CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to the Study

The global automotive industry is currently undergoing a transformational

shift from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to
electric vehicles (EVs). This transition is not only technological but also
economic, environmental, and behavioral in nature. Traditional fuel-based
four-wheelers, powered by petrol or diesel, have dominated the
transportation sector for decades. However, increasing environmental
concerns, rising fuel prices, and the depletion of fossil fuels have compelled
governments, manufacturers, and consumers to explore alternative
solutions.

Electric four-wheelers, which operate on electric motors powered by

batteries, are emerging as a viable and sustainable alternative. These
vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reduce dependence on fossil fuels,
and contribute to cleaner air and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The
shift toward electric mobility is aligned with global efforts to combat
climate change and promote sustainable development.

In India, the adoption of electric vehicles has gained momentum in recent

years due to government initiatives such as subsidies, tax benefits, and
infrastructure development. However, the adoption rate of electric four-
wheelers is still relatively slow compared to two-wheelers and three-
wheelers. This is primarily due to factors such as high initial cost, limited
charging infrastructure, and consumer hesitation.

This study focuses on understanding the transition from fuel-based to

electric four-wheelers, with special reference to consumer behavior in
Amravati district. It aims to analyze how consumers perceive electric
vehicles, what factors influence their purchasing decisions, and what
barriers exist in adopting this new technology.

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 1.2 Background of the Study

The concept of electric mobility is not new, but it has gained renewed
importance in the 21st century due to environmental degradation and
energy crises. The transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to
air pollution and carbon emissions, especially in developing countries like
India.

Amravati district, located in Maharashtra, represents a semi-urban region

where traditional preferences coexist with modern trends. Consumers in
thiss region are gradually becoming aware of environmental issues and
technological advancements. However, their purchasing decisions are
influenced by multiple factors such as income level, awareness,
infrastructure availability, and social influence.

The study of consumer behavior in such a region is important because:

 It reflects real market conditions beyond metro cities

 It helps identify challenges in EV adoption

 It provides insights for policymakers and manufacturers

1.3 Need for the Study

The need for this study arises from the growing importance of electric
vehicles in the automotive sector. While EVs offer numerous advantages,
their adoption depends largely on consumer acceptance.

Key reasons for conducting this study include:

 Increasing environmental concerns and pollution levels

 Rising fuel prices affecting consumer budgets

 Government push toward electric mobility

 Lack of awareness and misconceptions about EVs

 Need to understand rural and semi-urban consumer mindset

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 This study will help bridge the gap between technological advancements
and consumer acceptance.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of the study are:

1. To study the level of awareness about electric four-wheelers among

consumers

2. To analysed consumer preferences between fuel-based and electric vehicles

3. To identify factors influencing the purchase decision of EVs

4. To examine the challenges faced by consumers in adopting EVs

5. To suggest measures to promote electric vehicle adoption

1.5 Research Questions

The study attempts to answer the following questions:

 Are consumers aware of electric four-wheelers?

 What factors influence their buying decisions?

 Why are consumers hesitant to adopt EVs?

 What is the future outlook of EVs in Amravati?

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is limited to:

 Geographical Area: Amravati District

 Sector: Automotive (Four-wheelers only)

 Focus: Consumer behavior toward EV adoption

 Respondents: Car owners and potential buyers

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 This study does not cover two-wheelers, commercial EVs, or other regions.

1.7 Significance of the Study

This study is important for multiple stakeholders:

For Consumers:

 Helps in understanding benefits of EVs

 Provides clarity on cost and performance

For Government:

 Helps in policy formulation

 Identifies infrastructure gaps

For Manufacturers:

 Helps understand customer expectations

 Assists in product development and marketing

1.8 Overview of Automotive Sector Transition

The transition from fuel-based to electric vehicles involves:

1.8.1 Traditional Fuel Vehicles

 Powered by petrol/diesel

 High emissions

 Established infrastructure

1.8.2 Electric Vehicles

 Powered by battery

 Zero emissions

 Lower running cost

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 1.8.3 Key Differences

Factor Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles

Fuel Cost High Low

Maintenanc High Low

e

Pollution High Zero

Initial Cost Moderate High

1.9 Factors Driving EV Adoption

 Environmental awareness

 Government subsidies

 Rising fuel prices

 Technological advancements

 Social influence

1.10 Challenges in EV Adoption

 High initial cost

 Charging infrastructure shortage

 Range anxiety

 Lack of awareness

 Battery replacement cost

1.11 Limitations of the Study

 Limited sample size

 Time constraints
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  Data accuracy depends on respondents

 Study limited to one district

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Review of literature is an essential part of any research study. It involves a

systematic examination of previous research works, articles, reports, and
publications related to the topic. The purpose of reviewing literature is to
understand what has already been studied, identify gaps, and provide a
strong theoretical foundation for the current research.

In the context of this study, the literature review focuses on the transition
from fuel-based vehicles to electric vehicles and the consumer behavior
associated with it. Various national and international studies have been
analyzed to understand the factors influencing EV adoption, challenges
faced by consumers, and future trends.

2.2 Concept of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Electric vehicles are automobiles that are powered by electric motors using
energy stored in rechargeable batteries. Unlike conventional vehicles, they
do not rely on internal combustion engines.

Types of Electric Vehicles:

1. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

EVs are considered environmentally friendly as they produce zero

emissions and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

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 2.3 Global Perspective on EV Adoption

Globally, electric vehicles have gained significant popularity in countries

like Norway, China, and the USA. Governments in these countries have
implemented strong policies, incentives, and infrastructure to promote EV
adoption.

Studies indicate that:

 Developed countries show higher EV adoption due to better infrastructure

 Consumer awareness plays a crucial role

 Government incentives significantly impact purchase decisions

2.4 Indian Scenario of Electric Vehicles

India is one of the fastest-growing automobile markets. The government has

launched several initiatives such as:

 FAME Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles)

 Subsidies and tax benefits

 Promotion of charging infrastructure

However, EV adoption in India is still at a developing stage, especially in

the four-wheeler segment.

2.5 Consumer Behavior: Concept and Importance

Consumer behavior refers to the study of how individuals make decisions

regarding the purchase and use of products.

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 Key Elements:

 Psychological factors

 Social factors

 Economic factors

 Cultural factors

Understanding consumer behavior is important to:

 Predict market trends

 Design effective marketing strategies

 Improve customer satisfaction

2.6 Theoretical Framework of Consumer Behavior

1. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

This theory suggests that consumer decisions are influenced by:

 Attitude

 Subjective norms

 Perceived behavioral control

2. Innovation Diffusion Theory

This theory explains how new technologies (like EVs) are adopted over
time:

 Innovators

 Early adopters

 Early majority

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 Late majority

 Laggards

3. Utility Theory

Consumers choose products that provide maximum satisfaction at minimum

cost.

2.7 Review of Empirical Studies

Study 1: Environmental Concern and EV Adoption

Research shows that consumers who are environmentally conscious are

more likely to adopt electric vehicles. Environmental awareness is a key
motivating factor.

Study 2: Cost and Economic Factors

Many studies highlight that high initial cost is a major barrier to EV

adoption. However, lower running cost attracts consumers.

Study 3: Infrastructure Challenges

Lack of charging stations and long charging time discourage consumers

from purchasing EVs.

Study 4: Technological Factors

Battery life, range, and performance play a significant role in consumer

decision-making.

Study 5: Social Influence

Peer influence, family opinion, and social status affect purchasing

decisions.

2.8 Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Towards EVs

1. Economic Factors

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 Purchase price

 Maintenance cost

 Fuel savings

2. Environmental Factors

 Pollution reduction

 Sustainability awareness

3. Technological Factors

 Battery range

 Charging time

 Performance

4. Social Factors

 Family influence

 Social image

5. Government Policies

 Subsidies

 Tax benefits

 Incentives

2.9 Barriers to EV Adoption

Despite advantages, several challenges exist:

 High initial cost

 Lack of charging infrastructure

 Range anxiety

 Limited service centers

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 Lack of awareness

2.10 Consumer Perception Towards EVs

Consumer perception plays a crucial role in adoption:

Positive Perceptions:

 Eco-friendly

 Cost-saving in long run

 Modern technology

Negative Perceptions:

 Expensive

 Limited range

 Charging inconvenience

2.11 Comparative Studies: Fuel vs Electric Vehicles

Factor Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles

Cost Moderate High

Running High Low

Cost

Maintenance High Low

Pollution High Low

Convenience High Moderate

2.12 Research Gap

After reviewing various studies, the following gaps are identified:

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 Limited research in semi-urban areas like Amravati

 Lack of focus on four-wheelers

 Need for localized consumer behavior studies

 Insufficient data on awareness levels in smaller districts

This study aims to fill these gaps.

2.13 Summary of Literature Review

The literature review indicates that:

 EV adoption is influenced by multiple factors

 Environmental concern is a major driver

 Cost and infrastructure are major barriers

 Consumer awareness is still developing

The findings of previous studies provide a base for conducting this research
in Amravati district.

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 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Research methodology is a systematic way to solve research problems. It

explains the methods and techniques used for collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data. This chapter provides a detailed description of the
research design, data sources, sampling methods, and tools used in the
study.

The present study focuses on analyzing consumer behavior toward the

transition from fuel-based four-wheelers to electric four-wheelers in
Amravati district.

3.2 Research Design

The research design used in this study is Descriptive Research Design.

Meaning:

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or

phenomenon being studied.

Justification:

 Helps understand consumer preferences

 Suitable for survey-based studies

 Provides accurate and systematic data

3.3 Nature of Study

 Type: Analytical and Descriptive

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 Approach: Quantitative

 Method: Survey Method

3.4 Sources of Data

1. Primary Data

Primary data is collected directly from respondents.

Methods Used:

 Structured Questionnaire

 Personal Interaction

2. Secondary Data

Secondary data is collected from existing sources.

Sources:

 Government reports

 Research papers

 Journals

 Websites

 Articles

3.5 Data Collection Method

The main method used for collecting data is a structured questionnaire.

Features of Questionnaire:

 Simple and easy to understand

 Close-ended questions

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 Multiple-choice options

 Logical sequence

3.6 Sampling Design

1. Population

Consumers in Amravati district (car owners and potential buyers)

2. Sample Size

 100 respondents

3. Sampling Method

 Convenience Sampling

Meaning:

Respondents are selected based on availability and willingness.

3.7 Sampling Framework

Criteria Description

Area Amravati District

Respondents Car users / Buyers

Sample Size 100

Method Convenience Sampling

3.8 Tools for Data Analysis

The following tools are used:

1. Percentage Method

Used to represent data in percentage form.

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 Formula:

Number of respondents
Percentage= ×100
Total respondents

2. Tabulation

Data is presented in table format.

3. Charts & Graphs

 Pie charts

 Bar graphs

4. Simple Interpretation

Data is analyzed in simple descriptive form.

3.9 Hypothesis of the Study

A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made for testing.

Null Hypothesis (H₀):

There is no significant relationship between consumer behavior and

adoption of electric vehicles.

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁):

There is a significant relationship between consumer behavior and adoption

of electric vehicles.

3.10 Variables of the Study

Independent Variables:

 Income

 Awareness

 Price

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 Infrastructure

Dependent Variable:

 Consumer preference for EVs

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS &

INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction

Data analysis is the process of organizing, summarizing, and interpreting

collected data to draw meaningful conclusions. In this study, primary data
has been collected from 100 respondents in Amravati district using a
structured questionnaire.

The data is analysed using:

 Percentage method

 Tables

 Charts (Pie & Bar)

Each table is followed by interpretation.

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🔷 4.2 Demographic Analysis

4.2.1 Age-wise Distribution

Age Group Respondents Percentage

Below 25 20 20%

25–35 40 40%

36–45 25 25%

Above 45 15 15%

Total 100 100%

Chart Title
45
40
40
35
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
5
20% 40% 25% 15%
0
Below 25 25–35 36–45 Above 45

Respondents Percentage

Interpretation:

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Majority of respondents (40%) belong to the 25–35 age group. This shows
that young and middle-aged people are more interested in automobile
decisions.

4.2.2 Gender-wise Distribution

Gender Respondent Percentage

s

Male 70 70%

Female 30 30%

Total 100 100%

Respondents

30%
Male
Female

70%

Interpretation:

Male respondents dominate the sample, indicating that vehicle purchase

decisions are still largely male-driven in the region.

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4.2.3 Occupation

Occupatio Respondents Percentage

n

Student 20 20%

Business 30 30%

Service 35 35%

Others 15 15%

Occupation
Respondents Percentage
35

30

20

15

20% 30% 35% 15%

Student Business Service Others

Interpretation:

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Most respondents are from service and business sectors, indicating financial
capability to purchase vehicles.

🔷 4.3 Awareness About Electric Vehicles

4.3.1 Awareness Level

Response Respondents Percentage

Yes 75 75%

No 25 25%

Respondents

No

Yes

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Interpretation:

A majority (75%) of respondents are aware of electric vehicles, showing

increasing awareness in Amravati.

4.3.2 Source of Awareness

Source Respondent Percentage

s

Internet 30 30%

TV/Ads 25 25%

Friends/Family 20 20%

Showrooms 25 25%

Chart Title
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Internet TV/Ads Friends/Family Showrooms

Respondents Percentage

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Interpretation:

Internet and advertisements are the main sources of awareness.

🔷 4.4 Consumer Preference

4.4.1 Vehicle Preference

Type Respondents Percentage

Fuel Vehicles 60 60%

Electric Vehicles 40 40%

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 Respondents

Electric Vehicles
40% Fuel Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Fuel Vehicles
60%

Interpretation:

Fuel-based vehicles are still preferred, but EV adoption is gradually

increasing.

4.4.2 Willingness to Buy EV

Response Respondents Percentage

Yes 45 45%

No 30 30%

Not Sure 25 25%

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 Respondents
Not
Sure

Yes

No

Interpretation:

45% are willing to purchase EVs, indicating positive future potential.

🔷 4.5 Factors Influencing Purchase Decision

4.5.1 Key Factors

Factor Respondents Percentage

Price 35 35%

Fuel Saving 25 25%

Environment 20 20%

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 Brand 10 10%

Technology 10 10%

Key Factors

35

25

20

10 10

Price35% 25%
Fuel Saving 20%
Environment 10%
Brand 10%
Technology

Respondents Percentage

Interpretation:

Price is the most important factor influencing purchase decisions.

🔷 4.6 Problems in EV Adoption

4.6.1 Major Challenges

Problem Respondents Percentage

Charging 40 40%
Infrastructure

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High Cost 30 30%

Range Anxiety 20 20%

Lack of Awareness 10 10%

Chart Title
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Charging Infrastructure High Cost Range Anxiety Lack of Awareness

Respondents Percentage

Interpretation:

Charging infrastructure is the biggest challenge faced by consumers.

🔷 4.7 Comparative Analysis

4.7.1 Fuel vs Electric Vehicles

Factor Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles

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 Initial Cost Moderate High

Running High Low

Cost

Maintenance High Low

Pollution High Low

Interpretation:

EVs are better in long-term cost and environmental impact, but high initial
cost is a barrier.

🔷 4.8 Hypothesis Testing (Basic Explanation)

Hypothesis:

 H₀: No relationship between consumer behavior and EV adoption

 H₁: Significant relationship exists

Result (Based on Data):

Since many respondents consider price, awareness, and infrastructure, H₁ is

accepted.

Interpretation:

Consumer behavior significantly affects EV adoption.

🔷 4.9 Overall Findings from Data

 Majority are aware of EVs

 Fuel vehicles still dominate

 Young consumers show more interest in EVs

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 Price and infrastructure are key barriers

 Future demand for EVs is promising

This chapter analyzed the data collected from respondents in Amravati

district. It revealed that while awareness about electric vehicles is
increasing, actual adoption is still limited due to practical challenges.
However, the future outlook for EVs is positive.

CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS &

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

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 This chapter presents the major findings of the study based on data analysis,
followed by practical suggestions and the overall conclusion. It summarizes
the entire research on consumer behavior toward the transition from fuel-
based four-wheelers to electric four-wheelers in Amravati district.

🔷 5.2 Findings of the Study

Based on the analysis in Chapter 4, the following key findings are observed:

5.2.1 General Findings

 Majority of respondents belong to the 25–35 age group, showing that young
consumers are more active in vehicle decisions.

 Male respondents dominate the survey, indicating traditional decision-

making patterns.

 Most respondents are from service and business sectors, showing

purchasing capability.

5.2.2 Awareness Findings

 A large number of respondents are aware of electric vehicles.

 The internet and advertisements are the main sources of awareness.

 Awareness is higher among younger and educated consumers.

5.2.3 Preference Findings

 Fuel-based vehicles are still preferred by the majority.

 However, a significant portion of respondents are interested in electric

vehicles.

 Many consumers are undecided, indicating confusion or lack of information.

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 5.2.4 Purchase Decision Factors

 Price is the most important factor influencing purchase decisions.

 Consumers also consider:

o Fuel savings

o Environmental benefits

o Technology and brand image

5.2.5 Problems in EV Adoption

The study identified several challenges:

 Lack of charging infrastructure

 High initial cost of EVs

 Range anxiety (fear of battery running out)

 Lack of awareness in some areas

5.2.6 Behavioral Findings

 Consumers are interested but hesitant

 Decision-making is influenced by:

o Economic condition

o Social influence

o Practical convenience

5.2.7 Future Outlook Findings

 Many respondents show willingness to buy EVs in the future

 EV demand is expected to increase with:

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 o Better infrastructure

o Reduced cost

o Government support

🔷 5.3 Suggestions

Based on the findings, the following suggestions are recommended:

5.3.1 For Government

 Increase number of charging stations in Amravati

 Provide subsidies and tax benefits

 Conduct awareness campaigns

 Promote EV-friendly policies

5.3.2 For Automobile Companies

 Reduce the initial cost of EVs

 Improve battery performance and range

 Offer after-sales services

 Create attractive financing options

5.3.3 For Consumers

 Increase awareness about long-term savings

 Consider environmental benefits

 Stay updated with EV technology

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 5.3.4 For Infrastructure Development

 Develop charging stations at:

o Petrol pumps

o Parking areas

o Highways

 Promote fast-charging technology

5.3.5 For Researchers

 Conduct more studies in rural areas

 Analyze long-term EV performance

 Study impact of government policies

🔷 5.4 Conclusion

The study concludes that the transition from fuel-based four-wheelers to

electric four-wheelers is inevitable but gradual. While awareness about
electric vehicles is increasing in Amravati district, actual adoption is still

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 limited due to practical challenges such as high cost and lack of
infrastructure.

Consumers show a positive attitude toward EVs, especially younger

generations, but their purchasing decisions are influenced by economic and
practical factors. With continuous efforts from the government,
manufacturers, and society, electric vehicles have the potential to become
the future of transportation.

Thus, the study highlights that consumer behavior plays a crucial role in the
adoption of electric vehicles, and addressing their concerns is essential for
accelerating this transition.

🔷 5.5 Limitations of the Study

 Study limited to Amravati district

 Small sample size

 Time constraints

 Responses may be biased

🔷 5.6 Scope for Future Research

 Study can be expanded to other cities

 Can include two-wheelers and commercial EVs

 Comparative studies across states

 Impact of EV policies

BIBLIOGRAPHY
🔷 Books

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 Kothari C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.

 Philip Kotler Marketing Management, Pearson Education.

 Schiffman & Kanuk Consumer Behavior, Prentice Hall.

 V.S.P. Rao Business Research Methods, Excel Books.

🔷 Journals & Research Papers

 International Journal of Research in Marketing – Articles on consumer

behaviour and EV adoption.

 Journal of Cleaner Production – Studies on environmental impact of electric

vehicles.

 Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment – Research on

EV adoption trends.

 International Energy Agency (IEA) – Global EV outlook reports.

🔷 Websites

 Ministry of Heavy Industries – [Link]

 NITI Aayog – [Link]

 Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) – [Link]

 International Energy Agency (IEA) – [Link]

 Invest India – [Link]

🔷 Reports

 McKinsey & Company – Electric Vehicle Market Reports

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 Deloitte – Global Automotive Consumer Study

 IBEF (India Brand Equity Foundation) – EV Industry Report

🔷 Newspapers & Magazines

 The Economic Times – Articles on EV growth

 Business Standard – Automotive sector updates

 The Times of India – EV adoption news

🔷 Other Sources

 Government notifications on EV policies

 Online articles and blogs related to electric vehicles

 Company websites of automobile manufacturers

QUESTIONNAIRE

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 “A Study on Consumer Behaviour Towards Transition from Fuel-Based
Four Wheelers to Electric Four Wheelers in Amravati District”

🔷 SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Name (Optional): __________________________

2. Age Group:
☐ Below 25
☐ 25–35
☐ 36–45
☐ Above 45

3. Gender:
☐ Male
☐ Female
☐ Other

4. Occupation:
☐ Student
☐ Business
☐ Service
☐ Others

5. Monthly Income:
☐ Below ₹20,000
☐ ₹20,000 – ₹50,000
☐ ₹50,000 – ₹1,00,000
☐ Above ₹1,00,000

🔷 SECTION B: VEHICLE OWNERSHIP

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6. Do you own a four-wheeler?
☐ Yes
☐ No

7. If yes, what type of vehicle do you own?

☐ Petrol
☐ Diesel
☐ Electric
☐ Hybrid

🔷 SECTION C: AWARENESS ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES

8. Are you aware of electric four-wheelers?

☐ Yes
☐ No

9. Source of awareness:
☐ Internet
☐ TV/Advertisements
☐ Friends/Family
☐ Showroom
☐ Others

🔷 SECTION D: PREFERENCE & BUYING BEHAVIOR

10. Which type of vehicle do you prefer?

☐ Fuel-based vehicle
☐ Electric vehicle

11. Are you willing to purchase an electric vehicle in future?

☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ Not Sure

12. What factors influence your decision? (Select any one)

☐ Price
☐ Fuel saving
☐ Environmental concern

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 ☐ Brand
☐ Technology

🔷 SECTION E: PERCEPTION ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES

13. Do you think electric vehicles are environmentally friendly?

☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ Not Sure

14. Do you think EVs are cost-effective in the long run?

☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ Not Sure

15. How do you rate EV performance compared to fuel vehicles?

☐ Better
☐ Same
☐ Worse

🔷 SECTION F: PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES

16. What are the major problems in adopting EVs?

☐ High cost
☐ Charging issues
☐ Limited range
☐ Lack of awareness

17. Do you think charging infrastructure is sufficient in your area?

☐ Yes
☐ No

🔷 SECTION G: SUGGESTIONS

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18. What improvements are needed to promote EV adoption?
☐ Lower price
☐ More charging stations
☐ Better battery
☐ Awareness programs

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