is the lack of administrative
structures to enforce decisions made within the organization. While the Commonwealth
provides a forum for member states to discuss and cooperate on various issues, it lacks
robust administrative mechanisms.

356. D. Aare Ona Kakanfo

Territorial defense in the Yoruba pre-colonial system was the responsibility of the Aare
Ona Kakanfo, who served as the supreme military commander and protector of the Oyo
Empire.

357. C. Western section

In the precolonial Empire system, the Emir of Gwandu controlled the western section of
the empire. Gwandu was a prominent emirate in present-day Nigeria, with historical
significance in the Sokoto Caliphate.

358. D. 1963 Constitution

Nigeria became a Republic with the adoption of the 1963 Constitution, which replaced
the 1960 Independence Constitution. This change marked Nigeria's transition from a
constitutional monarchy to a republic, with a ceremonial president as the head of state.

359. B. checks and balances

An important element of the doctrine of Separation of Powers is checks and balances.
This principle ensures that each branch of government (executive, legislative, and judicial)
has some measure of influence over the other branches, thereby preventing any one
branch from becoming too powerful.

360. D. Nigeria
Nigeria significantly contributed to the formation of the Economic Community of West
African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). ECOMOG was established in 1990 to
intervene in conflicts and maintain peace and security within the West African region,
with Nigeria playing a leading role in its formation and operations.

361. B. presidentialism
The chief executive system is closely associated with presidentialism, where the head of
state is also the head of government, typically elected by the people for a fixed term.

362. A. Supreme Military Council

Under the military regime of Yakubu Gowon, the apex body was the Supreme Military
Council, which held significant power and influence over governance and decision-making.

363. C. 21 states
In 1987, Nigeria attained a federation of 21 states, marking a significant milestone in the
country's administrative and political structure.

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 364. B. manifesto
The popularity of a political party in a democracy often rests on its manifesto, which
outlines its policies, plans, and vision for governance, thereby influencing voter support.

365. D. consent of the people

One major feature of democracy is the consent of the people, where the legitimacy of
government and decisions is derived from the consent of the governed through free and
fair elections.

366. A. single executive

A system of local council that allows for rotational leadership is known as a single
executive, where one leader serves at a time, rotating among members of the council.

367. B. regional and ethnic undertone

The three major political parties of the First Republic in Nigeria can be said to have had
a regional and ethnic undertone, reflecting the diverse interests and identities within the
country.

368. D. propaganda
Propaganda is a strategy of foreign policy implementation, often used to influence public
opinion and perception of a country's actions or policies abroad.

369. B. rigid and written

A type of constitution that is difficult to amend is described as rigid and written, meaning
it has specific procedures and criteria for amendment and is usually codified in a single
document.

370. C. City-state
The term polis refers to a city-state, which was the basic political unit in ancient Greece,
consisting of a city and its surrounding territory, functioning as an independent political
entity.

371. C. nation
A culturally homogenous group is best referred to as a nation, as it typically shares a
common language, history, ethnicity, or other cultural characteristics.

372. A. Germany
Nazism was practiced in Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler during the 1930s
and 1940s.

373. B. National Executive Council

The highest organ of any political party is usually the National Executive Council, which
oversees the party's activities and decision-making processes.

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 374. A. Amina Mohammed
Amina Mohammed, a Nigerian citizen, was appointed as the Deputy Secretary-General
of the United Nations.

375. B. Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System

IPPIS stands for Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System, a technology-
based system introduced by the Nigerian government to manage payroll and personnel
information of its employees.

376. B. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is an example of a country that practices absolute monarchy, where the
monarch holds absolute power and authority over the state.

377. C. Monarchy
According to Aristotle, a system of government by one benevolent ruler is classified as a
monarchy, where a single individual rules with the best interest of the people in mind.

378. B. General Assembly

The General Assembly of the United Nations is considered the most democratic and
representative organ, as it provides a forum for all member states to express their views
and opinions on various global issues.

379. A. the civil servants do not take credit or blame for government policies
Anonymity as a principle of the Civil Service implies that civil servants do not take credit
or blame for government policies, as they serve the government of the day impartially.

380. D. 1963-1966 and 1979-1983

Nigeria's First Republic lasted from 1960 to 1963, while the Second Republic lasted from
1979 to 1983.

381. D. all of the above

Military strength, availability of natural resources, and technological know-how are all
elements contributing to a country's national power. Each of these aspects can influence a
nation's ability to assert itself and achieve its goals on the global stage.

382. A. John Locke

John Locke is credited with the view that the state exists to protect man's life, liberty,
and property. This concept was foundational to modern liberal political philosophy.

383. C. Patricia Olubunmi Etteh

Patricia Olubunmi Etteh was the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives in
Nigeria, serving from June to October 2007.

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 384. B. authority
The right to command others is known as authority. It is often vested in individuals or
institutions within a society and can be derived from various sources such as tradition,
law, or consent.

385. B. 1804
The Emirate political system came into existence in 1804, following the Fulani Jihad led
by Usman dan Fodio in present-day northern Nigeria.

386. A. Igbo
Among the options provided, the Igbo pre-colonial society was considered the most
democratic, characterized by decentralized governance, consensus decision-making, and a
lack of centralized authority.

387. C. Africans dominated the legislative council

One advantage of the Richard Constitution of 1946 was that Africans dominated the
Legislative Council, marking a shift towards increased African participation in colonial
governance in Nigeria.

388. A. functional conflict among the levels of government.

Functional conflict among the levels of government is a demerit of the federal system of
government. It can lead to inefficiencies, gridlock, and challenges in policy
implementation.

389. B. United States of America

The United States is often cited as an example of a two-party state due to the dominance
of the Democratic and Republican parties in its political landscape.

390. B. development orientation

Development orientation is not typically considered a component of political culture.
Political culture usually encompasses cognitive orientation (knowledge and understanding
of political systems), affective orientation (emotional attachment to political institutions),
and evaluative orientation (judgments about political systems and actors).

391. C. Sovereignty
Jean Bodin is popularly known for his work on sovereignty, particularly his treatise Six
Books of the Commonwealth, where he discusses the concept of sovereign power.

392. C. Israel
Israel is the only federal state among the options listed. The rest—Britain, Canada, and
Ghana—are unitary states.

393. D. 1967
The defunct Eastern region declared its independence from Nigeria with the name Biafra
in 1967, leading to the Nigerian Civil War.

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 394. B. Western Region parliamentary election crisis
The Western Region parliamentary election crisis of 1965 was the immediate cause of
the first military coup in Nigeria, which occurred in 1966.

395. B. 1979
The Federal Character Commission was established in 1979 in Nigeria to promote
national unity by ensuring equitable representation of Nigeria's diverse ethnic groups in
government.

396. D. protect the rights of individuals in a state

Human rights are enshrined in a constitution to protect the rights of individuals in a state
against potential abuse by the government or other entities.

397. D. for convenience

Delegated legislation becomes expedient because of the need for convenience, allowing
administrative bodies to address detailed issues within their specialized areas efficiently.

398. A. it is expected to make profit

A public corporation becomes a commercialized enterprise when it is expected to make a
profit, transitioning from its original focus on providing public services to operating in a
more market-oriented manner.

399. C. can lead to intimidation

The major reason against open balloting is that it can lead to intimidation, as voters may
feel pressured or threatened to vote a certain way when their choices are not private.

400. C. Ownership
The key difference between a public corporation and a private enterprise lies in
ownership. Public corporations are owned and controlled by the government or state,
while private enterprises are owned by individuals or private entities.

401. C. Igbo
The Igbo society was classified as acephalous, meaning it lacked centralized leadership or
authority.

402. B. exploitation and oppression.

Indirect rule, a colonial administrative technique, often led to exploitation and oppression
of local populations by allowing traditional leaders to collaborate with colonial powers.

403. C. political liberation of the nation

The main achievement of nationalists in Nigeria was achieving political liberation from
colonial rule, leading to independence.

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 404. C. the Second World War
The Second World War had a significant impact on promoting nationalism in Nigeria by
exposing Nigerians to the ideas of self-determination and contributing to the weakening of
colonial powers.

405. D. 1979
The presidential system of government was introduced in Nigeria with the Constitution of
1979.

The Constitution came into effect from First of October, 1979 with Alhaji Shehu Shagari
as the first Executive President of Nigeria.

406. A. UPP
The Action Group crisis of 1963 led to the formation of a new political party known as
the United Peoples Party (UPP).
The UPP was formed in the then Western Region by Chief S.L. Akintola with his
supporters when he was dismissed from the Action Group.

407. C. Supreme Court

Under the 1963 Republican Constitution of Nigeria, the power of judicial review was
vested in the Supreme Court.

408. D. feelings of people about particular issues and policies. Opinion polls are organized
to gauge public opinion on specific issues or policies by assessing people's feelings and
attitudes towards them.

409. B. absence of a centralized system of authority

In pre-colonial Igboland, autocratic rule was made difficult by the absence of a centralized
system of authority, leading to a more decentralized and egalitarian society.

410. C. Monarchical
The Yoruba traditional system of government was monarchical, characterized by the
presence of the highly revered Alàáfin, and having a Councils of Chiefs who reported to
the king.

Answers and Explanations

411. D. Waziri

* Reasoning: The chief advisor to the Sultan and the second most powerful figure in the
empire. The Waziri had considerable influence and acted as the PRIME MINISTER or
chief administrator.

412. C. divest government major control of commercial ventures

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 * Reasoning: Privatization and commercialization aim to transfer ownership and
operation of businesses from the public sector to the private sector.

413. D. Chief-in-Council

* Reasoning: After the reform, traditional rulers were assisted by a council of advisors,
hence "Chief-in-Council".

414. B. Gen Ibrahim Babangida

* Reasoning: Akwa-Ibom and Katsina States were created in 1987 during General
Ibrahim Babangida's regime.

415. C. Chief Justice of Nigeria

* Reasoning: The Nigerian Constitution vests the power to appoint election tribunal
members with the Chief Justice.

416. A. Zimbabwe

* Reasoning: Rhodesia gained independence in 1980 and became Zimbabwe.

417. D. insulating Nigeria against having to take side in the Cold War

* Reasoning: Non-alignment aimed to keep Nigeria neutral during the Cold War tensions
between the US and USSR.

418. Answer: Not enough information provided to determine a specific number.

* Reasoning: The number of non-aligned member states has fluctuated over time.

419. D. Rilwan Lukman

* Reasoning: Rilwanu Lukman was the Secretary-General of OPEC from 1995 to 2000.

420. B. Togo

* Reasoning: Nigeria along with Ghana, Togo, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (Burkina Faso),
and Niger played a pioneering role in establishing ECOWAS.

Answers to Questions 421—430

421. C. The League of Nations

* The League of Nations was formed after World War I to promote international
cooperation and prevent future wars. World War II marked its failure.
* The UNO (United Nations Organization) was founded after World War II.
* The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was established in the 1960s.
* ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is a regional organization
founded in the 1970s.

422. C. General Assembly

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 * The General Assembly is the main decision-making body of the UN and approves the
budget.

423. A. 4 years
* The term for OPEC's Board of Governors is typically two years.

424. A. Granting of amnesty

* The executive branch (e.g., president) can grant amnesty, which reduces or
eliminates punishment for a crime.

425. C. legislature
* A bill is a proposed law that needs approval from the legislature (e.g., congress).

426. A. capitalism
* Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of businesses and means of
production.

427. C. lords
* Feudalism involved serfs (peasants) working for lords (nobility) who controlled the
land.

428. B. Britain
* Britain's Constitution allows for amendments, making it adaptable over time. The UK
Parliament is regarded as 'supreme'.

429. D. absolute power

* The rule of law means everyone, including those in power, is subject to the law.

430. A. assimilation
* France aimed to assimilate colonized people into French culture and society.

Answers to Questions 431—440

431. Radical nationalism in Nigeria is generally attributed to the influence of B. Herbert

Marcaulay. He was a prominent nationalist leader who advocated for Nigerian
independence from British colonial rule.

432. Members of the Senate in Nigeria's First Republic were C. Nominated by regional
and federal governments. During this period, senators were not elected directly by the
people but were instead appointed by the regional and federal governments.

433. In Nigeria, the agency mainly responsible for the maintenance of internal peace and
security is the D. Police. The Nigeria Police Force is tasked with law enforcement and
maintaining internal security within the country.

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 434. An intra-party activity for the selection of candidates for elective positions known as
A. primary election. Primary elections are held within political parties to choose
candidates who will represent the party in general elections.

435. The primary aim of pressure groups is to B. Protect the interest of members.
Pressure groups advocate for specific interests and seek to influence government policies
without necessarily aiming to capture political power.

436. Mass media is used in gauging public opinion. So, the answer is C. Mass media.
Mass media channels such as newspapers, television, radio, and online platforms often
conduct polls, surveys, and report on public sentiment.

437. A permanent structure that facilitates continuity and guarantees orderly conduct in
governance is A. Bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to the system of government
administration characterized by hierarchical authority, standardized procedures, and
specialized departments.

438. In the Hausa pre-colonial political system, a district was headed by A. A hakimi.
The hakimi was the traditional ruler or chief appointed by the emir to oversee the affairs
of a district.

439. The practice of democracy in the pre-colonial Yoruba political system was ensured
by A. Checks and balances. The Yoruba political system had mechanisms in place to
prevent the abuse of power and ensure accountability among rulers.

440. A. The Supreme Military Council

The SMC was the body that ruled Nigeria after the 1983 Nigerian coup d'état. Its
chairman, Muhammadu Buhari, was the head of state. It lasted until 1985 when,
following another coup, Ibrahim Babangida replaced the body with a new Armed Forces
Ruling Council.

441. D. Afrocentrism
Afrocentrism has been the centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy since 1960, when
former Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa declared that Africa would be the
country's focus.

442. D. Excessive political interference

Political interference from various parties can influence the commission's decisions and
actions, hindering a fair and transparent electoral process.

443. B. Pan African Parliament, the Court of Justice and the Peace and Security Council
These are the core institutions of the African Union responsible for legislation, justice,
and security matters.

444. A. Neutral
The ECOMOG mandate was to impose a cease-fire (without siding anyone), help form an
interim government and hold elections within 12 months. Unfortunately, with NPFL

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 attacks continuing, there was no peace to keep, and ECOMOG was thrust into combat to
push the NPFL out of Monrovia.

445. C. Agenda for Peace

Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, more commonly known simply as
An Agenda for Peace, is a report written for the United Nations by Secretary-General
Boutros Boutros-Ghali in 1992

446. A. Muammar Ghaddafi

While other leaders played a role, Gaddafi was a strong advocate for a unified Africa and
pushed for the AU's creation.

447. B. Africa
Reforms aimed to increase Africa's representation in the UN Security Council.

448. D. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Venezuela

These five countries established OPEC in 1960.

449. A. Judiciary
The judiciary interprets and applies laws, resolving disputes.

450. B. The transmission of political values

Political socialization involves learning and adopting political beliefs and attitudes.

451. C. Delegation
Delegation refers to the act of giving authority and responsibility to a lower level person
or group within an organization. Concentration is the opposite, where power is centralized
in a few hands. Deconcentration involves spreading out decision-making authority but not
necessarily granting autonomy. Devolution refers to the transfer of power from a central
government to a regional or local government.

452. B. Citizenship by birth

Citizenship by birth is typically granted automatically to those born to citizens of a
country and is very difficult to revoke. Honorary citizenship, citizenship by naturalization,
and citizenship by conquest can all be withdrawn under certain circumstances.

453. C. Joseph Wayas

Joseph Wayas served as the President of the Senate during Nigeria's Second Republic (1
1979 – 1983). The other options listed were not presidents of the Senate during this
time period.

454. D. Educated elite

Early Nigerian nationalism was led by educated Nigerians who were exposed to Western
ideas of self-determination and independence. Trade unions, traditional rulers, and
political parties came later in the nationalist movement.

455. NCBWA

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 The National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) was the first notable nationalist
movement in West Africa, founded in 1917, and one of the first formal organizations
working toward African emancipation. The NCBWA was founded in 1920.

456. B. General Assembly

The UN General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative
organ of the UN. All member states are represented in the General Assembly.

457. A. Effective tools for decision enforcement

The African Union (AU) was established in 2002 as a successor to the Organization of
African Unity (OAU). The AU has a stronger focus on peace and security and has some
mechanisms for enforcing decisions, unlike the OAU.

458. A. EU
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) influences the global oil
market and has strong ties with the European Union, a major oil importer. The other
organizations listed (ADB, AU, IMF) do not have the same level of direct connection to
OPEC's core function.

459. D. Definite territory, population, sovereignty, and government.

A state is an entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and
the power of sovereignty (supreme authority). Police, army, and immigration are
important aspects of a state but not defining attributes.

460. D. Participation
Political participation refers to the various ways citizens engage in the political process,
such as voting, running for office, protesting, or joining a political party.

461. D. voluntary - Membership of a society is typically voluntary, meaning individuals

choose to join or not.

462. D. electorate - In a democratic political system, the political sovereign is usually the
electorate, meaning the citizens who have the right to vote.

463. D. succession is through heredity - One basic feature of a monarchical form of

government is that succession to the throne is typically through heredity, passing from
one generation to another within a ruling family.

464. B. makes for quick deliberation during emergencies - One main advantage of a
bicameral legislature is that it allows for quick deliberation during emergencies, as two
chambers can work simultaneously on different aspects of legislation.

465. B. Supreme Court - The court that has ultimate power to interpret the constitution
is typically the Supreme Court, which holds the highest judicial authority in a country.

466. A. with a relatively small area and a homogenous population - A unitary system of
government is more suitable to a country with a relatively small area and a homogenous
population, as it allows for centralized governance.

467. C. Morocco - An example of a country ruled by a constitutional monarch is Morocco,

where the monarch's powers are constrained by a constitution.

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 468. A. marxism - The development of a classless society is the goal of Marxism, which
advocates for the abolition of social classes and the establishment of a society based on
common ownership of the means of production.

469. B. easily amended - A flexible constitution is one which is easily amended, allowing
for changes to be made according to the evolving needs and circumstances of the society.

470. D. Judicial review - Judicial review is a feature of checks and balances, where the
judiciary has the power to review and invalidate laws or actions of the executive and
legislative branches that are deemed unconstitutional.

471. Laws made by military governments at the state level are called B. decrees. Decrees
are orders or laws issued by a ruler or other authority without the consent of the
legislature.

472. Citizenship is acquired by an alien through A. naturalization. Naturalization is the

process by which a foreign citizen or national becomes a citizen of another country.

473. The officer responsible for announcing the result of an election is known as D.
returning officer. The returning officer is responsible for overseeing the counting of votes
and declaring the results of an election.

474. C. acquire and exercise power.

Political parties seek to gain control of government in order to implement their policies
and agendas.

475. C. influence legislation for the benefit of their members.

Pressure groups aim to influence government policies and decisions on behalf of their
members or particular causes.

479. In the Old Oyo Empire, the Ajele B. ensure good governance of the districts. The
Ajele was a provincial administrator appointed by the Alaafin of Oyo to govern and
administer districts within the empire.

480. The General Strike of 1945 was caused primarily by the C. government's rejection
of a demand for an increase of 50 percent in the cost of living allowance. The strike was a
protest by Nigerian workers against poor working conditions, low wages, and government
policies.

481. Before 1945, the component units of Nigeria were C. provinces. Nigeria was divided
into provinces before the creation of regions in 1945.

482. National agitation began in Nigeria with the D. annexation of Lagos in 1861. The
annexation of Lagos by the British sparked resistance and nationalist movements among
Nigerians.

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 483. The Nigerian Independence Constitution was modified by the B. 1963 Constitution.
The 1963 Constitution replaced the Nigerian Independence Constitution, establishing
Nigeria as a republic within the Commonwealth.

484. The President of Nigeria was indirectly elected through secret ballot for a period of
five years by the senate in B. 1983. This was under the Second Republic, which lasted
from 1979 to 1983.

485. The granting of asylum to Charles Taylor by Nigeria was to C. promote peace in
Liberia. Nigeria offered asylum to Charles Taylor, the former president of Liberia, as part
of efforts to end the Liberian Civil War and promote stability in the region.

476. Which of the following is not a dimension of public opinion? B. Polling. Polling is a
method used to measure public opinion, whereas the other options (substance, orientation,
intensity) refer to different aspects or characteristics of public opinion itself.

477. The body that is responsible for the appointment, discipline, promotion and dismissal
of civil servants is the D. Civil Service Commission. The Civil Service Commission
oversees the recruitment, management, and regulation of civil servants within the
government.

478. In the pre-colonial Hausa political system, the Madawaki performed the-function of
C. Minister of Defence. The Madawaki was a high-ranking official responsible for defense
and security matters in the Hausa political system.

479. In the Old Oyo Empire, the Ajele B. ensure good governance of the districts. The
Ajele was a provincial administrator appointed by the Alaafin of Oyo to govern and
administer districts within the empire.

480. The General Strike of 1945 was caused primarily by the C. government's rejection
of a demand for an increase of 50 percent in the cost of living allowance. The strike was a
protest by Nigerian workers against poor working conditions, low wages, and government
policies.

481. Before 1945, the component units of Nigeria were C. provinces. Nigeria was divided
into provinces before the creation of regions in 1945.

482. National agitation began in Nigeria with the C. introduction of indirect rule.
Introduction of Indirect Rule in 1906 sparked resistance and nationalist movements
among Nigerians.

483. The Nigerian Independence Constitution was modified by the B. 1963 Constitution.
The 1963 Constitution replaced the Nigerian Independence Constitution, establishing
Nigeria as a republic within the Commonwealth.

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 484. The President of Nigeria was indirectly elected through secret ballot for a period of
five years by the senate in B. 1983. This was under the Second Republic, which lasted
from 1979 to 1983.

485. The granting of asylum to Charles Taylor by Nigeria was to C. promote peace in
Liberia. Nigeria offered asylum to Charles Taylor, the former president of Liberia, as part
of efforts to end the Liberian Civil War and promote stability in the region.

486. C. assisted the liberation struggle in Southern Africa

Nigeria supported the liberation movements in Southern Africa, which contributed to its
reputation as a frontline state.

487. C. political
Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth in 1995 was due to political reasons,
particularly issues surrounding human rights abuses and the execution of activist Ken
Saro-Wiwa.

488. D. high commissioners

Commonwealth nations are represented in other member nations by high commissioners.

489. A. League of Nations

The United Nations (UN) succeeded the League of Nations as an international
organization aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

490. C. five
There are five permanent members of the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia,
the United Kingdom, and the United States.

491. D. four years

The Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) holds office for a
renewable period of four years.
The OAU was the precursor to the African Union (AU), and the position of Secretary
General was one of the highest-ranking positions within the organization

492. A. Commonwealth
Former colonies of Britain belong to the association known as the Commonwealth.

493. D. State House of Assembly

The tenure of an elected chairman of a local government is determined by the State
House of Assembly.

494. D. Third-tier of government

The 1976 Reforms made the local government the third-tier of government in Nigeria.

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 495. B. age
Decision making in the traditional Igbo political system was conferred based on age.

496. A. Economic dependence

A major consequence of colonialism on Nigeria is economic dependence, as colonial
powers exploited resources and established economic structures that persisted after
independence.

497. A. Judicial review

The judiciary contributes to the development of constitutions through judicial review,
which involves interpreting laws and ensuring their compliance with the constitution.

498. D. OEC
Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) majorly because of her economic interest.

499. C. military government

Abolition of civil liberty is an attribute of military government, where civil liberties are
often restricted or suspended.
500. D. Passage of appropriation bill
The upper house of the legislature is responsible for the passage of appropriation bills,
which allocate funds for government spending.

501. A. NRC and SDP

The National Republican Convention (NRC) and Social Democratic Party (SDP) were
the major political parties that contested the 1993 Presidential Election in Nigeria.

502. A. Liberia
Nigeria played a significant role in ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African
States) in dispute resolution, particularly during the Liberian Civil War.

503. C. peaceful assembly

The right to peaceful assembly is an example of a civil right of a citizen, allowing them to
gather and express their opinions without interference.

504. A. Restraining order

In judicial parlance, a writ often refers to a legal document issued by a court, such as a
restraining order, commanding or prohibiting a specific action.

505. C. approval of their annual budgets

Public corporations are controlled by the legislature through the approval of their annual
budgets, which determines their financial activities and limits.

506. C. protect her domestic environment

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 One of the reasons for the adoption of Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy
is to protect her domestic environment and ensure stability in the region.

507. C. Clifford Constitution

The elective principle was introduced in Nigeria in 1922 with the Clifford Constitution.
The constitution expanded the Legislative Council to 46 members, 10 of whom were
elected. The constitution also paved the way for the formation of political parties.

508. D. Educational pressure groups

The type of pressure group that champions the interest and rights of the underprivileged
is known as educational pressure groups, advocating for educational opportunities and
rights.

509. D. Introduction of presidential system.

A major innovation of the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria was the introduction of the
presidential system of government, which established a separation of powers between the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

510. C. Council of Ministers

The organ of the African Union (AU) that prepares for the meeting of the Assembly of
Heads of State and Government is the Council of Ministers, which consists of ministers
from member states.

511. C. the state defines the rights of individuals

One of the features of a fascist government is that the state defines the rights of
individuals, often suppressing dissent and imposing strict control over society.

512. C. Civil Service Commission

Promotion and discipline of civil servants is the responsibility of the Civil Service
Commission, which oversees the recruitment, training, and management of civil servants.

513. D. Absolute power

Under the unitary arrangement, the center is vested with absolute power, with limited or
no power devolved to the constituent units.

514. B. Commonwealth.
Nigeria benefits from the Commonwealth's technical cooperation activities and contributes
to its funds, including the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC).

515. C. military government

Abolition of civil liberty is an attribute of military government, where civil rights and
liberties are often suspended or restricted under authoritarian rule.

516. B. Directorate of Mass Mobilization for Social and Economic Reconstruction.

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 One of the agencies introduced by the military to promote national interest was the
Directorate of Mass Mobilization for Social and Economic Reconstruction, aimed at
mobilizing resources and efforts for development projects.
It was launched in 1987 by President Babangida.

517. D. Fix and allocate production to member nations.

One of the main objectives of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries) is to fix and allocate production quotas to member nations, aiming to stabilize
oil prices and income.

518. D. Nigeria wanted to forcefully extradite Alhaji Umar Dikko from Britain.
Nigeria's foreign relations with Britain were strained during the Buhari Regime because
Nigeria attempted to forcefully extradite Alhaji Umar Dikko, a former Nigerian
government official accused of embezzlement, from Britain.

519. D. The post of Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff was created

The Babangida Regime differed from the Buhari Regime because in the former, the post
of Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff was created, restructuring the military hierarchy.

520. B. there is a separate election for the executive and the legislature.
A feature of the presidential system is that there is a separate election for the executive
(president) and the legislature (members of parliament or congress), ensuring a distinct
mandate for each branch of government.

521. D. President.
The Chairman of the Federal Character Commission is appointed by the President of
Nigeria.

522. D. Aristocracy.
Aristocracy is a form of government where power is held by the "best-qualified"
individuals, often the elite or nobility.

523. A. Expansion of market

One of the major shortcomings of ECOWAS is the slow progress in expanding the
regional market due to various barriers and challenges.

524. D. NCNC.
The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) formed a coalition with the
Northern People's Congress (NPC) in the First Republic of Nigeria.

525. A. Charismatic authority.

Personal authority is often associated with charisma, hence it is synonymous with
charismatic authority.

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 526. C. Indirect rule.
The administrative system used by the British in their colonies, particularly in Nigeria,
was indirect rule.

527. D. Simple majority system.

In a simple majority system, the candidate with the highest number of votes in a
constituency wins the election.

528. D. Deputy Director.

Deputy directors typically belong to the administrative cadre in the civil service.

529. D. Best citizens rule.

Aristocracy is a form of government where the best or most qualified citizens rule.

530. A. Alaafin.
The head of the Old Oyo Empire was known as the Alaafin.

531. C. Israel
The Babangida Regime re-established diplomatic ties with Israel.

532. C. personality clashes among its leaders.

The Action Group Crisis of 1962 was triggered by a personality dispute between the
leader of the party, Chief Obafemi Awolowo and his deputy, Chief S. L. Akintola who was
also the premier of the Western region.

533. D. Presidential
Fixed tenure of office is commonly associated with presidential systems of government.

534. C. Aboyade Commission.

The commission introduced some general principles to arrive at a more equitable
allocation formula. These principles included: Independent Revenue, Derivation, Need,
and National Interest.

535. D. Public opinion.

Elections can be used to measure the effectiveness of public opinion.

536. A. Ownership of land is vested in the community

Communalism typically involves the ownership of land being vested in the community
rather than individuals.

537. C. Sarkin Ruwa

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 In the Hausa pre-colonial system, the officer in charge of fishing activities was the Sarkin
Ruwa.

538. C. UN
The Social and Cultural Affairs Commission is affiliated with UNESCO, or the United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, which is an arm of the UN.

539. A. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs assists the president in the formulation of foreign
policies.

540. A. Absolute monarchy

Rule by divine right is a basis of absolute monarchy, where the monarch's authority is
believed to be derived from divine sanction.

541. A. Hierarchy.
The civil service typically operates within a hierarchical structure, with levels of authority
and responsibility.

542. C. naturalization.
Citizenship for an alien is typically acquired through the process of naturalization, where
the individual fulfills certain requirements set by the host country's laws.

543. A. prevent excesses of the executive.

The upper house in most federal systems is created to prevent excesses of the executive.
Bicameralism makes it difficult for the executive to dominate the two chambers.

544. B. entertaining complaints against public servants.

The Public Complaints Commission is tasked with receiving and addressing complaints
against public servants and government agencies.

545. B. educated elites.

The earliest nationalist activities in Nigeria were primarily driven by educated elites who
sought political independence from colonial rule

546. D. Economic and Social Council.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations promotes voluntary
cooperation among member states in various areas such as economic development, social
progress, and human rights.

547. C. returning officer.

The returning officer is responsible for announcing the results of an election after the
votes have been counted and verified.

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 548. D. The Madaki.
Under the emirate system, the commander of the army is typically known as the Madaki
or Madawaki.

549. B. Judicial review.

Judicial review is a key feature of checks and balances, allowing the judiciary to review
the constitutionality of laws and actions taken by the executive and legislative branches of
government.

550. D. 1999 constitution.

Cross-carpeting, the act of switching political parties by elected officials, was first
outlawed in Nigeria under the 1999 constitution to prevent political instability and
opportunistic party switching.

551. c. Ogboni.
In the Yoruba empire, the performance of ritual rites was the responsibility of the
Ogboni, which was a secret society responsible for maintaining social order and
conducting religious ceremonies.

552. a. Marxism.
Marxism aims for the development of a classless society through the abolition of private
property and the establishment of collective ownership of the means of production.

553. b. of the existence of an organised structure in the area.

The indirect rule system was more successful in Northern Nigeria because of the pre-
existing organized structures, such as traditional emirates, which facilitated cooperation
with colonial administrators.

554. b. implementing laws.

As an executive, the commissioner is responsible for implementing laws and policies
within a specific department or area of government.

555. d. Britain.
Britain operates a cabinet system of government, where the Prime Minister and cabinet
members are responsible for making key policy decisions.

556. c. created states.

The Gowon administration created states in Nigeria as part of its efforts to reduce
regional structural imbalance in the federation, promoting decentralization and local
governance.

557. b. Permanent Secretary.

The administrative head of a public corporation is typically referred to as the Permanent
Secretary, responsible for overseeing its day-to-day operations.

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 558. d. Population.
Population is an attribute of the state, representing the people governed within a defined
territory by a government authority.

559. b. independence.
The utmost goal of nationalism in Africa was independence from colonial rule and self-
determination.

560. a. Africa.
The centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy primarily covers Africa, emphasizing the
importance of fostering strong relations and cooperation with other African nations.

561. b. High Commissioner.

A representative of a Commonwealth country in another member state is known as a
High Commissioner.

562. b. Aboyade committee.

The review of Nigerian foreign policy under the Murtala-Obasanjo regime was conducted
by the Aboyade committee.

563. d. potential role in Africa.

Nigeria placed Africa at the center of its foreign policy due to its potential role in shaping
the continent's future and its desire to be a leader among African nations.

564. a. judiciary.
Rule adjudication, or interpreting and applying laws to settle disputes, is a primary
function of the judiciary branch of government.

565. d. right to vote

Franchise in an electoral process refers to the right to vote, allowing citizens to
participate in choosing their representatives.

566. c. socialization.
The process through which citizens acquire political values, beliefs, and behaviors is
socialization, influenced by family, education, media, and other social institutions.

567. d. influence legislation for the benefit of their members.

The main objective of pressure groups is to influence legislation and government policy to
promote the interests of their members or the causes they represent.

568. d. 1976 local government reform.

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 The three-tier system of Nigerian Federalism was formalized by the 1976 local
government reform, which established federal, state, and local government levels.

569. c. easily amended.

A flexible constitution is one that can be easily amended or changed to adapt to evolving
circumstances or societal needs.

570. d. General Assembly.

The main representative body of the United Nations is the General Assembly, where all
member states have equal representation and can discuss and vote on a wide range of
issues.

571. d. government control.

One feature of public corporations weakened by privatization is government control, as
privatization involves transferring ownership and control from the government to private
entities.

572. c. supervise and manage the personnel of local governments.

One of the main duties of the Local Government Service Commission is to supervise and
manage the personnel of local governments, ensuring efficient and effective
administration.

573. a. aristocracy.
According to Aristotle, a form of government in which the few rule for the benefit of all is
called aristocracy, where a small elite governs in the interest of the entire society.

574. B. imbalance in the structure and sizes of units of federation.

One of the major problems of Nigerian federalism is the imbalance in the structure and
sizes of units of federation, leading to issues of power distribution and resource allocation.

575. d. Togo
Togo pioneered the establishment of ECOWAS alongside Nigeria, contributing to the
formation of the Economic Community of West African States.

576. a. Eastern Region.

The NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) and NPC (Northern
People's Congress) facilitated the creation of the Eastern Region during Nigeria's pre-
independence period.

577. a. Wastage of resources.

A problem of public corporations in Nigeria is the wastage of resources, often due to
inefficiency, mismanagement, or corruption within these entities.

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 578. d. partnership with Asian countries.
Nigeria's non-alignment policy in the sixties lacked real substance because of her
partnership with Asian countries, which blurred the lines of neutrality in global affairs.

579. a. charismatic.
The type of authority that is based on personal qualities is charismatic authority, where
individuals exert influence and control over others due to their charisma or personal
qualities.

580. d. judicial review.

The judiciary controls the executive in federal systems through judicial review, where
courts assess the constitutionality of executive actions and decisions

581. b. 1993 elections.

The 1993 elections in Nigeria were judged as the most free and fair election in the
country's history, although they were annulled by the military government.

582. C. edicts.
Laws made by military governors are called edicts, reflecting the unilateral nature of their
enactment without the usual legislative process.

583. d. economic under-development.

The pro-west orientation of Nigeria's foreign policy was mainly because of her economic
under-development, as Nigeria sought partnerships and aid from Western countries to
develop its economy.

584. a. whose government decisions are made independent of foreign interference.

A sovereign state is one whose government decisions are made independent of foreign
interference, allowing it to exercise authority and control within its own territory.

585. b. Head of government and a lawmaker.

In Nigeria's First Republic, the prime minister was both the head of government and a
lawmaker, responsible for leading the government and representing the legislative branch.

586. b. effective mechanisms for enforcing its decisions.

The AU (African Union) differs from the OAU (Organization of African Unity) in having
effective mechanisms for enforcing its decisions, enhancing its ability to address conflicts
and implement policies.

587. a. Joseph Wayas.

Under Nigeria's Second Republic, the Senate was under the leadership of Joseph Wayas,
who served as the Senate President.

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 588. b. acquire and exercise power.
The ultimate aim of political parties is to acquire and exercise power, either through
winning elections or influencing policy-making processes.

589. a. gerontocracy.
Rule by the old people is known as gerontocracy, where political power is concentrated in
the hands of the elderly or senior citizens.

590. c. Right to life.

The foremost right of a citizen is the right to life, which encompasses protection from
arbitrary deprivation of life and access to healthcare and other necessities for sustaining
life.

591. b. The best citizen is in control of government.

Aristocracy refers to a system where the best citizens, typically the most virtuous or
talented, rule.

592. a. Cultural integration.

Foreign policy implementation can involve strategies like cultural integration to foster
understanding and cooperation between nations.

593. a. Babangida Regime.

The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) was introduced in Nigeria under the
Babangida Regime in the 1980s.

594. d. commissions.
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is operationally structured
with commissions to facilitate the effective achievement of its objectives.

595. a. Federal Government

Shortage of trained personnel is often cited as a major problem of the Federal
Government due to its broad responsibilities and complex tasks.

596. c. sovereignty.
The right of a state to govern itself without external interference is known as sovereignty.

597. b. manifesto.
The popularity of a political party in a democracy often rests on its manifesto, which
outlines its policies and promises to voters.

598. d. collegiate executive.

A system of local council that allows for rotational leadership is known as a collegiate
executive, where leadership is shared among members over time.

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 599. b. rigid and written.
A type of constitution that is difficult to amend is described as rigid and written, meaning
its provisions are explicitly laid out and not easily changed.

600. c. international peace and security.

One of the political achievements of the UN is the promotion of international peace and
security through its various peacekeeping and conflict resolution efforts

601. (d) Clifford Constitution.

The elective principle in Nigeria was first introduced by the Clifford Constitution of 1922,
which provided for an elective element in the Eastern and Western regions.

602. (b) regional and ethnic undertone.

The three major political parties of the First Republic in Nigeria had a strong regional
and ethnic undertone, representing the interests of different regions and ethnic groups
rather than having a national outlook.

603. (a) impartiality.

The development of the Civil Service relies heavily on impartiality to ensure fairness and
efficiency in its operations, thereby maintaining public trust and confidence.

604. (b) presidentialism

The chief executive system, characterized by a separation of powers between the head of
state and the legislature, is associated with presidentialism, where the president serves as
both the head of state and head of government.

605. (d) government subvention.

Public Corporations in Nigeria are mainly funded through government subvention, which
refers to financial assistance provided by the government to support their operations and
activities.

606. (c) Nigerian Railway Corporation.

The Nigerian Railway Corporation is the oldest Public Corporation in Nigeria, established
in 1898 during the British colonial era to oversee railway operations in the country.

607. (d) entertaining complaints on abuse of public office.

The Ombudsman aims at entertaining complaints on abuse of public office and ensuring
accountability and transparency in government institutions.

608. (a) Supreme Military Council

Under the military regime of Yakubu Gowon, the apex body was the Supreme Military
Council, which was responsible for making major decisions regarding the governance of
Nigeria.

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 609. (d) capacity to enforce decisions.
One of the problems of the Commonwealth of Nations is the lack of capacity to enforce
decisions, as it is a voluntary association of countries with no supranational authority.

610. (c) addressing grievances of individuals and groups.

A major objective of the Public Complaints Commission is to address grievances of
individuals and groups against administrative injustices and maladministration in the
public sector.

611. (b) its leadership.

The activities of pressure groups that influence governmental decisions can be hampered
by ineffective or corrupt leadership within the group.

612. (d) Consent of the people.

A major feature of democracy is the consent of the people, as it is based on the principle
of popular sovereignty where the authority of the government is derived from the will of
the people.

613. (b) nationalism.

The struggle for self-government from foreign rule is known as nationalism, where
individuals or groups seek to assert their identity and sovereignty against colonial or
foreign powers.

614. (d) Aare Ona Kakanfo

Territorial defense in the Yoruba precolonial system was the responsibility of the
Oyomesi, who were the council of chiefs representing different territorial units within the
Yoruba kingdom.

615. (a) referendum.

An effective means of measuring public opinion is through a referendum, where citizens
directly vote on a particular issue or proposed legislation.

616. (c) qualified citizens to vote.

Universal Adult Suffrage permits all qualified citizens to vote, regardless of gender, race,
or other discriminatory factors.

617. (b) society

A social group consisting of two or more people who interact and identify with one
another is called a society, which encompasses various social relationships and
institutions.

618. (D) 1963 Constitution

In October 1963, Nigeria became a republic, declaring itself as the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. The last Governor General, Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first President of the
country. In the same year a fourth region (the mid west) was established

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 619. (c) Discipline of erring civil servants.
One of the functions of the civil service commission is the discipline of erring civil
servants, ensuring adherence to rules and regulations within the civil service.

620. (b) Confederal system.

The concentration of power on the units is a merit of a confederal system, where power is
concentrated on a central authority.

621. a. supreme
Fascism emphasizes the supreme authority of a single leader, often with authoritarian
control over the state.

622. b. transfer of responsibilities to agencies

Delegated legislation involves transferring the power to make laws from the legislative
body to other organizations or agencies.

623. d. Nigeria
Nigeria played a significant role in the formation and operation of the Economic
Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), which was established
to address conflicts in West Africa.

624. b. Checks and Balances

Checks and balances ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful by
allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others.

625. d. Foreign policy

A country's foreign policy outlines its strategies and objectives in dealing with other
nations and international affairs.

626. c. confederal
Nigeria operated under a unitary system at independence in 1960, transitioning to a
federal system shortly afterward. A confederal system was not part of its governance
structure during this period.

627. d. Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)

The Nigerian National Democratic Party was the first political party in Nigeria,
established in 1923 during British colonial rule.

628. d. maintain law and order

Ensuring law and order is a fundamental function of government, providing stability and
security within a society.

629. c. a good constitution and good operators

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 A good constitution provides the framework for governance, but it also requires
competent and ethical individuals to implement it effectively.

630. a. the majority and the right of the minority

Democracy emphasizes majority rule while protecting the rights and interests of
minorities.

632. d. Power from the electorate

Political authority derives from the consent and support of the electorate through
democratic processes such as elections.

633. b. Executive
The executive branch of government initiates bills and recommends them to the
legislature for consideration.

634. b. age
Some democracies restrict political participation based on age, such as setting minimum
voting ages.

635. c. denial of the right to vote in an election

Disenfranchisement involves depriving individuals of their right to vote, often as a form
of punishment or discrimination.

636. b. in the case of a convicted person

The right to life may be limited in cases where individuals are convicted of certain crimes
and sentenced to capital punishment.

637. a. Tourism
Tourism is not typically considered an agent of political socialization, which includes
factors like family, education, media, and peer groups.

638. a. the people

Political sovereignty ultimately resides with the people, who have the right to govern
themselves and determine their own political destiny.

639 b. naturalization
Naturalization is the process by which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of another
country after meeting certain criteria, such as residency requirements.

640. c. President
In parliamentary republics, the President typically serves as the ceremonial head of state,
while the Prime Minister holds executive power.

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 641. a. a general election
Representative governments are established through general elections where citizens vote
for representatives to serve in legislative bodies.

642. a. relieving the parliament of its workload

Delegated legislation helps to relieve the workload of the parliament by allowing other
bodies or agencies to create detailed rules and regulations within the framework set by
the parliament.

643. d. existing administration favoured the system

The existing administrative structures in the Hausa-Fulani society were compatible with
indirect rule, making it easier for the system to succeed there.

644. b. French to replace their policy of Assimilation

The French adopted the policy of Association to replace their previous policy of
Assimilation in their colonial territories.

645. c. de-colonisation
Nationalist movem_ents across Africa played a crucial role in advocating for independence
from colonial rule, leading to the eventual decolonization of many African countries.

646. d. introduced the elective principle

The Richards Constitution introduced the elective principle by allowing for the election of
some members of the legislative council, marking a step towards representative
government in Nigeria.

647. c. a division of functions between the centre and the regions

The 1954 Constitution decentralized powers between the central government and
regional governments, establishing Nigeria as a federal state.

648. c. 1954 constitutional conference

The decision to make Lagos a neutral territory was made during the 1954 constitutional
conference, as part of efforts to address political tensions in Nigeria.

649. d. Alhaji Shehu Shagari

Shehu Shagari was the first executive president in Nigeria, combining the office of the
head of state and head of government.

650. a. monarchy
In a monarchy, political power is typically inherited within a ruling family, passing from
one generation to the next.

651. Democracy can be promoted through c. accountability

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 Accountability ensures that those in power are held responsible for their actions and
decisions, fostering transparency and trust within democratic systems.

652. The ability to command obedience is called a. authority

Authority refers to the legitimate power or right to give orders, make decisions, and
enforce obedience, often derived from a position of leadership or expertise.

653. Legitimacy is determined mainly by c. acceptance

Legitimacy is the belief or perception that a government or ruling entity has the right to
exercise authority. Acceptance by the populace is a key factor in determining legitimacy.

654. A.V. Dicey popularized the principle of a. rule of law

A.V. Dicey was a British jurist who contributed significantly to the understanding and
promotion of the rule of law, emphasizing its importance in ensuring equality before the
law and limiting arbitrary power.

655. Which of the following is the lowest in the hierarchy of feudal system? b. Serfs
Serfs were the lowest social class in the feudal system, bound to the land and obligated to
work for the lord in exchange for protection and the right to cultivate land.

656. In which of the following political systems is rule of law most enhanced? a. Cabinet
system
The rule of law is most enhanced in political systems where there are strong legal
frameworks and institutions that respect and uphold the law.

657. The concept of collective responsibility is synonymous with d. parliamentary system

of government
In a parliamentary system, the concept of collective responsibility means that the entire
cabinet, including the prime minister, is collectively responsible for government policies
and actions.

658. A constitution is the c. supreme document of the government

A constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, establishing the framework for
government institutions, delineating their powers, and protecting the rights of citizens.

659. Which of the following cannot be found in a constitution? b. Manifestoes of political

parties
A constitution typically outlines the structure of government, fundamental rights of
citizens, and the distribution of powers, but it does not contain the manifestoes or agendas
of political parties.

660. A rigid constitution is a feature of c. federal system

A rigid constitution is one that is difficult to amend and provides a framework for federal
systems where powers are divided between central and regional governments.

661. In 1973, following an OAU resolution, Nigeria broke diplomatic relations with a.
South Africa
Nigeria broke diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1973 in response to apartheid
policies, following a resolution by the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

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 662. Nigeria's foreign policy of non-alignment was a reaction to b. East-West ideological
competition
Nigeria's policy of non-alignment was a response to the ideological rivalry between the
Western and Eastern blocs during the Cold War, aiming to maintain independence and
pursue national interests.

663. Which of the following countries had a strained relationship with Nigeria over the
Angolan crisis of 1975? c. The United States of America
Following the Portuguese coup and the U.S. decision to back anti-MPLA forces in Angola
in 1975, relations between Nigeria and the U.S. reached a low point.

664. The major liberation organization which fought for Namibia's independence was a.
SWAPO
SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organization) played a significant role in the
struggle for Namibia's independence from South African control.

665. The principle of separation of powers ensures d. that all the branches of government
have equal powers and functions
The principle of separation of powers divides governmental responsibilities among
legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent concentration of power and ensure
a system of checks and balances.

666. Which of the following traditional political systems was segmentary? c. Igbo
The Igbo political system in Nigeria was characterized by segmentary lineage systems,
where authority was decentralized and exercised within kinship groups.

667. Democracy means a system of government in which d. the people rule

Democracy is a form of government where the ultimate authority and power reside with
the citizens, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.

668. Persons legally qualified to vote for parliamentary candidates form c. the electorate
The electorate consists of individuals who are legally eligible to vote in elections for
parliamentary candidates.

669. The primary function of the National Assembly is to b. make laws for the country
The National Assembly, as the legislative arm of government in Nigeria, is primarily
responsible for making laws for the country.

670. In general, constitutions are designed to provide c. general arrangements, rules, and
national objectives within which political activities are conducted
Constitutions establish the framework for government operations, outline fundamental
rights, and provide guidelines for the conduct of political activities within a country.

671. A constituency is the same as C. an electoral district

A constituency refers to a geographic area represented by an elected official or a group of
officials, typically within a legislative body. It is often used in electoral systems to divide
regions for voting purposes.

672. The best form of government for a heterogeneous society is a B. federal system

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 A federal system is considered the best form of government for a heterogeneous society
because it allows for decentralization of power, giving more autonomy to individual
regions or states within the country.

673. A problem of Nigerian federalism that was resolved by the Supreme Court between
the federal government and the littoral states centred on resource C. derivation
The issue of resource derivation involves the sharing of revenue generated from natural
resources between the federal government and the states, particularly those with
resource-rich coastal areas.

674. In 1991, the African Economic Community Treaty was signed in B. Abuja
The African Economic Community Treaty, aimed at promoting economic integration
across Africa, was signed in Abuja, Nigeria's capital city.

675. Nigeria's quest for a leadership role in Africa hinges principally on her B. economic
strength
Nigeria's economic strength, as one of the largest economies in Africa, plays a significant
role in its aspiration for leadership on the continent.

676. The Nigerian council was created by C. Frederick Lugard

The Nigerian Council was created by Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator
who played a key role in the amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria in 1914.

677. The premier of Western Region Immediately after independence was B. Chief
Ladoke Akintola
Chief Ladoke Akintola served as the premier of the Western Region of Nigeria from
independence in October 1960 till his assassination in 1966.

678. In a democracy, franchise is given to all A. adult citizens

In a democracy, the franchise, or the right to vote, is typically extended to all adult
citizens of voting age, regardless of other factors such as party membership or residency
status.

679. The creation of more states in Nigeria has D. increased the powers of the states and
local governments
The creation of more states in Nigeria has decentralized power to some extent,
empowering states and local governments with more autonomy in governance and
decision-making.

680. In 1978, the Obasanjo administration nationalized the assets of the British
Petroleum and the Barclays Bank in Nigeria in reaction to the British B. continued trade
links with South Africa
The nationalization was a response to British companies' trade links with apartheid-era
South Africa, aligning with Nigeria's anti-apartheid stance.

681. In the Oyo empire, the Alaafin was A. an absolute monarch

The Alaafin of Oyo was the absolute monarch and ruler of the Oyo Empire, wielding
significant political and religious authority.

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 682. The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari regime was the B.
Supreme Military Council
The council was located at Dodan Barracks in Lagos as the Supreme Military
Headquartered. The council's chairman, Muhammadu Buhari, was the head of state.

683. A system of government in which the central government is supreme over other
levels is D. unitary
In a unitary system, the central government holds supreme authority, with subnational
entities such as states or provinces deriving their powers from the central government.

684. When a state is subject to no other authority it is D. sovereign

Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself without interference
from external sources, representing the highest level of political independence.

685. Ombudsman as an institution in Nigeria is known as the A. Public Complaint

Commission
The Public Complaint Commission in Nigeria serves a role similar to that of an
ombudsman, handling complaints from citizens regarding administrative injustice and
maladministration.

686. The author of the famous book Renascent Africa which inspired African
Nationalism is D. Nnamdi Azikiwe
Nnamdi Azikiwe, Nigeria's only black Governor-General and also her first president of
Nigeria, authored the book "Renascent Africa," which contributed to the intellectual
foundation of African nationalism.

687. Nigeria is a member of B. OAU, the UNO, and ECOWAS

Nigeria is a member of several international organizations, including the Organization of
African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU), the United Nations
Organization (UNO), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Option D. The Commonwealth of Nations,
OPEC and the OAU, is also correct.

688. A by-law is made by D. the local government

By-laws are regulations or laws enacted by local governments or authorities to govern
activities within their jurisdiction, supplementing national or state laws.

689. Traditional rulers in Nigeria exercised the greatest political powers under C. the first
republic
During the first republic in Nigeria, traditional rulers held significant influence and
authority, especially in regions where traditional institutions were deeply entrenched.

690. Political power is naked force when it is exercised without C. governmental

legitimacy
When political power lacks legitimacy, it relies solely on coercion or force to maintain
control, making it "naked force." Legitimacy provides a moral and legal basis for the
exercise of power, distinguishing it from mere coercion.

691. A society that is politically organized under a government is called D. polity

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 A polity refers to a politically organized society or community that is governed by a
system of government, typically characterized by formal institutions and structures.

692. An agency of the United Nations which specializes in the welfare of children is the
C. UNICEF
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental assistance to children
worldwide.

693. Which of the following was an ad hoc revenue allocation commission? D. Phillipson
commission
The Phillipson Commission was established in 1946 to determine a revenue-sharing
formula. The commission's recommendations were used for four years, from 1948 to
1952.

694. The OAU was founded to C. promote the unity and solidarity of African States
The Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU), was
founded to promote unity, solidarity, and cooperation among African states, particularly
in the fight against colonialism and apartheid.

695. Which of the following states were created in 1996? B. Gombe and Zamfara
Gombe and Zamfara states were created in Nigeria in 1996 as part of efforts to
decentralize governance and enhance local administration.

696. The ancient Greeks practised A. direct democracy - Ancient Greece is renowned for
its practice of direct democracy, where citizens directly participated in decision-making
processes, particularly in the Athenian city-state.

697. The major function of the civil service is A. advising government and implementing
its policies - The civil service plays a crucial role in advising government officials,
formulating policies, and implementing government programs and initiatives.

698. In local government administration, Chief-and-council implies that C. the council

operates independently of the Chief's authority - In a Chief-and-council system of local
government administration, the council operates independently of the traditional chief's
authority, with elected representatives making decisions on local governance matters.

699. The method used by the British to facilitate the administration of Southern Nigeria
was C. divide and rule - The British employed a divide and rule strategy in administering
Southern Nigeria, exploiting existing ethnic and cultural divisions to maintain control and
authority.

700. The land use decree of 1978 vested the ownership of land in Nigeria in the C. state
governments - The Land Use Decree of 1978, also known as Decree No. 6, vested
ownership of all lands within each state in the hands of the state government.

701. Public opinion becomes politically relevant when it B. influences the decisions of
government - Public opinion becomes politically relevant when it has the power to
influence government decisions, policies, and actions, reflecting the will and preferences of
the populace.

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 702. Delegated legislation becomes unavoidable when C. issues under consideration are
technical - Delegated legislation, or subordinate legislation, becomes necessary when
issues under consideration by the legislature are technical or detailed, requiring
specialized knowledge or expertise for effective regulation.

703. The difference between commercialized and privatized companies is that in the
former D. private ownership is dominant - In commercialized companies, private
ownership is dominant, while in privatized companies, ownership is transferred from the
public sector to private entities or individuals.

704. Power differs from influence in that it is C. coercive while influence is persuasive -
Power is often characterized by coercion or the ability to enforce compliance, while
influence relies on persuasion and the ability to sway opinions or decisions without
resorting to force.

705. Judiciary means D. none of the above - Judiciary refers to the branch of government
responsible for interpreting and applying laws, administering justice, and resolving legal
disputes. It is not synonymous with any of the options provided.

706. An example of a country with an unwritten constitution is B. United Kingdom - The

United Kingdom is an example of a country with an unwritten or uncodified constitution,
where constitutional principles and laws are derived from statutes, common law,
conventions, and judicial decisions.

707. The rule of law is only applicable in C. in states where laws are supreme - The rule
of law is applicable in states where laws are supreme, meaning that all individuals,
including government officials, are subject to and governed by law, rather than by
arbitrary decisions or the will of individuals.

708. The legislative arm of government is D. the body that makes the laws - The
legislative arm of government is responsible for making laws, representing the interests of
the people, and providing oversight of the executive branch.

709. The fundamental laws of a country are contained in its A. constitution - The
fundamental laws of a country, including its governance structure, rights of citizens, and
powers of government institutions, are typically contained in its constitution.

710. The first independent country in West Africa is B. Ghana - Ghana, formerly known
as the Gold Coast, was the first country in West Africa to gain independence from colonial
rule in 1957, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah.

711. A system of government where a few powerful and rich nobles own land and hire out
to the poor to farm is A. Socialism - This description aligns more closely with a feudal
system, where land ownership and power are concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy
nobles, who lease land to peasants in exchange for labor or goods.

712. The crown colony of Lagos was created in D. 1900 - Lagos became a crown colony
in 1900 when it was formally annexed by the British Empire, marking the beginning of
direct British colonial rule in the region.

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 713. All these are civil obligations of every Nigerian citizen except B. freedom of
conscience and religion - Freedom of conscience and religion is a fundamental human
right guaranteed to Nigerian citizens, rather than a civil obligation.

714. Why the Lyttleton Constitution is important is C. confirmed Nigeria as a federal

structure - The Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 introduced significant reforms in Nigeria's
governance, including confirming Nigeria as a federal structure, granting more autonomy
to regions, and expanding the franchise.

715. An important advantage of a public corporation is D. render crucial services to the

public in areas which the civil services cannot effectively handle - Public corporations play
a vital role in providing essential services to the public, particularly in sectors where the
civil service may lack the capacity or expertise to effectively deliver services.

716. The British Government revoked the charter of the Royal Niger Company and took
over the direct administration of Nigeria in D. 1914 - In 1914, the British Government
revoked the charter of the Royal Niger Company and assumed direct control over Nigeria,
marking the beginning of colonial rule by the British Empire.

717. A bill becomes an Act of Parliament after it has been B. debated in the house - A bill
becomes an Act of Parliament after it has been debated, amended if necessary, and passed
by both houses of Parliament, then assented to by the head of state or their
representative.

718. Which of these international organizations is the predecessor of the United Nations
is B. The League of Nations - The League of Nations, established after World War I in
1919, was the predecessor of the United Nations, aimed at promoting international
cooperation and preventing future conflicts.

719. The functions of the Civil Service Commission under the 1979 constitution is A.
appointment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants - The Civil Service Commission,
under the 1979 constitution, is responsible for the appointment, promotion, and discipline
of civil servants within the public service.

720. D. failure to impose sanctions on South African racial government

Nigeria's withdrawal from the Edinburgh Commonwealth Games in July 1986 was in
protest against the British government's failure to impose sanctions on the apartheid
regime in South Africa. This action was part of Nigeria's broader stance against
apartheid and its support for the liberation struggle in South Africa.

721. C. Separation of powers

- Explanation: The major distinction between presidential and parliamentary systems
lies in the allocation of powers among the branches of government. In a presidential
system, there is a clear separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and
judicial branches. In contrast, parliamentary systems often have a fusion of powers
between the legislative and executive branches, with the head of government (often the
Prime Minister) emerging from the legislative body.

722. B. Joseph Garba

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 - Explanation: Joseph Garba served as the President of the United Nations General
Assembly from 1989 to 1990, becoming the first Nigerian to hold this position. His
tenure represented a significant moment for Nigeria's diplomatic history.

723. A. one month

- Explanation: The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates monthly among its
member states, allowing each member to hold the presidency for a one-month term.

724. C. the local government

- Explanation: The 1976 reforms in Nigeria were primarily beneficial to the local
government, aiming to strengthen and enhance local governance structures and functions.

725. B. Administrator of the capital

- Explanation: In the emirate system, the Galadima typically serves as the administrator
of the capital city within the emirate.

726. B. Queen as Head of state

- Explanation: The 1960 independence constitution of Nigeria provided for the Queen of
England as the Head of State, representing Nigeria's status as a constitutional monarchy
within the Commonwealth.

727. A. Referendum
- Explanation: A referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to
vote on a particular proposal, such as a change to the constitution or a significant political
decision.

728. A. Lusaka
- Explanation: The Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit where the New
Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was adopted was held in Lusaka,
Zambia.

729. A. political stability is usually low

- Explanation: One of the major features of a confederal state is that political stability is
often lower compared to other forms of government due to the autonomous nature of the
constituent states or regions.

730. A. enhanced the status of the educated elite

- Explanation: The Guggisberg constitution of Ghana in 1925 enhanced the status of the
educated elite by introducing limited representation for Africans in the legislative council,
thereby giving them a platform for political participation.

731. C. An advisory role

- Explanation: In the modern local government structure in Nigeria, traditional rulers
typically play an advisory role, offering guidance and insights based on their traditional
authority and experience.

732. D. decision of the International Court of Justice

- Explanation: The Nigeria-Cameroon crisis over the Bakassi Peninsula was subject to
the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which eventually ruled on the
matter.

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 733. D. National Judicial Council
- Explanation: Under Nigeria's 1999 constitution, the power to nominate members of
the judiciary at the federal level is vested in the National Judicial Council.

734. A. Obi
- Explanation: In the Igbo political system, the most senior member of the council of
elders is known as the Obi, who serves as a chief or ruler in Igbo society.

735. C. Mauritania
- Explanation: Mauritania withdrew its membership from the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) in 2000.

736. A. Monarchical
- Explanation: The traditional political system of government in Yoruba kingdoms was
predominantly monarchical, with kings (Obas) ruling over their respective territories.

737. D. influenced each other significantly

- Explanation: The nationalist movements in Nigeria and Gold Coast (Ghana) influenced
each other significantly, as they both sought independence from colonial rule and were
part of broader movements for self-determination in Africa.

738. A. cultural diversity.

- Explanation: The adoption of a federal system of government in Nigeria under colonial
rule was necessitated mainly by the country's cultural diversity, as it provided a
framework for accommodating various ethnic and cultural groups within a single political
entity.

739. C. Judiciary
- Explanation: In the pre-colonial Yoruba political system, the Ogboni cult played the
role of the judiciary, adjudicating disputes and maintaining social order.

740. B. perceived incapability of civilians to govern

- Explanation: Military intervention in Nigeria has often been justified by the perceived
incapability of civilians to govern effectively, leading to coups and the establishment of
military governments.

741. (B) gerontocracy.

A gerontocracy is a system of government in which power is held by the elderly. This
term directly refers to a ruling class of older people.

742. (A) Tiv.

In pre-colonial Northern Nigeria, while groups such as the Kanuri, Fulani, and Nupe
were heavily influenced by Islamic culture, the Tiv ethnic group was less affected by early
Islamic influences.

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 743. (B) NATO.
Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), the
Commonwealth of Nations, and OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
However, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance primarily
composed of North American and European countries, and Nigeria is not a member of
NATO.

744. C. Chief Anthony Enahoro.

The motion for Nigeria’s Independence in 1953 was moved by Chief Anthony Enahoro.
He was a prominent nationalist who played a key role in advocating for self-government.

745. C. July 29, 1966.

This coup, which overthrew General Yakubu Gowon, is widely recognized in many texts
as the second successful military coup in Nigerian history.

746. C. 35 years.
According to the 1979 constitution, a candidate for President must have attained the age
of 35 years.

747. B. Britain.
The supremacy of the legislature—often referred to as the doctrine of parliamentary
sovereignty—is a characteristic of Britain's constitutional system.

748. A. Fascism.
The system of government where power derives from total control of the instruments of
force is best described as fascism.

749. A. Exploitation ad Oppression.

Indirect rule in Nigeria is commonly critiqued for having encouraged exploitation and
oppression by using traditional rulers to administer colonial policies, which often resulted
in abuses and deepened local inequities.

750. A. Alhaji Shehu Shagari

The first Nigerian to hold an executive-style presidency—meaning the office combined
both head of state and head of government functions under the presidential system
established by the 1979 constitution—was Alhaji Shehu Shagari.

751. D. the use of veto power

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 A common check exercised by the executive branch over the legislature is the use of the
veto power, whereby the president can refuse to sign bills passed by the legislature.

752. C. Marxism
Marxism advocates for the abolition of class distinctions, aiming to create a classless
society.

753. C. Aboyade commission.

During the mid-1970s, Nigeria’s foreign policy was reviewed by a commission set up
under the Murtala Muhammed/Obasanjo regime. This review was carried out by the
Aboyade Commission.

754. B. Code of Conduct Tribunal.

The body responsible for adjudicating issues related to the national code of conduct in
Nigeria is the Code of Conduct Tribunal.

755. B. Nigeria People’s Party

In the Second Republic, to broaden its national appeal and parliamentary majority, the
ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN) formed an alliance with the Nigeria People’s
Party.

756. D. superior–subordinate co-existence.

Nigeria’s federal structure is often characterized by a system where the central (federal)
government holds significant power over the states.

757. D. subordination
Despite reforms aiming at decentralization, local governments in Nigeria remain
constitutionally and practically subordinate to state governments.

758. B. public enterprises

In Nigeria, companies owned by the government that operate in the economic sector are
typically called public enterprises.

759. B. public ownership is dominant

Commercialized companies remain under public (government) ownership even as they
operate on commercial principles.

760. D. Local Government Service Commission

This commission is specifically charged with managing the human resource matters of
local government employees.

761. D. crisis over the population census

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 Contentious and disputed census figures had led to heightened tensions among various
groups, triggering the coup.

762. C. Murtala Muhammed

His government actively pursued an independent foreign policy that avoided alignment
with any major power bloc.

763. A. promote economic understanding in the Third World.

This approach reflects the aim of enhancing collaborative economic development among
developing nations.

764. C. perceived cultural affinities

The shared historical and cultural bonds foster a sense of solidarity and common identity.

765. B. Nigeria, Libya and South Africa

These countries played key roles in driving the reform agenda that led to the
establishment of the AU.

766. D. Liberia and Sierra Leone

These interventions were aimed at restoring peace and stability in the troubled West
African states.

767. A. World Health Organization.

The WHO focuses on international public health issues.

768. C. patron of the Commonwealth.

This reflects a symbolic position rather than direct executive power over the now-
independent member states.

769. C. inadequate resources

Limited financial and logistical support hindered the organization's ability to effectively
implement its decisions and enforce its policies.

770. B. Economic Community of West African States

The ECOWAS was established to promote economic integration and cooperation among
West African nations.

771. B. Abubakar Qattara

772. B. Conference

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 According to OPEC’s constitution and procedural practice, new members are admitted by
a decision of the OPEC Conference – the gathering of oil ministers from member
countries.

773. A. legislature
In a constitutional monarchy the head of state (the monarch) is typically removed only
through a constitutional or parliamentary process. In many such systems, it is ultimately
the legislature that would have the authority to change the monarch’s status, even though
such removals are very rare in practice.

774. A. the entire cabinet

A successful vote of no confidence forces the entire cabinet (including the prime minister)
to resign, as the government is collectively responsible to the parliament.

775. C. exercise of power

While the classical check is the veto power (a component of the president’s “exercise of
power”), among the options the best fit is the general concept of using the president’s
constitutional powers to check legislative action.

776. B. agriculture.
Feudalism is built on an agrarian economy in which land (and the agricultural produce
from it) is the chief source of wealth and power.

777. A. communism
Communism’s theoretical objective is to abolish class distinctions, eventually establishing
a classless society.

778. B. common law

In many legal systems—especially those influenced by the British tradition—common law
plays a significant role as one of the sources shaping the constitutional framework.

779. D. supremacy of the constitution

The principle of the rule of law rests on the idea that all persons, including government
officials, are bound by and subject to the law; this is rooted in the supremacy of the
constitution (or law).

780. B. acts
Legislative measures enacted by state governments are typically called “acts.”

781. D. expression

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 Libel laws restrict certain forms of expression (specifically, false and damaging
statements) in order to balance freedom of expression with protection of reputation.

782. D. property franchise

Early democratic systems (such as in Britain) limited voting to those who met a property
qualification. This “property franchise” was the initial basis for suffrage before later
extensions (to male-only then universal franchise).

783. C. associational
A formally organized group that sets its membership criteria and operates by established
rules is best characterized as an associational organization.

784. D. the mass media

Among the options provided, the mass media is widely recognized as having the most
substantial impact on shaping public opinion.

785. C. executive cadre

In many civil service systems—including Nigeria’s—the top-ranking officials are usually
classified within the executive cadre.

786. A. confederation of monarchies and chiefdoms

The Yoruba political landscape historically was composed of several independent
kingdoms and chiefdoms which, while sharing common cultural traits, operated as
separate monarchies and local chiefdoms.

787. B. satisfy British economic interests

British colonial expansion was primarily driven by economic interests, seeking to exploit
resources and open new markets.

788. C. Northern Nigeria

Colonial administrators found the Native Authority system most successful in Northern
Nigeria where traditional leadership structures were strong and could be effectively co-
opted.

789. B. the coming of Christian missionaries

The advent of Christian missionaries brought Western education and ideas, which played
a key role in awakening national consciousness among Nigerians.

790. A. started as socio-cultural organizations

Many early Nigerian political parties had their origins in socio-cultural organizations that
eventually evolved into political vehicles.

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 791. A. legislature
According to Nigeria’s 1999 Constitution, while the President is the commander-in-
chief, the formal power to declare war is conferred upon the legislature.

792. A. departure from the parliamentary to the presidential system

One of the key features of the 1979 Constitution was the shift from a parliamentary
system to a presidential system of government.

793. D. the National Assembly

The National Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

794. C. unitarism
Unicameral systems are typical in unitary states where there is a single legislative body.

795. C. enable the judge to try and decide cases without bias.

796. A. without devolution.

In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated at the centre

797. C. nation-state.
In a confederation, the constituency that a member of the legislature represents is what is
called a nation-state.

798. B. matching grant.

These are financial allocations to local governments by the federal or the state government
to supplement the cost of a project.

799. D. volume of her oil reserve.

More oil reserves equals more influence in OPEC.

800. D. national interest

801. D. territory
This dispute over territory was specifically over the Bakassi Peninsula.

802. C. successes in UN elective offices.

Nigeria's frequent and successful bids for UN positions highlight its diplomatic influence
and standing.

803. D. strong ties with Western powers.

These ties can limit Nigeria's ability to maintain a truly non-aligned stance, as it often
aligns with Western interests.

804. A. cultural differences.

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 Nigeria, as a former British colony, has a different cultural background and English as
the official language, while most Francophone West African countries were colonized by
France and have French as their official language.

805. A. Buhari Regime

Nigeria's relations with Britain reached a particularly low point during the Buhari
Regime (1983–1985), primarily due to the Umaru Dikko affair.

806. D. make it responsive to new challenges.

The 1991 review aimed to adapt ECOWAS to evolving regional and global
circumstances.

807. B. The Hague

The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands.

808. D. Togo and Morocco

These were among the independent African nations that signed the OAU Charter in
1963.

809. C. one month

The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates monthly among its members.

810. C. the Middle East

The majority of OPEC's member countries are located in the Middle East.

811. B. Mozambique
Mozambique was a Portuguese colony and joined the Commonwealth despite not being a
former British colony.

812. D. commitment by members

Lack of consistent commitment and implementation of agreements hinders ECOWAS
effectiveness.

813. D. collective ownership of the means of production

This is the core principle of socialism, where resources are owned by the community.

814. D. the judiciary.

The judiciary is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and resolving
constitutional disputes.

815. A. facilitates constitutional change of government Elections provide a legal and

peaceful means of changing leadership in accordance with the constitution.

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 816. C. influences the decision of government Public opinion is politically significant
when it affects or shapes government policies and decisions.

817. D. existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities These can limit
access to justice and create inequality before the law, undermining the rule of law.

818. C. pressure groups Pressure groups aim to influence public policy without seeking
to attain political power directly.

819. D. indigenous cultures of the people British colonial rule disrupted traditional
systems, eroding local customs and governance structures.

820. D. corruption and inefficiency These are major hindrances to the effectiveness and
credibility of the Nigerian civil service.

821. A. presidential system of government Between 1979 and 1983, Nigeria practiced a
U.S.-style presidential system during the Second Republic.

822. B. age-grades In pre-colonial Igbo society, age-grades were key to enforcing norms
and maintaining social order.

823. D. legislature The Nigerian legislature holds the constitutional power to approve
and oversee government spending.

824. D. National Population Commission Established under the 1979 Constitution to

manage population data and conduct censuses.

825. D. 1957 Eastern and Western Regions attained self-government status before full
independence in 1960.

826. A. six years The Arthur Richards Constitution of 1946 was intended to last six
years until its replacement.

827. D. local government The 1976 reforms standardized local government operations
and increased their autonomy and relevance.

828. B. resources control The legal dispute between the federal government and littoral
states concerned control over offshore oil resources.

829. B. honour the promise to hand over power The Gowon regime was criticized and
overthrown partly for reneging on its promise to return to civilian rule.

830. A. NPC The Northern People's Congress dominated politics in the Northern Region
during the First Republic.

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 832. D. privatization and commercialization The Bureau for Public Enterprises is
responsible for implementing privatization and commercialization policies.

833. A. General Ibrahim Babangida He was the military head of state during the Third
Republic and annulled the 1993 elections.

834. D. the successful conduct of the 2003 elections A major challenge of the early
Fourth Republic was ensuring free, fair, and credible elections in 2003.

835. A. exercise oversight The legislature monitors and evaluates the activities of the
executive, known as oversight functions.

836. D. federal system A federal system best suits a heterogeneous society because it
allows power sharing among diverse groups.

837. B. president Impeachment is a constitutional process for removing a president from

office.

838. C. plutocracy Plutocracy is a form of government where the wealthy hold power.

839. C. politicization of the appointments of judges Political interference in judicial

appointments can undermine the independence of the judiciary.

840. C. sovereignty Sovereignty refers to the supreme power or authority of a state over
its citizens and territory.

841. D. two different individuals In a parliamentary system, the head of state and head
of government are separate roles, e.g., monarch and prime minister.

842. A. committee A collegial executive involves collective decision-making by a group or

committee, not a single leader.

843. A. the making of public policy Every government is involved in formulating and
implementing public policies.

844. D. an adjournment An adjournment temporarily ends a legislative sitting until the

next scheduled meeting.

845. C. public corporations The civil service includes employees of government ministries
and public corporations.

846. C. birth and naturalization Citizenship can be acquired by being born in a country
or through a legal process called naturalization.

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 847. D. win elections and form a government The primary goal of a political party is to
gain power through elections and govern.

848. D. individual ownership of the means of production Capitalism is characterized by

private ownership and profit-driven enterprise.

849. B. consensus The Igbo practiced a decentralized system where decisions were made
through communal agreement.

850. A. supervise and manage the affairs of the local governments The Local
Government Service Commission oversees the administration and staffing of local
councils.

851. D. Clifford Constitution The Clifford Constitution of 1922 introduced elective

principles and limited franchise in Nigeria.

852. B. General Olusegun Obasanjo The Council of State was established under the
1979 Constitution during Obasanjo’s regime.

853. D. Royal Nigeria Company The Royal Niger Company played a central role in
expanding British influence in Northern Nigeria.

854. D. February 1966 and December 1983 These coups overthrew the First and
Second Republics, respectively, replacing civilian governments with military rule.

855. A. ensure accountability in government business

The Code of Conduct Bureau is responsible for maintaining ethical standards and
accountability among public officers.

856. D. constitutional monarchy

The Emirate system, where traditional rulers govern under certain laws, resembles a
constitutional monarchy.

857. D. are no longer subordinate to state governments

The 1989 reforms aimed to make local governments more autonomous and directly
accountable to the federal government.

858. A. Supreme Military Council

Between 1966 and 1975, Nigeria was under military rule, and the Supreme Military
Council functioned as the legislative body.

859. A. sets out the rights and obligations of member states

The UN Charter defines the responsibilities and principles guiding member nations.

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 860. D. Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers is the most active organ in ECOWAS, handling day-to-day
policy issues and implementation.

861. C. the USA, the USSR, the UK and China

These were the principal allies in World War II who later founded the United Nations.

862. C. cultural cooperation

The Commonwealth is best known for promoting cultural ties among member states
through events like the Commonwealth Games.

863. D. has exclusive veto power

The Security Council is often criticized for the veto power held by its five permanent
members, which can block major decisions.

864. C. Venezuela
Venezuela was one of the five founding members of OPEC in 1960.

865. A. African affairs

Professor Ibrahim Gambari served as the UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on
African Affairs.

866. D. Rilwanu Lukman

He served as the Secretary-General of OPEC and also held key energy positions in
Nigeria.

867. D. the status of the frontline state

Nigeria was recognized for its active role in supporting liberation movements in Southern
Africa.

868. D. The International Monetary Fund

Nigeria is a member of the IMF, which provides financial assistance and advice to
member countries.

869. D. promote economic integration

Nigeria joined ECOWAS to foster economic collaboration and integration in West Africa.

870. B. the state of her economy

Like many non-aligned countries, Nigeria shares challenges of developing economies and
a history of colonialism.

871. B. holder of a first university degree

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 This is the minimum educational qualification for joining the administrative cadre in the
Nigerian civil service.

872. D. highest court of the land

In a federal system, the Supreme Court (or highest court) interprets the constitution.

873. B. the objective

Pressure groups aim to influence policy without seeking power, unlike political parties
whose goal is to win elections.

874. D. total votes in an election

Proportional representation allocates legislative seats based on the proportion of votes
received by each party.

875. C. fused
In practice, especially in parliamentary systems, powers are often fused rather than
strictly separated, making full application of separation of powers difficult.

876. A. separation of powers

The presidential system distinctly separates the executive, legislature, and judiciary,
unlike the parliamentary system where there's an overlap.

877. D. encourages the proliferation of parties

Proportional representation allows smaller parties to gain seats, leading to the existence
of multiple political parties.

878. A. enhances the interest of the ruling few

Oligarchy is governance by a small elite group that primarily advances its own interests.

879. A. human rights abuse

Without the rule of law, there are no legal restraints on power, often resulting in abuse of
citizens' rights.

880. D. a unitary government

A unitary system centralizes power at the national level, with little or no power delegated
to sub-national units.

881. A. an act
A law passed by the legislature and signed by the executive is called an "Act".

882. A. has the capacity to defend itself from external aggression

One feature of sovereignty is the ability of a state to maintain its territorial integrity.

883. B. elections are conducted in a free and fair atmosphere

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 Free and fair elections build public trust and legitimacy in the electoral process.

884. D. prevent the emergence of dictatorship

Checks and balances ensure that no single arm of government becomes too powerful.

885. C. acts of the National Assembly

The National Assembly exercises control over public corporations through enabling acts
and oversight functions.

887. A. Macpherson Constitution

The Ibadan Conference of 1950 was convened to discuss the drafting of the Macpherson
Constitution.

888. D. user charge

Fees at motor parks are user charges collected for the use of facilities.

889. A. 1979 Constitution

The 1979 Constitution introduced the concept of Fundamental Objectives and Directive
Principles of State Policy.

890. D. national assembly

According to the 1999 Constitution, the power to create local governments resides in the
National Assembly.

891. C. issues under consideration are technical

Delegated legislation is necessary when lawmakers lack the technical expertise for certain
regulations.

892. B. a vocal minority claims to represent the majority

This can distort public opinion and mislead policymakers.

893. A. full political rights

Citizenship in a modern state confers full rights, including political participation.

894. D. the ability of the individual

Communism promotes equality and communal ownership, minimizing class distinctions
but recognizing individual contributions in a classless society.

895. D. electoral commission

The electoral commission is responsible for drawing electoral boundaries.

896. D. hierarchical organization

The civil service is structured in a hierarchy from top management to junior staff.

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 897. C. a coalition of political parties
Multi-party systems often result in coalition governments since no single party may gain
a majority.

898. A. France
France was one of the countries that showed moral support for Biafra during the Nigerian
Civil War.

899. C. developing countries

South-South Cooperation refers to collaboration among developing countries.

900. B. General Murtala Muhammed

Nigeria recognized the MPLA under Murtala Muhammed's administration.

901. D. Chief Simeon Adebo

He was Nigeria’s first permanent representative to the United Nations.

902. B. Chad
Nigeria contributed to the OAU peace-keeping force in Chad in 1981.

903. C. failure to impose sanctions on South Africa

Nigeria withdrew in protest against the UK’s refusal to sanction apartheid South Africa.

904. A. expansion of the permanent membership of the Security Council

Third World countries have called for reforms to make the Security Council more
representative.

905. A. Coordinating the general policy of the organization

The Council of Ministers of the OAU (now AU) primarily coordinates the organization's
general policy.

906. A. free movement of persons and right of residence

ECOWAS has been most successful in enabling citizens of member states to travel and
reside freely across borders.

907. C. coercive while influence is persuasive

Power involves the ability to enforce decisions, often with coercion, while influence works
through persuasion.

908. B. that has statutory responsibilities

Standing committees are permanent and have defined responsibilities, unlike ad hoc
committees.

909. B. judicial review

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 This allows courts to invalidate actions by the executive or legislature that violate the
constitution.

910. C. politicians nominated by governments of member states

In a confederation, the central organ is usually composed of representatives appointed by
member states.

911. D. Adherence to majority rule

Parliamentary systems emphasize majority rule and collective responsibility of the
executive to the legislature.

912. C. centralized
Authoritarian governments centralize power and limit political pluralism.

913. A. capitalists’ profit is the surplus value obtained from workers' labour
This is the essence of Marx's theory of exploitation under capitalism.

914. A. rigid
Rigid constitutions require special procedures, like referenda, for amendments.

915. C. serves as the fountain head of authority for the exercise of power
The constitution provides the legal basis for all government powers and actions.

916. D. checks and balances

A veto is a classic example of the executive checking the legislature.

917. C. proposal before the legislature

A bill is a proposed law that is under consideration by a legislature.

918. D. prevents the passage of ill-considered bills

Bicameral systems provide a second level of scrutiny, reducing rash decisions.

919. C. life, liberty and property

These are traditional fundamental rights, often referred to as natural rights.

920. C. gerrymandering
This is the manipulation of electoral boundaries to favor a political party.

921. A. encouragement of opposition and instability

One criticism of multi-party systems is that they may lead to fragmented governance and
political instability.

922. A. further the interests of members

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 Associational groups like trade unions or professional bodies aim to promote their
members’ interests.

923. A. held by the majority

Public opinion generally reflects the dominant views held by the majority of the
population.

924. C. are not allowed to be involved in partisan politics

Civil servants must remain politically neutral and not participate in party politics.

925. D. recall
The act of removing an elected official by the electorate is known as a recall.

926. A. judicial precedence

One major source of a constitution is judicial precedent, as court rulings and
interpretations help shape and define constitutional principles.

927. C. dynamic
Public opinion is dynamic because it changes over time based on new information, events,
and societal shifts.

928. A. supreme relative to the constitution

In fascist doctrine, the leader is considered supreme and holds ultimate authority, often
above the constitution or laws.

929. C. National Electoral Commission of Nigeria

The National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON) conducted elections in Nigeria
from 1979 to 1983.

930. C. adherence to a constitution

Constitutionalism refers to the adherence to a constitution, ensuring that the rules and
principles laid out in it are followed by the government.

931. A. elected separately to a fixed term

In a presidential system, the executive (president) and legislature are elected separately
and serve fixed terms.

932. B. guardian of freedom

The Supreme Court is often seen as the guardian of the constitution and individual
freedoms through its interpretations of the law.

933. C. carry out its constitutional functions

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 Separation of powers ensures that each branch of government (executive, legislative, and
judiciary) can carry out its defined constitutional functions without interference from the
others.

934. A. population, territory, government, and sovereignty

The main attributes of a state are its population, defined territory, government, and
sovereignty, which distinguish it from other political entities.

935. B. cabinet of the local government

The General Purpose Committee in local governments functions as a cabinet, making
important decisions on behalf of the local government.

936. B. 1985 and 1993

Nigeria observed the principle of collective responsibility between 1985 and 1993 during
military rule, where all ministers were collectively responsible for government decisions.

937. C. NPN
During the Second Republic, the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) had the widest spread
of membership and influence across the country.

938. A. perceived incapacity of civilians to govern

Military intervention in Nigeria often arose from the belief that civilian governments were
incapable of effectively managing the country.

939. A. Richards constitution

Federalism was introduced in Nigeria under the Richards Constitution (1946), which
introduced regional governments and a federal structure.

940. D. Richards constitution

Regional consciousness in Nigeria was introduced by the Richards Constitution (1946),
which created regions with a degree of autonomy, laying the foundation for regionalism.

941. C. 12
In 1967, the Nigerian government created 12 states, splitting the country into smaller
administrative units to reduce ethnic tensions.

942. A. management
The day-to-day operation of public corporations in Nigeria is the direct responsibility of
the management of the corporation.

943. B. Governor-General
Under the Independence Constitution of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was the Governor-
General until Nigeria became a republic in 1963.

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 944. C. Nigerian Youth Movement
The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) was a major force that pushed for constitutional
reforms, contributing greatly to the introduction of the Clifford Constitution in 1922.

945. C. state government

In Nigeria, the Local Government Service Commission is set up by the state government
to oversee and manage the local government services.

946. A. NYM
In the 1930s, the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) challenged the dominance of the
Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in Lagos politics.

947. B. state governments

Residual powers in the 1979 Nigerian constitution were vested in state governments,
meaning the powers not specifically given to the federal government were for the states to
handle.

948. D. lack of power to enforce its decisions

The Nigeria Public Complaints Commission, serving as an Ombudsman, suffers from the
lack of enforcement power, making it difficult to act on its decisions.

949. C. had no clear separation of powers

Most pre-colonial governments in Nigeria did not have a clear separation of powers; the
executive, judiciary, and legislature were often combined.

950. A. Monrovia Group

Prior to the formation of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) in 1963, Nigeria
identified with the Monrovia Group, which was a group of African countries advocating
for a more gradual approach to unity.

951. B. Abuja
The African Economic Community Treaty was signed in Abuja, Nigeria, in 1991, aiming
to enhance economic integration within Africa.

952. D. offended their pride at independence

Nigerians opposed the Defence Pact with Britain at independence because it was
perceived as a symbol of continued British control and a blow to the newly gained
national pride.

953. C. African countries

The Technical Aid Corps (TAC) scheme in Nigeria is aimed at strengthening relations
with African countries by providing technical assistance to them.

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 954. C. size and population
Nigeria’s quest for a leadership role in Africa hinges on its size and population, making it
one of the most influential countries on the continent.

955. D. USSR
During the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), the Soviet Union (USSR) was the first
major foreign power to come to Nigeria’s aid, supporting the Nigerian government.

956. B. afrocentrism
Nigeria’s relations with African countries are underscored by its policy of Afrocentrism,
which emphasizes Africa's unity and the importance of its interests.

957. D. African interest

The foreign policy thrust of the Babangida administration was focused on African
interests, including promoting peace, development, and stability across the continent.

958. A. harmonize the oil policies of member countries

One of the main objectives of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
is to harmonize the oil policies of its member countries to stabilize and control oil prices.

959. B. 15
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) comprises 15 member
countries from West Africa.

960. D. San Francisco

The Charter of the United Nations was drawn up in San Francisco in 1945, following the
conclusion of the Second World War.

961. B. Gowon and Eyadema

The two leaders who played prominent roles in the formation of ECOWAS were General
Yakubu Gowon of Nigeria and President Eyadema of Togo.

962. A. Council upon the recommendation of the Assembly

The Secretary-General of the OAU (now African Union) is appointed by the Council upon
the recommendation of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government.

963. A. General Assembly

The approval of budgetary and financial matters in the United Nations is the
responsibility of the General Assembly.

964. A. administrative
In the civil service, the administrative cadre is responsible for the general supervision and
control of the service, making decisions and overseeing operations.

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 965. A. makes accountability difficult
A disadvantage of the one-party system is that it makes accountability difficult, as there
is no opposition to hold the ruling party accountable.

966. D. legal status of a member of a state

Citizenship refers to the legal status of a member of a state, which entails rights,
privileges, and duties in the state.

967. A. democratic systems

The rule of law is a principle associated with democratic systems, ensuring that everyone
is subject to the law, including those who govern.

968. B. provide direction for public policy

The main function of public opinion is to provide direction for public policy, helping guide
decisions made by government leaders.

969. C. bye-law
A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law, which is a law made by a local
authority under powers granted by an Act of Parliament.

970. D. decisions are effected with the consent of citizens

A referendum is a device to ensure that decisions are made with the consent of the
citizens, typically through a public vote.

971. A. the United Kingdom and the United States

A dominant two-party system operates in both the United Kingdom and the United
States, where two major political parties dominate the political landscape.

972. A. judicial interpretation and precedent

Indirect legislation can be achieved by judicial interpretation and precedent, where courts
interpret laws and create guidelines based on past decisions.

973. C. resident foreigners of good character

Naturalization is a process through which resident foreigners of good character can
acquire citizenship in a country.

974. A. liberalism
The ideology that each person is the best judge of what is in their self-interest is
liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedoms and rights.

975. B. republican and parliamentary

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 The Independence Constitution can be described as republican and parliamentary, as it
provided for a parliamentary system of government with a ceremonial president.

976. B. NCNC and NEPU

The opposition in the House of Representatives during Nigeria’s First Republic was
formed by the NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) and NEPU
(Northern Elements Progressive Union).

977. C. Tafawa Balewa

The first Head of Government in independent Nigeria was Sir Tafawa Balewa, who
became the first Prime Minister.

978. A. republican system

A feature common to the 1963, 1979, and 1989 constitutions of Nigeria was that they all
provided for a republican system, where the country is headed by a president, not a
monarch.

979. C. 1906
The Lagos colony and Protectorate was amalgamated with the Protectorate of Southern
Nigeria in 1906.

980. D. recommend solutions to the problem of the minorities

During the 1957 constitutional conference, the Willink Commission was set up to
recommend solutions to the problem of the minorities in Nigeria.

981. A. adjudicate under Islamic laws

The duty of an Alkali under the Hausa-Fulani political system was to adjudicate under
Islamic laws, serving as a judge in Islamic courts.

982. C. Uzama
The legislative functions of the government of the Benin Kingdom were performed by the
Oba and a council of chiefs known as the Uzama.

983. A. inclusion of civilians as members

The highest ruling body under the Murtala/Obasanjo regime (the Supreme Military
Council) differed from the Gowon administration by the inclusion of civilians as members.

984. D. Unification Decree

Decree No. 34 of May 1966 is also known as the Unification Decree, which centralized
administrative control in Nigeria.

985. D. Lagos, Kwara, Ogun, Oyo and Ondo

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 In the 1979 elections, the Unity Party of Nigeria won gubernatorial elections in Lagos,
Kwara, Ogun, Oyo, and Ondo.

986. B. local government councils

Rates are usually collected in Nigeria by local government councils, which are responsible
for collecting local taxes and revenues.

987. A. make them more responsive to people’s needs

One of the main reasons for the creation of more local governments in Nigeria is to make
them more responsive to people's needs by decentralizing governance.

988. B. a political organization

Based on its objectives, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) can primarily be
classified as a political organization, focused on the political unity and cooperation of
African states.

989. D. membership of ECOWAS

Nigeria’s role in ECOMOG is essentially informed by her membership of ECOWAS
(Economic Community of West African States), which gave Nigeria a leading role in the
peacekeeping force.

990. C. assembly of heads of state and government

The annual budget of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) is approved by the
Assembly of Heads of State and Government, which is the decision-making body of the
OAU.

991. A. allocating production quotas to members

The major strategy used by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) to
influence oil prices is by allocating production quotas to member countries, which
regulates the supply of oil and affects its price.

992. D. violation of fundamental human rights

Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth at one time due to her violation of
fundamental human rights under military rule.

993. B. not take sides in international issues based on ideological considerations

Nigeria’s non-aligned policy means that she will not take sides in international issues
based on ideological considerations, maintaining independence in her foreign policy.

994. D. respect for sovereign equality of all states

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 One of the underlying principles of Nigerian foreign policy is respect for the sovereign
equality of all states, ensuring that all nations are treated equally in the international
arena.

995. A. permanent members of the Security Council

Before a new member is admitted to the United Nations Organization, its application
must be approved by all the permanent members of the Security Council.

996. B. The League of Nations

The League of Nations was in existence before the outbreak of the Second World War,
established after World War I, before being replaced by the United Nations after the war.

997. D. Trusteeship Council

The organ of the United Nations responsible for former colonies of defeated World War II
powers is the Trusteeship Council, which was tasked with overseeing the administration
of trust territories.

998. D. nominate ministers

The feature that best differentiates pressure groups from political parties is that pressure
groups do not nominate ministers, as their role is to influence public policy rather than
hold political office.

999. B. rule of law

The notion of equality before the law is the same as the principle of the rule of law, which
asserts that all people, regardless of status, are subject to the law.

1000. D. is not contained in any single document

A constitution is classified as unwritten when it is not contained in any single document.
It is typically made up of statutes, conventions, and judicial decisions.

1001. B. all rights and liberties are subordinated to state interest

A state is said to be fascist when all rights and liberties are subordinated to the interests
of the state, and the government maintains strict control over its citizens.

1002. B. facilitates popular participation

One of the distinctive features of democracy is that it facilitates popular participation,
allowing citizens to engage in decision-making processes.

1003. D. a monarchy
A hereditary system of government is a monarchy, where leadership is passed down
through generations, typically within a royal family.

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 1004. B. prevent tyranny
The separation of judicial, legislative, and executive functions is designed to prevent
tyranny by ensuring that no single branch of government becomes too powerful.

1005. C. federal systems

Bicameral legislatures are a common feature of federal systems, where the legislature is
divided into two chambers (such as the House of Representatives and the Senate in the
United States).

1006. D. enforce laws

The most important function of the executive organ of government is to enforce laws,
ensuring that policies and laws are implemented and followed.

1007. A. socialization
The process of learning the norms and values associated with a political system is
referred to as political socialization, which shapes individuals' political beliefs and
behaviors.

1008. B. advising government and implementing its policies

The role of the civil service is to advise the government and implement its policies,
ensuring effective administration and governance.

1009. D. Writ of Habeas Corpus

One instrument for safeguarding the rights of citizens is the Writ of Habeas Corpus,
which protects individuals from unlawful detention by requiring a person to be brought
before a court.

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