MODULE NO.

1: INSTALLING SERVICING, AND REPAIRING

SANITARY PIPE WORK SYSTEM

UNIT NO. 1: INSTALLING AND MAINTAINING ABOVE GROUND

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
ELEMENT No. 1: INSTALLING TWO PIPE SYTEM
ELEMENT No. 2: INSTALLING SINGLE STACK SYTEM
ELEMENT No. 3: INSTALLING ONE PIPE SYTEM

Introduction
Surface drainage refers to drainage system installed above ground level. Examples gutters, open trenches,
washroom drainage, domestic water supply.

TERMINOLOGIES USED IN SURFACE DRAINAGE

1. Sewage
waste material (such as human urine and feces) that is carried away from homes and other
buildings in a system of pipes. (waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers)
2. Drain
This is the pipe laid below ground level that uses gravity to carry waste water away from the
building.
3. Sewer
an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.
4. Trap (U- trap)
Is the water seal between drain and sanitary fitting to keep out gases and smell which are
unpleasant and unhealthy.
5. Stack
This is the vertical section of drainage system …
6. Soil appliances
These are appliances that receive and dispose off waste from human being e.g urinals, water
closet.
7. Waste appliance
These are appliances that do not receive or dispose off human waste e.g washbasins, showers,
kitchen sinks

Factors to consider during design and installation of surface drainage systems

 Pipe sizing (Diameter of above ground drainage systems?)
Flow rate of specific fluid determines the size of pipe
 Ventilation system
System for reducing nuisance smells should be provided e.g vent pipe
 Pipe work materials
Concrete – main water supply, Plastic (PVC) – distribution water, waste water, GS – gas supply
 Gradients
Drainage system should be self-cleansing for horizontal pipe systems
 Access
Provision of space for testing, maintenance and cleaning e.g covers, plug and caps
 Jointing (ensure the system is water tight)
Mechanism for joining pipes e.g fusion welded, mechanical connection, solvent welded
 Thermal movement
DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE (How to install each type of drainage?)
There are three ways in which surface drainages are designed;
1. One pipe system
Consists of two stacks
Large stack – collect both soil wastes and waste from shower, washing basins, washing
machines
Small stack – Used only for ventilation purpose

HOW TO INSTALL

2. Two pipe system

Comprise two separate pipes which are not connected.
Pipe 1: Receive sewages from soil appliances and dispose directly to septic tank
Pipe 2: Receive sewage from waste appliances

HOW TO INSTALL

3. Single stack system

Consists only one pipe for collection of both soil wastes and waste from shower, washbasins,
washing machines and is extended 2m above the roof for ventilation purpose.

HOW TO INSTALL

Advantages of single stack system

 Cost effective
 It gives better hydraulic performance
 Simple to install

Disadvantages of single stack system

 There are limit distances
 Ventilation is not very efficient

DRAINAGE TESTS
PROCEDURES TO TESTING DRAINAGES

PRINCIPLES OF INSTALLING ABOVE GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS FOR DRAINAGE

IMPORTANCE OF TRAP SEALS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED DURING INSTALLATION AND REPAIR
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
UNIT NO. 2: INSTALLING AND MAINTAINING UNDERGROUND
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
ELEMENT NO 1: INSTALLING SEPARATE SYSTEM
ELEMENT NO 2: INSTALLING COMBINED SYSTEM
ELEMENT NO 3: PERFORMING DRAIN TEST
ELEMENT NO 4: LAYING PIPES TO REQUIRED SLOPE
ELEMENT NO 5: CONSTRUCTING INSPECTION CHAMBER
ELEMENT NO 6: CONNECTING PIPES TO SEPTIC TANKS, SEWERS, CHAMBERS, SOAK
AWAY, OXIDATION PONDS

Introduction
Underground drainage system – is the drainage system for conveying fluid from one point to another and
buried below ground surface.

TERMINOLOGIES USED IN SURFACE DRAINAGE

1. Drain
2. Gully
3. Invert level
4. Man hole
5. Inspection chamber
6. Soil vent pipe

TYPES OF UNDERGROUND DRAIANGE SYTEMS

There are two types of underground drainage systems
1. Separate systems
2. Combined systems

PRINCIPLES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

1. Drainage systems should be watertight so that no leakage to surrounding
2. Lay the drain/pipe to required slope (the system should be self-cleansing)
3. When the drainage changes direction construct inspection chamber
4. Inspection chamber should be placed at a distance of 10m apart in straight drainage system

PRINCIPLES OF TRENCHING

Pipes laid at depths less than 600mm and which are not under a road should, where necessary, be
protected against damage by placing over them a layer of concrete, paving slabs or similar. A minimum
75mm cushioning layer of granular material must be laid between pipes and the slabs or concrete

PRINCIPLES OF TESTING DRAIN (Why drain is tested?)

LAYING PIPES TO REQUIRED SLOPE
Standard Horizontal Drainage Pipe Slope
According to the International Plumbing Code, drainage pipes should be run with a uniform
slope at the following minimum pitches:

PIPE DIAMETER MINIMUM SLOPE

2 1/2" or smaller 1/4" per foot

3" to 6" 1/8" per foot

8" or larger 1/16" per foot

Large sewer lines require calculations to determine the proper pitch. In general, sewer mains should be
designed to have a flow rate of 2 feet-per-second during peak dry-weather conditions. Flow rates are
usually kept below 10 feet per second. For flow rates greater than 10 feet-per-second, the pipes should be
designed with anchors or other means of preventing the pipe from shifting.

PRINCIPLES OF VENTILATING DRAIN

PRINCIPLES OF LIQUIDFYING ORGANIC MATTER IN A SEPTIC TANK

PROPERTIES OF A GOOD DRAINAGE

THE USE OF BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK

METHODS OF CLEANING A BLOCKED DRAINAGE

 MODULE NO. 1: INSTALLING WATER MAINS

UNIT NO. 1: INSTALLING WATER DISTRIBUTION MAINS

ELEMENT No. 1: DRILLING AND TAPING FROM WATER MAINS
ELEMENT No. 2: CONSTRUCTING SERVICE PIPES
ELEMENT No. 3: FIXING WATER METERS

CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES FOR DISTRIBUTION MAINS (HDP, LDP)

1. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes

Technical Data:
 Resists abrasion, solar radiation (UV) and corrosion.
 Outside strips can be customized to customer requirements and codes.
 Maximum diameter: 355mm (14″)
 Pressure resistant up to 16 bar.
 Mechanical connectors, inside welding (BW) and electro-fusing (EF) can join the pipes
together.
 Accessories can be added according to customer requirements.
 2. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Pipes

Technical Data:
 Resists abrasion, solar radiation (UV) and corrosion.
 Outside strips can be customized to customer requirements and codes.
 Maximum diameter: 75mm (2.5″).
 Pressure resistant up to 10 bar.
 Mechanical connectors, inside welding (BW) and electro-fusing (EF) can join the pipes
together.
 Accessories can be added according to customer requirements.

TRENCH DEPTHS
There is a minimum and maximum depth at which service pipes should be laid: Minimum depth is 750
mm. Maximum depth is 1350 mm.

Types of Water Distribution System

The following are four major types of water distribution system,

1. Dead-end or Tree Distribution system

2. Gridiron Distribution System
 3. Circular or ring Distribution System
4. Radial Distribution System

1. Dead-end or Tree Distribution System

In this types of water distribution system, one main pipeline runs through the center of
the building, and the sub-mains branch lines off from both sides.

The sub-main lines are then divided into several branch lines from which service
connections are provided for particular houses.

Dead End Distribution of Water Supply System

Advantages of Dead-end Distribution System

 The design of pipe laying is simple and easy.

 A less number of cut-off valves are required and the operation and maintenance
cost is low.
  Pipe laying is simple and no skilled labor is required.
Disadvantages of Dead-end Distribution System

 The system is less successful in maintaining satisfactory pressure in high-rise

buildings and is therefore not favored in modern waterworks practice.
 Only one pipe provides the water to the entire building which is quite risky.
 The head loss is relatively high, requiring a larger pipe diameter and need
pumping units.
 The discharge available during firefighting is limited due to high head loss in the
piping system.
 The water pressure available is also lower which requires a pumping system.

2. Gridiron Distribution System

In this, the main supply lines run through the center of the building, and sub mains branch
off in perpendicular directions. The branch interconnects the sub-mains.

The distinguishing features of this system are that all the type of pipes are interconnected
and there are no dead ends.

Water can reach at the given point of withdrawal from many directions, which allows
more flexible operation, particularly when repairs are required.
Grid Iron- Water Distribution System
Advantages of Gridiron Distribution System

 This system enables the free circulation of water, without any stagnation or
sediment deposit.
 Because of the fewer interconnections water is available at every point with
minimum loss of head.
 Adequate water is available with pressure for firefighting requirements from the
various branch lines.
 During repair, only a few houses are affected.
Disadvantages of Gridiron Distribution System

 In this system, more cut-off valves are required.

 This system requires longer pipe lengths with larger diameters.
 The analysis of discharge, pressure, and velocity in the pipes is difficult and
cumbersome.
 As more pipes are required, ultimately increases the cost of the distribution
system.
3. Circular or Ring Distribution System

In this types of water distribution system, the supply mains forms a ring around the area.
The branch pipes are connected cross-wise to the mains and also to each other.

This system is most reliable for several buildings located in the same area planned
locations.

Ring
Water Distribution System
Advantages of Circular or Ring Distribution System

 The number of interconnection is less with minimum loss of head.

 The discharge is also higher when compared to other methods of distribution.
 Fewer consumers are affected at the time of repairs as separate main lines
available for each household.
Disadvantages of Circular or Ring Distribution System

 The length of pipe laying is more which ultimately leads to higher cost.
 Several valves are required to control the flow and discharge of water.
4. Radial Distribution System:

In this types of water distribution system, the whole buildings are divided into several
distribution areas.

Each building has a centrally located elevated reservoir from where distribution pipes run
radially towards the periphery of the distribution areas.

This system gives swift service, without much loss of head.

The design of the pipe laying system is much simpler.

Radial Distribution System

Advantages of Radial Distribution System:

 Generally, in high-rise buildings, a radial system is used for the water distribution
system.
 In this system, water is available with higher discharge and with minimum head
loss.
 Fewer numbers of the consumer are affected while repairing.
Disadvantages of Radial Distribution System:

 The design of the pipe laying system is complicated.

 More length of pipe is required as the connection is more in this system.